CYPRUS INERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS FROM ORGANIC WASTE

BYSULAIMAN ISHAQ MUKTAR

20142930

TABLE OF CONTENT● Organic waste● Organic waste as raw material for production● SSF● Production of Biodegradable plastics● Production of Enzymes● Production of Mushroom● Production of Gibberlic acid● Production of Fertilizer● Production of Acetone and Butanol.● Conclusion

ORGANIC WASTE

● Organic waste is anything that comes from plants and animals that is biodegradable

● Such wastes can be produced by households,industry and agriculture.

● Fruits,and vegetables,meat,poultry,eggshells,rice hull,sugarcane wastes etc are now been used to produce products such as enzymes,biodegradable plastics,ethanol,and animal feeds etc.

ORGANIC WASTE AS RAW MATERIAL FOR TRASFORMATION

● Many organic wastes are used in biotechnological products such as enzymes,single-cell proteins,fuels,chemicals,biodegradable plastics,and pharmaceutical products.

● inedible parts of plants,agricultural residues from the harvest and food-processing wastes can be used as raw materials

● These organic wastes contain valuable components such as starch in potato and cassava pulp,pectin in apple pomace,sucrose in molasses,cellulose and hemicellulose in wood,garden waste,and rice hull.

Rice Hull Apple pomace

SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION FOR CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD-PROCESSING WASTE INTO PRODUCTS

● Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a biomolecule

manufacturing process used in the food, pharmaceutical,

cosmetic, fuel and textile industries.

● These biomolecules are mostly metabolites generated by

microorganisms grown on a solid support selected for this

purpose.

● This technology for the culture of microorganisms is an

alternative to liquid or submerged fermentation, used

predominantly for industrial purposes.

SOLID STATE FERMENTATION

PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS

● Biodegradable plastics are plastics that are capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms.

● They have specific conditons in terms of pH,humidity,oxygenation and presence of some metals to ensure degradation.

● Biodegradable plastics can breakdown in either anaerobic or aerobic environments.

● Biodegradable plastics are made from organic sources like corn,wood,cellulose or can be synthesized by bacteria from molecule like butyric acid to give polyhydrobutyrate(PHB).

● Bacteria are often used in the technology of production.

USES OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS● Biodegradable plastics can diminish

environmental pollution caused by disposed plastics.

● They can be used in agriculture e.g mulching.● They are used in the medical industry.● Lactic acid can be used as raw material for

synthesis of polylactic acid(PLA)

PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES

● An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of specific biochemical reactions several fold at room temperature.

● An example is the microbial production of amylotic enzymes such as α -amylayse which is used in food,textile and paper industries.Wastes such as potato,soybean meal,and fruit processing waste can be used for α-amylase production.

● sterilization of bannana waste at 121°c for 60min then addition of nutrients(ammonium sulfate/sodium nitrate 1.0% and Kcl/NaCl,1.0%)to sterilize bannana waste with a moisture content of 70% and particle size 400µm;adjustment of pH to 7.0;addition of inoculum with the ratio 10%(v/w) to substrate;and cultivation at 35°c for 24hours.

USES OF ENZYMES● They are used for to improve texture,appearance and

nutritional value.

● The are use to improve waste quality.

● They are used dewatering of sludges that are produced in as a by product of wastewater treatment.

PRODUCTION OF EDIBLE MUSHROOM

● Different organic wastes can be used as substrates for cultivation of mushrooms.

● The cultivation of mushrooms include two major steps;

1.preparation of the compost or solid medium

2.mycelium growth until fructification.

● For production of compost or medium for mushroom cultivation,different waste materials can be used such as wood chips,sawdust,hay,maize waste,paddy straw,cassava bagasse,waste paper,chicken manure etc.

● mixed and composted for 8 days.The compost is then packed in boxes and pasturized.After inoculation and mycelium growth,compost is covered with a mixture of soil,peat and chalk.

● The optimal temperature for mycelium growth is 24°c and the optimal temperature for fruiting body production is usually 14°c-18°c.The yield of mushrooms is 0.5-1 kg per 1 kg of compost dry matter.

Uses of Mushrooms

● They are used in new biological remediation techniques e.g using mycorrhizae to spur plant growth and filteration.

● Used Fungi to lower bacterial levels(Salmonella and E.coli) in conterminated water.

● Cleaning up polluted soil and restoring habitats near polluting factories.

● As source of fuel because their mycellium can convert cellulose into fungal sugars,which is used to make ethanol.

Harvested edible mushrooms obtained from organic waste

PRODUCTION OF GIBBRRELIC ACID

● Gibberellic acid a plant hormone stimulating plant growth,can be produced by Fungi Gibberella fujikuroi or Fusarium moniform.

● Wheat bran was autoclaved for 3hrs+soluble starch 24:1+sterilization.

● Add G.fujikoroi asseptically to the medium.

● Add corn starch with distilled water

● After series of mixing for 10s every 2hrs and GA is obtained after 10 days.

● Another method of producing gibberelic acid is from shea nut shell treated with acid and steam.

Uses of gibberellic acid● It is used in agriculture to regulate growth● It accelerate germination of barley in the

brewery industry.● It is used as biopesticide● As feed additive.

PRODUCTION OF FERTILIZER

● Composting of organic wastes occupies much space and

is not suitable for large scale applications in countries with

shortage of land.

● organic waste can be used for aerobic thermophilic

treatment to convert food waste into fertilizer.

● This process includes biotreatment of organic waste at

60°c under controlled aeration,stirrinng,and pH.To maintain

a neutral pH at the beginning of the bio-conversion,CaCO3

was added at 5% to the total solids of organic waste.

● Addition of starter bacterial culture Bacillus thermamylovorans.

● The final products contain organic matter,Nitrogen,Potassium,

and phosphorus.Apllied to the sub-soil for plant development

and growth.

PRODUCTION OF ACETONE AND BUTANOL

● In china 50% of the acetone requirements are still covered by microbial production of solvents which economically competative

● Production of the solvents acetone and butanol by bacteria Clostridium acetobytiricus is one of the largest known biotechnological process.

● three factors influence production

-the high costs of substrate(molasses)

-the low product concentration(about 2% because of solvent toxicity).

-and the high product recovery costs(extraction of the solvents and distillation has been used in the past)

CONCLUTION

It should be noted that there are numerous products obtained from organic waste,such as production of flavours,polysaccharides,animal feed,ethanol,methane,hydrogen etc.

● Currently,more researches are going on in an effort to protect the environment from various kinds of waste.

REFRENCES

1-Wang LK,Ivanov V,Tay J,Hung Y(2000).Environmental Biotechnology 8:343-386

2-www.wikipeadia.com,8/12/2014

3-www.global.encyclopeadia.britanica.com 9/12/2014

4-Ivanov v,(2011).Environmental Microbiology for Engineers 8:243

5-www.howthestuffworks.com 9/12/2014.