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Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level...

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Organic Molecules Molecules from living things that contain carbon!! –Carbon possess four valence electrons
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Organic Molecules Biology 1
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Page 1: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Organic Molecules

Biology 1

Page 2: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Organic Molecules…

• So we talked about atoms…• We go up to the next level…

–MOLECULES!!!!!

Page 3: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Organic Molecules

• Molecules from living things that contain carbon!!– Carbon possess four valence electrons

Page 4: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Three reasons carbon molecules are so complex…

1. The four valence electrons allow to form four bonds

2. Carbon can bond to other carbon as well as different atoms

3. Carbon can bond in many different positions creating different shaped molecules (which determine function)

Page 5: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!
Page 6: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Before you can understand the topics Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key in this unit there are some key

vocabulary terms you need to know.vocabulary terms you need to know.

MacromoleculeMacromoleculePolymerPolymerMonomerMonomer

Page 7: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!
Page 8: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

What do these words mean?

Page 9: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

So What Is A Macromolecule?A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by some form of polymerization.

Page 10: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

A monomer is an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer

Page 11: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Next Word…..

Page 12: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Polygons

PolygamyPolyester

Page 13: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!
Page 14: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

What does Polymer mean?

Page 15: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units

Page 16: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Monomer (1 unit) = M (BRI CK) Polymer (many monomers) = M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M (ROOM)

M-M-M-M-M Macromolecule (multiple polymers) (FHC) M-M-M-M-M-M M-M-M M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M

Page 17: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules

can be found on food nutrition labels…

Page 18: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Keep the following in mind when studying this material:

Nucleic Acids What they look likeCarbohydrates What they do/Where are theyLipids What are they made up of-

at the level of atomsProteins

Page 19: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can

be found in foods. The 3 biochemical moleculesfound on a nutrition label

are:1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)

(13 grams in this product)

(9 grams in this product)

Page 20: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!
Page 21: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The 4th type of biochemical

macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDSThe types of Nucleic Acids

–DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)–RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

Page 22: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

“DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid• Now you know why they just call it DNA!

Page 23: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in

finding out…..• what they do for living things.• what they generally look like.• what their monomers are.• and how they may help the body gain

energy to sustain life.

Page 24: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Lets Begin with LIPIDS!

They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.They produce hormones for the body called STERIODSThey waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

Page 25: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

LIPIDS…Some interesting info

•Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.

• The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.

•Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.

•Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

Page 26: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

LIPIDS…Some interesting info

There are many different types of There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common functions vary. Some common steroids are:steroids are:

SEX STEROIDSSEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC ANABOLIC STERIODSSTERIODS

CHOLESTEROLCHOLESTEROLLike testosterone Like testosterone and estrogenand estrogen

They increase They increase musclemuscle

Page 27: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

LIPIPS…Some interesting info

Some anabolic Some anabolic steroids are steroids are illegalillegal

And can be dangerous and very unhealthy

NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE BODY INCREASE MUSCLE

GROWTH AND BONE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE

GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE

BAD.BAD.

Page 28: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Very Common Effects of Illegal SteroidsVery Common Effects of Illegal Steroids If used when the person is still growing, they will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids will decrease bone growth.Males will experience shrinking of the testicles, and with prolongeduse, the steroid will be turned into estrogen in the male body and it will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest, otherwise known as breasts.If genetically predisposed to becoming bald, balding will happen more quickly.If clean needles are not readily

available, there is a significantly higher risk of getting AIDS.Future risks of liver cancer & disease.

Enlarged heart which can lead to death

Page 29: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Illegal Steroid Use in WomenSome additional effects…

Breasts will decrease in size, the opposite of what happens to men.The woman will start to grow facial hair, how quickly depends on her genetic makeup. If she discontinues use, the facial hair will still continue to grow.If she is genetically predisposed to balding, she will start to lose her hair, just as if she was genetically male.

Her voice will start to deepen, how quickly depends on her genetics. If she discontinues use, her voice will remain deep.

Page 30: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

LIPIDS

•In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•In animals- in adipose tissue, In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animalsconnective tissue, in animals------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•Lipids make up the cell Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. membrane of all cells.

Page 31: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

LIPIDS

Page 32: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

LIPIDS

Lipids are chains (polymers) Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most made of monomers. The most

common monomer of lipids common monomer of lipids is…is…

Page 33: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E

This is a triglyceride molecule

Page 34: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.

www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_02/3_16.gif

Page 35: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

LIPIDS

Each lipid is made up of…Each lipid is made up of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

Page 36: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?

You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

“CHO”

A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C6H12O6

(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)

On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C27H46O cholesterol

Page 37: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

CARBOHYDRATES

They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.

THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

Page 38: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

CARBOHYDRATES

•In plant foods- in the cell In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)cookies)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•In animal products- in MILKIn animal products- in MILK

Page 39: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

CARBOHYDRATES

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

SimpleSimple ComplexComplex

Page 40: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are chains Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of

monomers. The most common monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates monomer of carbohydrates

is…is…

Page 41: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

Page 42: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

CARBOHYDRATES

Each carbohydrate is made up Each carbohydrate is made up of…of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

Page 43: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

NOW ONTO PROTEINS

They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in themThey make up antibodies in the immune systemThey make up enzymes for helping chemical reactionsThey makeup non-steriod hormones whichTHINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

Page 44: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

MORE ON PROTEINS…

The following slides The following slides give you a little more give you a little more

in depth info on in depth info on things that are made things that are made

of proteins…of proteins…

Page 45: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones

Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this…

Page 46: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Well, maybe not exactly…Well, maybe not exactly…

Page 47: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Hair, Skin, and Nails

Page 48: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Microscope View ofSkin and Nails

This is skin This is a nail

Page 49: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesn’t leak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.

The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.

Page 50: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Antibodies are part of the immune system. When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be

there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell

finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it doesn’t belong there and kills it.

Page 51: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your

stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!

Page 52: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are prepared in one place in the body and then travel into the bloodstream to be used in

another.

These are where thehormone producing glands are locatedin your body.

Page 53: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box. Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy. If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be

very thin and have a hard time putting on weight.

If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.

Don’t be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are it’s actually your eating and exercise habits!

(The yellow stuff isthyroid hormone)

Page 54: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

PROTEINS

•In plant foodsIn plant foods- - in the cell in the cell membranes membranes

•In animal productsIn animal products- - in the cell in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…things- cows, chicken, fish…

Page 55: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Proteins

Page 56: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Proteins

Aside from the protein Aside from the protein found in animal sources…found in animal sources…protein can also be found in protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)(it just does not have as many amino acids)

Page 57: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

PROTEINS

Proteins are made of long Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are monomers. All proteins are

made of the monomer…made of the monomer…

Page 58: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/programs/dept/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg

Page 59: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png/483px-Amino_acids_2.png

Page 60: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of

stringAmino

Acid chain

All wound

up

Page 61: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

PROTEINS

Each protein is made up of…Each protein is made up of…

THINK: “CHONS”THINK: “CHONS”

Page 62: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS

Page 63: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

NUCLEIC ACIDS

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

DNADNA RNARNA

Page 64: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Nucleic Acids

1) DNA• Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are

made of DNA.• Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make

proteins for your body.

2) RNA• Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes

the proteins for your body.

Page 65: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

NUCLEIC ACIDS

•In plants- inside the nucleus In plants- inside the nucleus of the cellsof the cells•------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•In animals- inside the nucleus In animals- inside the nucleus of each cellof each cell•------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 66: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Page 67: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Nucleic Acids are chains Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of

monomers. Nucleic acids are monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of made up of

Which are nitrogen bases…Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more something we will learn more

about when we study DNAabout when we study DNA

Page 68: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The shape of a nucleic acid is:

Page 69: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Nucleic Acids

Each nucleic acid is made up Each nucleic acid is made up of…of…

THINK: “PONCH”THINK: “PONCH”

Page 70: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

ENERGY

Three of the BIG 4 provide Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the us with energy through the food we eat:food we eat:BIG 4

MACROMOLECULESNumber of Calories it

provides

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Page 71: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

ENERGY

Energy that is gained by Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a consuming food is called a

Page 72: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is measured in Calories.

If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.

Page 73: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

Energy Gained From Carbohydrates

Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body with 4 Calories.

Page 74: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!
Page 75: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

ENERGY So…So…

BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES

Number of Calories it provides

Carbohydrates 4

Proteins 4

Lipids 9

Nucleic Acids 0

TEST: TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy

will you gain?

Page 76: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules

• Dehydration Synthesis: the process of making a larger molecule from 2 or more small molecules/monomers– One monomer loses a hydrogen ion (H+) and

another loses a hydroxide (OH-)

Page 77: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules

– The loss of H+ and OH- (H2O) makes valence electrons available for bonds to form

– As a result of dehydration synthesis, the monomers lose or give off energy

Page 78: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules

– Also known as a dehydration reaction

Page 79: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

• The process of making 2 or more smaller molecules from a larger molecule

• One product with gain a hydrogen (H+) and the other gains a hydroxide ion (OH-)

Page 80: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

• As a result of hydration synthesis monomers gain or store energy.

• Also referred to as a hydrolysis reaction– Water is added

Page 81: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

Slide 84 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Page 82: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 85 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

Page 83: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 86 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chemical Reactions

Some chemical reactions occur slowly, such as the combination of iron and oxygen to form an iron oxide called rust.

Other reactions occur quickly. For example, when hydrogen gas is ignited in the presence of oxygen, the reaction is rapid and explosive.

Page 84: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 87 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chemical Reactions

The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as reactants.

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products.

Page 85: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 88 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chemical Reactions

What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?

Page 86: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 89 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.

Page 87: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 90 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Energy in Reactions

Energy in Reactions

Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken.

Because chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds, they involve changes in energy.

Page 88: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 91 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Energy in Reactions

How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?

Page 89: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 92 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Energy in Reactions

Energy Changes

Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

Page 90: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 93 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Energy in Reactions

When hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to produce water vapor, it is an energy-releasing reaction in which energy is given off as heat.

2H2 + O2 2H2O

Reversing this reaction would require the addition of large amounts of energy.

Page 91: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 94 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Energy in Reactions

In order to stay alive, organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy.

Because matter and energy are conserved in chemical reactions, every organism must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions.

Plants get their energy from the sun.

Animals get their energy from eating plants or other animals.

Page 92: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 95 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Energy in Reactions

Activation Energy

Chemical reactions that release energy do not always occur spontaneously.

Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the activation energy.

Page 93: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 96 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Energy in Reactions

Activation energy is a factor in whether the overall chemical reaction releases energy or absorbs energy.

Page 94: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 97 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzymes

Enzymes

Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue.

These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts.

Page 95: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 98 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzymes

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.

Page 96: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 99 of 34

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Enzymes

Why are enzymes important to living things?

Page 97: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 100 of 34

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Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.

Enzymes act by lowering the activation energy.

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 101 of 34

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Enzymes

Lowering the activation energy has a dramatic effect on how quickly the reaction is completed.

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 102 of 34

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Enzymes

Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing only one chemical reaction.

For this reason, part of an enzyme’s name is usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes.

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 103 of 34

Lactase - breaks down lactose (milk sugars)Diastase - digests vegetable starchSucrase - digests complex sugars and starchesMaltase - digests disaccharides to monosaccharides (malt sugars)Invertase - breaks down sucrose (table sugar)Glucoamylase - breaks down starch to glucoseAlpha-glactosidase - facilitates digestion of beans, legumes, seeds, roots, soy products, and underground stemProteases - breaks down proteins found in meats, nuts, eggs, and cheese

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Page 101: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 104 of 34

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Enzyme Action

Enzyme Action

For a chemical reaction to take place, the reactants must collide with enough energy so that existing bonds will be broken and new bonds will be formed.

If reactants do not have enough energy, no reaction will take place.

Page 102: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 105 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzyme Action

The Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react, reducing the energy needed for reaction.

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.

Page 103: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 106 of 34

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Enzyme Action

The substrates glucose and ATP bind to the active site on the enzyme, hexokinase, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are often compared to a lock and key.

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 107 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzyme Action

The enzyme and substrates remain bound together until the reaction is done and the substrates are converted to products.

The products of the reaction are released and the enzyme is free to start the process again.

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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 108 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzyme Action

An Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction

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End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 109 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzyme Action

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

Enzymes can be affected by any variable that influences a chemical reaction.

Enzymes work best at certain pH values.

Many enzymes are affected by changes in temperature.

Page 107: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 110 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzymes

Cells can regulate the activities of enzymes.

Most cells contain proteins that help to turn key enzymes “on” and “off” at critical stages in the life of the cell.

Page 108: Organic Molecules Biology 1. Organic Molecules So we talked about atoms We go up to the next level MOLECULES!!!!!

End Show

2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Slide 111 of 34

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Enzymes

Enzymes play essential roles in:

• regulating chemical pathways.

• making material that cells need.

• releasing energy.

• transferring information.


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