CERN/SPC/1061/Rev. CERN/FC/5986/Rev. CERN/3228/Rev. Original: English 30 May 2016 ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH Action to be taken Voting procedure For discussion SCIENTIFIC POLICY COMMITTEE 298 th Meeting 13 and 14 June 2016 __ For recommendation FINANCE COMMITTEE 356 th Meeting 14 and 15 June 2016 Simple majority of Member States represented and voting and at least 51% of the contributions of all Member States For approval COUNCIL 181 st Session 16 and 17 June 2016 Simple majority of Member States represented and voting Annual Progress Report of the Organization for the sixty-first financial year 2015 GENEVA, June 2016
Transcript
CERN/SPC/1061/Rev.
CERN/FC/5986/Rev.
CERN/3228/Rev.
Original: English
30 May 2016
ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE
CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
Action to be taken Voting procedure
For discussion SCIENTIFIC POLICY COMMITTEE
298th Meeting
13 and 14 June 2016
__
For recommendation FINANCE COMMITTEE
356th Meeting
14 and 15 June 2016
Simple majority of Member States
represented and voting and at least 51% of
the contributions of all Member States
For approval COUNCIL
181st Session
16 and 17 June 2016
Simple majority of Member States
represented and voting
Annual Progress Report
of the Organization
for the sixty-first financial year
2015
GENEVA, June 2016
Table of contents
I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
II. Summary of Revenues and Expenses ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
1. Summary of Revenues and Expenses by Activity ............................................................................................................................................................................ 13
2. Overview of Revenues ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
3. Overview of Expenses ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
4. Expenses by Scientific and Non-Scientific Programmes ................................................................................................................................................................. 18
III. Appendices .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.1. Experiments (CERN’s contribution to the collaborations and experiments on site) and Accelerators ............................................................................... 69
2.2. Non-scientific Programme (Infrastructure and Supporting Services) .................................................................................................................................... 70
3. Summary of Expenses by Nature ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
6. New collaboration agreements........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
7. List of acronyms ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 90
Annual Progress Report 2015 1
I. Executive Summary
Annual Progress Report 2015 3
Introduction
This document contains the CERN Annual Progress Report (APR) for 2015. The
purpose of the APR is to compare, by activity, the achievements with respect to
the objectives agreed by the Council, as well as actual expenses, by objective
and activity, with resources planning. The objectives for 2015 were set out in
the Medium-Term Plan (MTP) in June 2014.
The APR provides information on scientific progress, human resources, budget,
and other activities of the Organization. The financial overview includes a
breakdown of the expenses by project and nature, and a carry-forward
information.
The layout of the APR document has been reviewed aiming to enhance
readability by completing the executive summary and eliminating redundant
information. The detailed comparison of goals and achievements, and
corresponding financial figures and analyses, are given in the Appendices. The
main components of the information provided previously under “additional
information” are now included in the executive summary, while the details are
integrated in the fact sheets. Furthermore, the financial figures include not only
the comparison of the budget out-turn to the Final 2015 Budget as presented in
December 2014, but also to the 2015 Probable Revenues and Expenses as
explained to Council and its Committees in December 2015.
Main Scientific Achievements
2015 was an exciting year both for CERN and particle physics in general. The
highlight of the year was the restart of the LHC at highest energy collisions ever
achieved – 13 TeV in the centre-of-mass, representing a significant increase in
energy compared to the previous record of 8 TeV at the end of Run 1 – with a
correspondingly strong potential for discoveries. It will be a long time before
another such step in energy will be made in the future.
LHC
The work programme of LS1 was successfully completed, and focused on
consolidating the LHC for higher-energy operation. Additional tests of the
copper stabilisers of the main dipole circuits were added to the original plan.
The start-up was made with 50 ns bunch spacing initially and few bunches, but
reliable operation at 6.5 TeV/beam and 25 ns bunch spacing was soon
established, eventually reaching over 2,200 bunches. The increase in energy
over Run 1 implied lower magnet quench margin and beam loss tolerance. The
shorter bunch spacing required significant “scrubbing” for electron-cloud
mitigation, which led to huge progress in mastering this phenomenon. Several
problems were encountered and fixed (e.g. replacement of the injection
protection collimators), but even so the average time in stable beams was 31%,
which compares well with the 37% achieved by the end of Run 1. In pp running,
a peak luminosity of 5 ×1033 cm-2s-1 was achieved, with integrated luminosities
of 4 fb-1 in ATLAS and CMS, and 360 pb-1 in LHCb. The valuable experience
gained prepares the way for luminosity production in 2016 at the design
luminosity (1 ×1034 cm-2s-1). A very successful Pb-Pb run took place in the last
4 weeks (at 1,000 TeV total collision energy!), with luminosity of
3.5 x 1027 cm- 2s-1, exceeding the design value, giving 430 μb-1 in ALICE, and
about 700 μb-1 each in ATLAS and CMS; LHCb also joined this heavy-ion run
for the first time. In addition, a successful run at high beta was taken for TOTEM
and LHCf, and data taking began with the full MoEDAL detector, which looks
for magnetic monopoles or other new physics using a variety of detectors around
the interaction region at Point 8.
The LHC experiments have been fast in producing results from the new data at
13 TeV, including cross-section measurements and searches for new particles.
The very smooth start-up of the experiments, their excellent performance (better
than in Run 1 in many cases), and the large number of results produced in short
amount of time demonstrate the quality of the work done in LS1 by the
international collaborations. A concern throughout the year was the instabilities
seen in operating the cryogenic system of the CMS solenoid, which led to the
experiment taking about a quarter of the data with field off; the CMS magnet
cold box has been thoroughly cleaned in the end-of-year technical stop.
The experiments continued the harvest of results from Run 1, with a total of
about 470 publications each from ATLAS and CMS, 300 from LHCb and 130
from ALICE. Some highlights include the combined Higgs couplings
measurements from ATLAS and CMS, and their precise combined measurement
of the mass: (125.09 ± 0.21 ± 0.11) GeV. The combined signal strength,
normalised to the Standard Model expectation, was determined to be
μ = 1.09 ± 0.11, and the combined significance for H ⇾ ττ is 5.5 σ, indicating
that fermionic decays have now also been observed, as well as bosonic. ALICE
published precise measurements of light nuclei/antinuclei mass differences, for 3He and the deuteron, with a precision that is over an order of magnitude better
than existing measurements. LHCb observed new resonances in Λb ⇾ ΛpK
decays consistent with pentaquark states, first predicted at the dawn of the quark
model fifty years ago, but which have eluded confirmation until now.
The LHC computing successfully supported the start-up of Run 2 data-taking,
with all anticipated WLCG resources in place and available according to
schedule. New records were broken, with 30 PB of new data in the Tier-0 in
2015, and transfer rates of 20 GB/s. The WLCG today includes 170 sites (in 40
countries), 500k CPU cores, 500 PB storage, and 10-100 Gb links. It enables the
4 Annual Progress Report 2015
execution of over 2 million jobs/day. The Tier-0 was fully functional, including
about half of the capacity in the Wigner centre in Budapest. The present model
should work for the forthcoming LHC runs, but preparation is underway for the
longer-term future such as making use of hybrid models including commercial
Cloud services.
At the end of the year, the Software Design for Experiments group (SFT)
delivered several new releases of the software packages it develops and
maintains for the LHC experiments (Geant4, ROOT, CernVM). In addition,
R&D on software performance and on user interfaces has shown that significant
improvement can be achieved by exploiting the parallelism offered by new CPU
architectures (vectorisation, many-core), modern languages (C++11) and new
technologies. These developments, together with the continuous efforts by the
experiments to improve the performance of their software tools and computing
models, should be beneficial to contain the needs of computing resources in the
short- and long-term future.
Scientific diversity
In addition to its flagship at the energy frontier, CERN has a compelling
programme beyond the LHC that exploits unique capabilities of its accelerator
complex, and is complementary to other efforts in the world. It includes about
20 experiments serving a community of over 1,200 physicists.
Nuclear physics: The ISOLDE facility is intended for the study of radioactive
nuclei, with over 1,000 isotopes of about 70 elements, 12 beam lines and over
500 users. As well as nuclear physics they produce results relevant to
astrophysics, the life sciences and more. Thirty-five experiments were
successfully performed in 2015. HIE-ISOLDE is the upgrade for the post-
acceleration of isotopes, using a SC Linac to accelerate nuclides, eventually
planned to reach 10 MeV/nucleon. With the installation of the first cryomodule
in 2015, first radioactive 74Zn21+,25+ and 76Zn22+ beams at 2.85 and
4.0 MeV/nucleon were successfully delivered as of October. n_TOF makes
measurements of neutron-induced cross-sections, with a wide energy range, high
flux and excellent energy resolution, relevant for nuclear physics, astrophysics,
medical applications, imaging, etc. The original experimental area EAR1 is
180 m from the target, while a second area EAR2 successfully started its
commissioning and data taking, 18 m from the target, giving a much higher flux.
Recent and future 7Be measurements will provide useful input to the
cosmological 7Li problem (the observed amount of 7Li is significantly less than
predicted by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis).
Antiproton Decelerator: This is the only dedicated antiproton facility in the
world, providing cooled antiprotons for studies of fundamental physics by the
experiments AEgIS, ALPHA, ASACUSA, ATRAP, BASE and GBAR. They
perform precise spectroscopic and gravitational measurements of antimatter
with antiprotons and antihydrogen atoms using traps and beams, which have
already provided some of today’s most stringent constraints om the difference
between matter and antimatter. The construction of ELENA, an additional
decelerating and cooling ring, progressed well, and will undergo first installation
and commissioning in 2016 so as to be ready in 2017 to provide 100 times larger
trapping efficiency and parallel operation of (more) experiments.
Fixed Target programme: NA58/COMPASS studies hadron structure and
spectroscopy at the SPS. In 2015 they performed the first ever polarised Drell-
Yan experiment successfully. NA61/SHINE studies fixed-target ion physics and
neutrino targets, and made progress in the analysis of pp, p+C, π+C, Be+Be, and
Ar+Sc data relevant for the physics of strong interaction, neutrino and cosmic
ray physics. They suffered from a failure of one of their two vertex magnets in
September, which is under investigation. NA62 is designed to measure the rare,
theoretically well known, K+⇾ 𝜋+𝜈𝜈 decay (with a branching ratio of order 10- 10
in the Standard Model) using high-intensity kaon beams, which will provide a
powerful test of the Standard Model, with indirect sensitivity to high-scale new
physics. 2015 was the first long data-taking year for the experiment, and
demonstrated that the nominal proton intensity can be delivered. The UA9
experiment has successfully tested collimation using bent crystals, both at the
SPS and in the LHC.
Neutrino Platform: During 2015, the neutrino project at CERN has been better
defined and has entered its implementation phase. The goal of the platform is to
facilitate the participation of the European neutrino community to the next
generation of accelerator-based experiments in the US and Japan. Strong links
with the US short baseline (SBN) and Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF)
projects have been established, and collaboration started also with Japan. The
Neutrino Platform provides charged beams and test space to the neutrino
community in the North Area, as well as technical infrastructure and expertise
to demonstrate the large-scale liquid-argon time-projection-chamber (TPC)
technology (cryostats, cryogenics and detectors). In the next 2-3 years, the goal
will be to build and operate two 700 ton prototypes, so as to validate the design
and the engineering of the technology, in view of the construction of 10-15 kton
detectors. In addition, the ICARUS detector has been moved from the Gran
Sasso laboratory in Italy to CERN, and it is now being refurbished. The goal is
to ship it to Fermilab in early 2017, where it will take part in the SBN
programme. Civil engineering of the new experimental hall in the North Area
should be completed in summer 2016, so that detector prototypes can be tested
with SPS beams in 2018, before the start of LS2. CERN will also build one of
the four cryostats of the DUNE detector modules. Collaboration with Japan
started with the construction of a magnetic iron-scintillator detector
(BabyMIND) for operation in the WAGASCI experiment on the T2K beam line
Annual Progress Report 2015 5
as of 2017. A core group of neutrino physicists, engineers and technicians has
been established at CERN and is conducting all these activities in collaboration
with the teams from the approved experimental projects.
Non-accelerator experiments: CAST completed their programme of solar axion
searches in 2015, and have prepared a proposal for future studies of relic axions
and solar chameleons, which has been approved for 2016. OSQAR has
continued to search for axion-like particles using an LHC dipole magnet and
laser. CLOUD at the PS studies the impact of cosmic rays on aerosols and
clouds, with implications for the understanding of the climate. Thei 2015 run
focused on recreating boreal forest conditions, to understand the observed
aerosol particle nucleation and growth.
The short-and long-term future
In accordance with the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle
Physics, the scientific strategy for the future of CERN has three main strands:
1) full exploitation of the LHC with the high-luminosity phase; 2) maintaining
a complementary diverse programme serving a broad community; 3) preparation
for a future high-energy accelerator beyond the LHC.
(1) Full exploitation of the LHC, the most powerful collider in the world today
and for many years in the future, includes successful accomplishments of Run
2 and Run 3 (with targets 100 fb-1 nd 300 fb-1 of good data for the general-
purpose experiments, respectively), and the high luminosity upgrade, HL-LHC,
to reach 3000 fb-1.
A cost and schedule review of both the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) and
HL- LHC projects was organised in March. Important outcomes of the review
were the definition of a Cost-to-Completion for both projects, which was
integrated into the MTP 2015, and the revision of both projects’ schedule. For
the HL- LHC project the design and fabrication of components and assembly
tools for 11 T magnets, collimators, hollow electron lenses and crab cavities has
been performed. Three models of 11 T dipole have been manufactured and
successfully tested at CERN, reaching a magnetic field well above design
(12 T). Two types of crab cavities have been fully validated.
For the LHC experiments, the final TDRs for the Phase 1 upgrades, destined for
installation during LS2, have been approved during 2015, and the projects have
progressed towards the construction phase. The upgrades of ALICE and LHCb
will mostly take place in LS2. The plans for the Phase 2 upgrades of ATLAS
and CMS have been updated in “scoping documents”, a major milestone towards
approval. At its meeting in October, the Resources Review Board (RRB)
considered the first step of the approval process for the Phase 2 upgrades of
ATLAS and CMS to have been successfully completed. A scale of funding
between the full funding and an intermediate scenario seems to meet the
performance requirements. The CERN management, supported by the
recommendations of the LHCC and the Upgrade Cost Group, deemed as realistic
the availability of prospective funds contained in the preliminary funding tables
submitted by the experiments. The RRB encouraged the experiments to proceed
to the next step, optimising the detector design and preparing the TDRs.
(2) The diverse scientific programme includes the on-going experiments and
projects at the Booster, PS, SPS and their upgrades, described earlier, as well as
the Neutrino Platform. To prepare the future of these activities, a working group
involving accelerator experts, experimentalists and theorists is being set up to
explore exciting opportunities other than high-energy colliders (e.g. beam-dump
experiments, precision measurements, etc.) using the unique capabilities of
CERN’s accelerator complex, complementary to other efforts in the world. A
report should be produced for the next update of the European Strategy for
Particle Physics (expected to take place around 2019).
(3) Preparation for a future high-energy accelerator proceeds along two lines: a
Future Circular Collider study 7.1 5.7 -1.3 -18.6%
Diversity activities 76.2 60.3 -15.9 -20.9%
ELENA 12.5 12.2 -0.4 -2.9%
HIE-ISOLDE 12.7 11.6 -1.1 -8.7%
CERN neutrino platform 15.2 8.8 -6.4 -42.1%
R&D (incl. EU support) for accelerators, detectors, medical applications 35.8 27.7 -8.1 -22.6%
BALANCE
Annual balance -44.3 84.0 128.3
Capital repayment allocated to the budget (Fortis, FIPOI 1, 2 and 3, SIG) -24.3 -57.0 -32.6
Recapitalisation pension fund -60.0 -60.0
Annual balance allocated to budget deficit -128.7 -33.0 95.7
-Cumulative Balance ²- - 85.1 -213.8 -118.1 95.7
Variation
¹ Including theoretical interest of the FIPOI loan and
advantage from free use of land (compensated by a
corresponding heading in the revenues).
² Following the restatement of financial statements due to
the new PPE policy, the cumulative balance has been
adjusted to -85.1 MCHF for 2014.
Annual Progress Report 2015 17
Explanations on Figure 3:
This positive improvement of the budget position amounts to 95.7 MCHF.
Around 58 MCHF of the difference in expenses were already anticipated and
explained as outcome of the probable revenues and expenses exercise for 2015
and presented as part of the Final 2016 Budget (CERN/FC/5955).
The main reasons for the variation in expenses are explained below, a detailed
further analysis of the differences is provided underneath each factsheet in the
Section III.1:
Due to the focus on the restart of the machine in the first months of
2015, less personnel was available for HL-LHC, LIU; consolidation,
and diversity activities, resulting in delays in engineering and
consequently order placing;
The CHF-EUR appreciation contributed to the decrease of expenses of
around 25 MCHF, including energy;
A cost and schedule review of both LIU and HL-LHC projects resulted
in the revision of schedule and the definition of the cost-to-completion
for both projects;
Re-profiling for building projects, e.g. 311, taking into account contract
adjudications and deliveries;
Additional delays on construction and new schedule for non-LHC
projects such as HIE-ISOLDE, ELENA, AWAKE and FAIR linked to
the new profile of the external revenues;
Better definition of the Neutrino project with the construction contracts
being placed at the end of 2015.
The in-kind revenue/expense for the free use of land is not recorded any longer
as a result of the change in PPE policy; CERN will no longer recognise in the
annual performance results in-kind contributions and offsetting expenses
resulting from the advantage granted to the Organization of the right to use land
with minimal or no charge.
The CERN obligation to follow the instructions of France and Hungary on how
to use their 2015 Member States’ contribution rebate, is recorded under
Miscellaneous: 9 MCHF from France are to honour the CEA and CNRS
contributions towards LHC collaborations; 0.4 MCHF from Hungary is to be
kept on a special account to be used by the country for CERN related projects.
Difference in financial expenses is due to exchange gain of 4.9 MCHF; the
estimated change in the fair value of the financial assets held by CERN during
the year is not planned in the budget.
The remaining capital of the SIG loan of 32.6 MCHF has been repaid in full
during 2015 following negotiations for early repayment with a penalty of 2.5
MCHF. Compared to the remaining outstanding interest to be paid based on the
original loan terms, this penalty represents a total saving to CERN of 4.8 MCHF.
The annual payment of 60 MCHF towards recapitalisation of the Pension Fund
was decided by the Council in 2010 as part of the package of measures to restore
the Pension Fund to full funding (CERN/FC/5498-CERN/2947) and was paid
for the first time in 2011.
18 Annual Progress Report 2015
4. Expenses by Scientific and Non-Scientific Programmes
Figure 4: Expenses breakdown by activity (Personnel, Materials and Interest & financial costs)
LHC machine and
injectors
9.0%
LHC machine and areas
reliability and
consolidation
2.1%
LHC experiments (incl.
consolidation)
7.1%
LHC computing
4.0%Other scientific
programmes
16.0%
Infrastructure and
services
26.0%
Expenses allocated to
other headings*
14.4%
Internal taxation
2.8%
Interest, bank and
financial expenses
1.2%
Projects (incl. R&D)
17.4%
* Including: Centralised personnel expenses, personnel int. mobility, on detachment, paid but not available (3.9%),
Personnel paid on team accounts (1.1%),
Budget amortisation of staff benefits accruals (1.6%),
Energy and water (6.1%),
Insurances, postal charges, miscellaneous (1.5%),
In-kind (theoretical interest of the FIPOI loan) (0.2%)
Annual Progress Report 2015 19
III. Appendices
20 Annual Progress Report 2015
1. Fact sheets
LHC programme (incl. projects) 1. LHC machine and injectors, reliability and consolidation
Goals
LHC machine and
experimental areas
The LHC will restart early in 2015 after Long Shutdown 1. The machine will be commissioned and operated for Physics at around
6.5TeV/beam. An initial period of operation using the same beam characteristics as used in the 2012 run (50ns bunch spacing) will
be used to re-commission the machine and with the goal to deliver 1fb-1 to ATLAS and CMS as soon as possible. The machine will
then be switched to operation with more bunches using the 25ns bunch spacing, which will reduce the event pile up in the detectors.
The detailed operation scenarios will be defined during a workshop at the end of September 2014. Depending on the exact scenario
chosen, it should be possible to deliver between 10 and 20 fb-1 to the general purpose experiments.
As usual there will be a heavy ion physics period at the end of the year.
Spares
The principle objectives for 2015 are the construction of an additional complete new spare LHC RF module, the continued purchase
of spare RF klystrons for the LHC and the completion of the spare main bus bar sets for the LHC dipoles and SSS.
The refurbishment of the existing spare RF module to fully meet the LHC beam requirements will also be carried out.
Refurbishment of part of the dipoles and quadrupoles removed from the LHC machine during LS1 will also start, aiming at restoring
the spares of cryomagnets before LS2.
Consolidation
The principle objectives for 2015 are the continuation of activities which do not need direct access to the LHC tunnel. These include
the replacement of HVAC units, cranes and other accelerator infrastructure. It also includes the consolidation and upgrade of the
CERN electrical distribution network: the upgrade of power lines in Meyrin (ME9 - SEM12 - ME10) and the design, procurement
and installation of the construction of a new 220 MVA 400/66 kV transformer to re-establish redundancy from the French energy
source.
Continuous studies, identification and preparation for future consolidation needs in the LHC will also carry on, such as study,
design and eventually production of prototypes of injection protection collimators (TDI and TCDI) to cope with the future demands
for the LIU and HL-LHC beams. Material studies including beam test in HiRadMat in 2015 will be mandatory to converge to the
optimum design. The design of an upgraded TDI will be focused on improving vacuum and thermo-mechanical performance,
increasing maintainability by dividing it into separate and shorter modules, adding instrumentation to better follow-up its
performance (jaw aperture, temperatures at different points), optimising impedance and overcoming other mechanical issues
encountered with current TDI.
For the R2E project, the main objectives are the monitoring and verification of radiation levels, the study of beams of 25 ns impact
on critical areas as well as tunnel (DS/ARC), the procurement and first installation of FGClite (power converter controls), radiation
tests on power parts and production/installation strategy decision up to LS2, continued radiation tolerant developments, radiation
test campaigns, special measurement campaigns through Fraunhofer Institute and PSI, procurements for QPS, Cryogenic and Beam
Instrumentation, final commissioning of the V6 radiation monitors and reviews of shielding at critical locations which were not yet
addressed and cryogenic equipment in points 6 and 8.
Annual Progress Report 2015 21
1. LHC machine and injectors, reliability and consolidation (cont.)
Achievements
LHC machine and
experimental areas
The detailed operation scenarios for the restart of the LHC were defined during a workshop at the end of September 2014.
Luminosity goals between 8 and 10 fb-1 were agreed.
During the preparatory phase for recommissioning the LHC, additional significant tests were added to the hardware commissioning
program. These tests were designed to fully qualify the copper bus bars stabilizers of the main dipole chains. As result, an additional
4 weeks of tests were required before beam commissioning.
The LHC restarted at Easter 2015 and followed closely the beam commissioning and ramp-up plans that were outlined. By the end
of the proton run, the machine was operating with more than 2200 bunches and a peak luminosity in excess of 5x1033cm-2s-1. The
total integrated luminosity delivered to ATLAS and CMS were just over 4 fb-1 (more than 1 fb-1 integrated over the last week of
operation), which is exactly in line with the expectations, given the later start of the machine.
At the end of the year, the LHC moved to Pb-Pb collisions at a total centre-of-mass energy in excess of 1 PeV (6.37 TeV proton
equivalent). About 430 µb-1 were delivered to the ALICE experiment, while over 600 µb-1 were delivered to ATLAS and CMS
experiments. For the first time, data of the Pb-Pb run were taken by LHCb.
In addition, special physics runs were performed, including a very successful run at high beta for Totem.
Spares
The existing spare RF module was refurbished and reconditioned and is now fully operational. The preparation for the construction
of an additional complete new spare RF module has continued. Given the healthy state of the existing spare and a strong emphasis
on preparing the HIE-ISOLDE cryo-modules, the final assembly of a new spare has been delayed.
Spare main bus bars for dipoles and SSS have been produced as expected and the program will be completed by the end of 2016.
About 60% of the cold masses removed from the LHC machine during LS1 have been repaired (10 out of 16). Since the completion
of the series fabrication in the industry of main dipoles magnets for the LHC, a first dipole has been fully assembled at CERN and
successfully tested. The ultimate performance could be achieved in three quenches.
Consolidation
Concerning the injection protection collimators (TDI), two new devices have been installed in the LHC during the 2015-2016
winter stop to improve vacuum and impedance performance in the injection regions. HiRadMat tests have been prepared and will
take place early 2016 to assess new materials for the upgraded TDIs and TCDIs to be installed for HL-LHC beams during LS2. A
new design of a more robust version of the TDIs (TDIS) was proposed.
For what concerns the R2E project, 25ns operation has confirmed the predicted increase (per unit fb-1) of radiation levels in the
Dispersion Suppressor and Arc, thus highlighting the TID (Total Ionising Dose) life-time limitation for certain equipment and
locations. Operation has also confirmed the locally high radiation levels during ion operation and respective mitigation measures
for the affected equipment (for long-term life-time) have been studied. The overall number of radiation induced failures in the LHC
has been significantly reduced (thanks to the LS1 mitigation measures: relocation, shielding and equipment upgrades) and the
project achievements are in line with the LHC machine requirements. Radiation tolerant equipment is being designed: the power
converter current controller (FGClite) prototype entered the pre-series production; cryogenics equipment functioning at nominal
requirements; a detailed analysis of long-term damage issues for certain equipment (e.g, vacuum equipment where dedicated tests
are or will be performed). An unforeseen sensitivity to radiation of one electronic card of the Quench Protection System (QPS) has
been quickly identified and corrected during the second technical stop.
With regards to the CERN electrical distribution network, the conceptual design report and tendering documents for the new 220
MVA 400/66 kV transformer have been developed with the aim at adjudicating the required contracts in 2016.
The tendering process for the consolidation of the diesel generators supplying the safety network of the Meyrin site has started.
22 Annual Progress Report 2015
Explanations:
The LHC heading for materials is quite lower than budgeted. This is due to several reasons. Savings due to the effect of the EUR – CHF exchange rate amount to
2.1 MCHF, materials to personnel transfers were done for Technical Trainees (0.5 MCHF). First of all, Field Support Units budget on the LHC operation, were allocated
to project related headings like HL-LHC or the SM18-upgrade. In the post-LS1 year, also less maintenance and repair needed to be done. With a smooth operation and
good helium management savings were made on the cryogenic fluids.
Personnel on the LHC machine, was redirected partly to the HL-LHC after the start-up as well as to the upgrade of some facilities like SM18.
Due to the focus on the restart of the machine in the first months of 2015, less personnel was available for consolidation and spares activities, resulting in delays in
engineering and consequently order placing. For the electrical distribution network, re-profiling of -6.4 MCHF was already announced in the MTP 2015, a further re-
profiling was done for the Radiation to Electronics project (-4.5 MCHF), the collimation project (-2.3 MCHF) as well as the general consolidation project (5.0 MCHF)
Goals Restart data taking with high efficiency and high quality with a consolidated and improved detector, at increased LHC energy and nominal luminosity
with 25 ns bunch spacing.
Achievements
ATLAS progressed smoothly from detector commissioning to routine data taking operations, with 24/7 shifts in the control room ensuring high
efficiency. In the initial LHC ramp-up phase at 13 TeV centre-of-mass energy and 50 ns bunch spacing, ATLAS acquired 100 pb-1 of data, with first
results presented already at the pertinent summer conferences. The many detector consolidations and improvements of trigger and readout systems
have been very successful. In addition, the newly installed “Insertable B-Layer” (IBL), a fourth and innermost pixel layer mounted around a new,
thinner, beam pipe section, has proven its value by improving the ATLAS impact parameter resolution and b-tagging performance.
The bulk of the pp collision data at 13 TeV were accumulated between August and early November, when the LHC accelerated beams with 25 ns bunch
spacing and steadily increasing number of bunches. ATLAS was able to accumulate a very high quality dataset corresponding to an integrated
luminosity of 4 fb-1. This provides for many interesting physics analyses, including first-time cross-section measurements of known processes at 13
TeV collision energy, as well as improved sensitivity to searches for new high-mass objects in comparison to Run 1 data. The new analysis model,
developed during the long shutdown LS1, was successfully deployed and found broad acceptance. The ATLAS detector also performed very well in
Total (kCHF) 19,725 19,850 20,137 102% 412 101% 287 43
24 Annual Progress Report 2015
3. CMS detector
Goals Be ready for possible ‘quick’ discovery with the first 5 fb-1. Fully exploit the LHC data collected at higher energy: aim to have preliminary results on
full 2015 dataset in all searches areas by early 2016, ready for spring conferences. Complete deployment and commissioning of Phase 1 trigger upgrade.
Achievements
Following the long shutdown, CMS was ready to take data with major improvements in the detector structure, trigger, data acquisition and offline
software when LHC restated operation. A technical problem with the cryogenic system feeding liquid helium to the superconducting magnet has
affected the data taking effectiveness. At the end of the year CMS has recorded more than 4 fb-1 of data, with over 90% efficiency; about three quarters
of the data was collected with full magnetic field. From these data-samples several papers have already been published and more than 30 preliminary
results have been presented at a Results Jamboree held at CERN before the end-of-year technical stop.
4. ALICE detector
Goals
In 2015, ALICE will collect data with proton and HI beams. With protons the main objective is a run with luminosity around 1-2 1029 cm-2s-1 to collect
10 G events for reference unbiased sample, which will allow to obtain better significance than Pb-Pb for the reference signal D0 In the fall, a run with
PB beams will allow to collect Pb-Pb collisions at full energy with a luminosity (leveled) around 1027 cm-2s-1 a fundamental step forward to the
completion of the originally approved ALICE program.
Achievements
During LS1 the ALICE experiment underwent major consolidation work. New detectors were installed: the DCAL electromagnetic calorimeter, the
AD/DA forward counters, the Charged Particle Veto (CPV) in front of the PHOS Crystal Calorimeter and the last 5 modules of the TRD. The DAQ
and HLT hardware was almost completely replaced, as was a considerable part of the trigger system. A new early trigger for the TRD was created, and
new triggers for the Calorimeters developed. The overall readout electronics of the ALICE Calorimeters was substantially upgraded. All of the
Experiments Controls and running procedures were upgraded to increase stability and running efficiency.
In the course of 2015 ALICE completed the commissioning of the experiment bringing all new installations and improvement into operation. This
allowed very smooth operation and the collection of excellent data samples of pp collisions at 13 and 5 TeV and of Pb-Pb collisions at 5 TeV. Two
publications have already been submitted using Run 2 data, one pp and one Pb-Pb. In parallel, the harvest of physics from Run 1 data has continued,
with 38 new papers in major international journals (including one in Nature Physics).
Total (kCHF) 11,610 11,635 11,668 100% 58 100% 33 33
Annual Progress Report 2015 25
5. LHCb detector
Goals Restart efficient data-taking at 4 x 1032 cm-2s-1 and start detector construction for LHCb upgrade.
Achievements
During LS1 extensive consolidation and maintenance work took place, which has continued and was finished in the first half of 2015. Commissioning
of the detector was carried out in good time before collisions took place. The detector started taking data in excellent shape and the experiment managed
to produce first data at 13 TeV, both with 50 ns and then 25 ns bunch spacing, very quickly. A new concept and improved trigger and farm strategy,
better adapted to the new running conditions with increased energy and 25 ns bunch crossing and with online (so-called “turbo”) data stream analysis
up to HLT1, allowed precise and “real time” reconstruction of events from a wide palette of physics channels.
Physics exploitation has continued at an intense rate. During the calendar year 55 papers were published or submitted to a journal, bringing the total
paper output of the collaboration to almost 300. Important topics included the observation of resonances consistent with pentaquarks, states that have
eluded discovery for over 50 years, and the first results with the 2015 data set. The latter papers exploited the new real-time HLT and “turbo”
paradigms, which enabled a much faster analysis turnaround compared to the traditional approach.
Total (kCHF) 9,905 9,580 7,744 78% -2,161 81% -1,836 103
Annual Progress Report 2015 27
7. LHC detectors consolidation
Goals The consolidation programme is linked to LS1 activities and should be finished at the end of 2014.
Achievements
ATLAS: The bulk of the consolidation work was completed with the end of LS1. Consolidation of the detector infrastructure continued in 2015, during
the run, mainly in the area of the new ID cooling system which is almost ready for commissioning. A few smaller items related e.g. to the gas distribution
were also dealt with early in 2015.
CMS: Consolidation work finished in 2015. This focused on the reorganization of the Point 5 Control Room and UPS room. All work that could be
carried out during data taking has been done successfully. The actual move of the Control Room will be carried out during LS2 to avoid down time
during runs. The UPS room will also be rearranged in LS2 to increase its capacity.
ALICE: Consolidation activities in 2015 focused on the availability of a laboratory for the development system for the Online-Offline Computing
system (O2) part of the ALICE upgrade. The final O2 system will use modular container modules to house the computing equipment at the experimental
area for a total of 45 racks and total IT power of 2.3 MVA. It has therefore been decided to install the lab (5-10 racks, 150 kVA) in such a container.
The market survey will start in the coming weeks and the purchase of the container for the lab will be performed in 2016.
LHCb: Most of the consolidation programme was carried out during LS1. The first part of 2015 was dedicated to re-commissioning of the detector and
to finalisation of some LS1-linked activities, such as exchanging cooling units in power supplies to prevent water leaks due to corrosion, and preparation
of the new control room. The workshop was moved to the new hall, freeing space for work on large objects. Temporary cooling of 400 MW has been
installed to allow maintenance of the main cooling towers while continuing to make use of the large PC-farm at Point 8.
Explanation:
The project definition for the final O2 system for Alice took longer than foreseen, leading to less commitments in 2015.
It was decided at the end of 2015, as the LHC detectors consolidation project is coming to an end, to allocate the remaining budgets to HL-LHC detectors phase 1 and
Total (kCHF) 1,660 655 515 31% -1,145 79% -140 128
28 Annual Progress Report 2015
8. LHC computing
Goals
Continued processing and analysis workloads worldwide, including support for:
Final processing of the full 2010-2012 data sets;
Simulation campaigns in preparation for higher energy running of the LHC in 2015 onwards;
Selected service and data challenges to test specific changes in computing models and services in preparation for Run II;
Ongoing physics analyses of the full Run I datasets;
Ongoing use of the HLT farms for simulation and analysis.
Achievements
Successfully supported the start-up of Run 2 data taking, with all anticipated WLCG computing resources in place and available according to the
schedule. Reached new levels of performance in all aspects of operations:
o 30 PB of new LHC data acquired (c.f. 27 PB in 2012), achieving new data rates in the Tier 0: up to 600 TB/day peaks reached in HI running
(previous max was 220 TB/day) at up to 10.5 GB/s to tape, o Increased levels of CPU delivered (170% of peak in Run 1) in accordance with expectations for Run 2,
o Increased global data transfer rates of 20-25 GB/s sustained globally, with 20 PB/month/experiment of data transferred by CMS and ATLAS,
o The Tier 0 fully functional including about half of the capacity in the Wigner centre in Budapest,
o Numerous changes and optimisations in the experiments’ computing models were in place as planned and as required to live within the available
resources (see CERN-LHCC-2014-014),
o New transatlantic networking in place provided by ESNet, with several 100 GB/s connections. Met or achieved all of the goals mentioned above;
The resources pledged by the WLCG funding agencies for 2016 meet the experiment requirements as reviewed by the scrutiny group of the RRB.
The forecast evolution to 2017 so far is close to the constant budget scenario.
Explanation:
Large Materials orders that were initially planned for the end of 2015 were finally made early January 2016.
Total (kCHF) 45,635 43,585 43,417 95% -2,218 100% -168 730
Annual Progress Report 2015 29
Other programmes (LHC support and non-LHC programmes) 9. Non-LHC physics (fixed-target programme)
Goals
Reach goals defined in the experiment proposals and approved by scientific committees and Research Board. The first half of 2015 will be used to
complete and commission new or improved detectors built and installed during the shutdown, and to analyse data taken after the restart of the injectors
in the second part of 2014. Data taking in standard running mode once the accelerator chain is fully operational in 2015.
Achievements
AD: Several experiments (ALPHA, ATRAP) are working towards improved antihydrogen production and trapping, as well as spectroscopy and/or
cooling of trapped antihydrogen; ASACUSA continues to progress towards in-flight spectroscopy of antihydrogen and continues precision spectroscopy
of antiprotonic helium. AEgIS has established two-step laser-excitation of positronium into Rydberg states, and is progressing towards pulsed
antihydrogen production. BASE continues to improve its sensitivity to the antiproton’s magnetic moment. The first components of GBAR are being
readied for installation in 2016.
NA62: 2015 was the first long data-taking year for NA62. Good data for sensitivity studies and commissioning were recorded from all subsystems. It
was shown that the detector can take the nominal proton intensity, and overall about 20 billion triggers were written to tape. Highlights for the year
include the use of Gigatracker (GTK) detectors with TDCpix chips thinned down to the nominal 100 micron thickness, and the commissioning of the
digital L0 trigger.
COMPASS: In 2015 the first-ever polarised Drell-Yan (DY) experiment was performed successfully using a 190 GeV negative pion beam and the
large solid-state polarised proton (NH3) target. About 85,000 events for dimuon masses larger than 4 GeV were collected, basically in line with
expectations. The experiment required major modifications of the spectrometer. The data will provide first information on transverse single-spin spin
asymmetries in DY production, which addresses the transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) nucleon structure and the much-discussed restricted
universality of T-odd distribution functions predicted by QCD.
ISOLDE: 35 experiments were successfully performed. They included the first extraction of boron beams as a molecule, BF2+, of interest to study the
halo nucleus 8B. Determination of mean-square radii of Hg and Au isotopes, obtained by pushing the sensitivity limits by a clever combination of state-
of-the-art techniques for production, separation (RILIS) and detection (MR-ToF and WindMill). The spectacular changes of deformation around the
neutron-mid shell, N = 104, are confirmed. Five experiments realised with IDS with very versatile setups ranging from the proton drip line 20Mg nucleus
to the very new rich doubly-magic 132Sn. First use of Timepix detectors to produce high resolution channelling emission studies in semiconducting
GaN. First radioactive 74,76Zinc beams at 4 MeV/u were obtained within the HIE-ISOLDE project from October onwards. The Coulomb excitation of
highly excited levels populated at these higher energies allow for a model independent determination of the collective degrees of freedom of these
nuclei.
CLOUD: There were two CLOUD runs in 2015. A technical run in May-June allowed tests and development of several new instruments for the
CLOUD10 physics run, in September-December. This was the most ambitious run undertaken so far, involving almost 40 instruments attached to the
CLOUD chamber, of which around 10 were mass spectrometers. The run focused on recreating boreal forest conditions, to understand the observed
aerosol particle nucleation and growth. Another key programme was to measure sulphuric acid/biogenic nucleation over a range of atmospheric
conditions, to allow parametrisation and evaluation in a global aerosol model. The fibre-optic UV system was upgraded in 2015 with a 248 nm UV
excimer laser. CLOUD has now published over 20 articles, including high-impact journals (2 Nature, 1 Science and 2 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.), and an
additional 10 are currently under review.
CAST: In 2015 CAST completed the solar axion search with very low background Micromegas detectors, and continued the solar chameleon search
with the INGRID detector. Both sunrise magnet exits were equipped with an X-ray telescope. Data analysis is in progress. The SPSC has recommended
for approval the new CAST proposal, for (a) a solar chameleon search with INGRID, and also with a novel very sensitive force sensor (KWISP) based
on the matter coupling of chameleons, and (b) a dark-matter axion search, with resonant cavities installed inside the magnet cold bores. The construction
and commissioning of the new equipment has started, aiming to take data in 2016.
30 Annual Progress Report 2015
10. Theory
Goals World leading research in Theoretical Physics. Support experiments and the TH community. Provide training in theory and resources to a wide visitor
program.
Achievements
Numerous activities in a wide field of research subjects, ranging from particle physics phenomenology through astroparticle physics, cosmology, heavy
ion physics, and lattice field theory, to formal theory including mathematical physics and string theory. Several workshops have been hosted, as well
as three TH-Institute programmes. Published approximately one paper per day on average.
Total (kCHF) 11,795 11,350 10,815 92% -980 95% -535 74
Annual Progress Report 2015 31
11. LHC physics centre at CERN (LPCC)
Goals
Organisation of workshops on topics emerging from the analysis of LHC data, continue support of visitors developing analysis tools of relevance to
the whole LHC community, support the physics studies related to the conceptual design of a future hadron collider, with the completion of an interim
report by the end of 2015.
Achievements
Several LPCC working groups have been active during 2015. The top WG continued work on the Run 1 combinations, and started preparing the
activities related to the Run 2 analyses. The Forward Physics and Diffraction WG completed its report on the physics goals and its programme requests,
which was submitted to the LHCC. The Minimum Bias WG started the review and comparison of the first 13 TeV data. Two new WGs have been
formed and started their activity: the Flavour WG, and the Dark Matter WG. In addition to the WG activities, the LPCC organized or supported 5 LHC-
related workshops, the seminars of the PH-LHC series, the LHCC Students’ Poster session, the activities of the Higgs cross-section WG, and a large
number of visits to CERN by invited scientists collaborating with the LPCC activities. The LPCC continued its activity of informing the community,
via its web page and e-mail news. The LPCC has taken on responsibility for the physics studies for the future 100 TeV proton collider, FCC-hh, and
supports in general the FCC phenomenology and physics studies.
Comparison
Final 2015 Budget
and 2015 Out-Turn
(2015 prices)
Final 2015
Budget
(a)
2015
Prob. Expen.
(b)
2015
Out-Turn
(c)
Budget usage
in %
(c)/(a)
Budget variation
(c)-(a)
Prob. Expen.
usage in %
(c)/(b)
Prob. Expen.
Variation
(c)-(b)
2015
Open
Commitment
Personnel (FTE)
Personnel (kCHF)
Materials (kCHF) 170 145 93 55% -77 64% -52
Total (kCHF) 170 145 93 55% -77 64% -52
32 Annual Progress Report 2015
12. Scientific support (computing and technical support)
Goals
As data-taking recommences at the LHC at higher luminosity, the scientific support groups will continue to support experiments at CERN as well as upgrade
projects (LHC detectors Phases 1 and 2). The engineering group (PH-DT) provides a centralized engineering and design office, as well as a workshop for
designing and manufacturing high complexity PCBs and prototype detector components; plans in 2015 include the upgrade of common R&D facilities,
specialized workshops and laboratories to cope efficiently with new detector projects and technologies. The electronics group (PH-ESE) continues to support
the LHC experiments and will complete developments for NA62; they will contribute to the LHC experiment upgrades through direct participation to projects
or generic R&D (e.g. low-power high speed optical links). The computing group (PH-SFT) will assist experiments to resolve any issues that may surface in the
stability and performance of their data processing software through the preparation of new LCG software releases; development effort will focus on re-
engineering existing software packages to support concurrent programming on new CPU architectures and to test them in realistic applications, such as event
reconstruction.
Achievements
DT: In 2015, the Detector Technologies group (DT) has been involved in major consolidation work for the LHC experiments, including the upgrade
of control equipment for the experimental magnets, optimization of gas systems, the deployment of novel CO2 detector cooling systems, and contributed
to several detector integration aspects at the end of LS1. Development work on particle detectors for LHC and non-LHC experiments has been
completed, and R&D on novel technologies for detector systems has ramped up significantly. The PH irradiation facilities at the PS and SPS have been
upgraded to cope with HL-LHC detector R&D demands and are back in operation. Specific partnerships for Phase 1 and 2 detector upgrades have been
settled with CERN teams, in particular with ALICE and LHCb; engineering and detector prototyping support for the upgrade of the ATLAS and CMS
detectors has started.
SFT: At the end of 2015 the Software Design for Experiments group (SFT) delivered several new releases of the software packages it develops and
maintains for the LHC experiments (Geant4, ROOT, CernVM). In addition, R&D on software performance and on user interfaces has shown that
significant improvement can be achieved by exploiting the parallelism offered by new CPU architectures (vectorisation, many-core), modern languages
(C++11) and new technologies (containers, notebooks, iPython). The group also played a major role in promoting the adoption of the new
“HEP Software Foundation (HSF)” initiative, in particular through the organization of two international workshops. The goal of the HSF is to foster
collaboration on software development activities, both within HEP as well as with other sciences.
ESE: The main achievements of the Electronics System for Experiments group (ESE) include:
NA62: GTK modules produced and commissioned. Straw detector electronics installed and commissioned. Liquid Kr readout electronics
commissioned.
CMS: new TTC (TCDS) and upgraded BCM-BRM commissioned.
ATLAS: upgraded Central Trigger Processor commissioned. Recommissioning of the ALFA detector after it moved.
Medipix: definition of Medipix4 (fully 4-side tile-able readout electronics) thanks to R&D work on Through Silicon Vias (TSV).
Procurement and production of the radiation hard optical link components started (GBT chipset and Versatile Link).
Production of the radiation hard DC-DC converters launched, and delivery to the experiments started.
Continued support for using IC technologies, access to the electronics pool and the procurement and maintenance of the LHC experiments crates
and power supplies.
Explanations: This heading includes the PCB workshop (invoicing to experiments and institutes, an activity which is not always balanced at the end of the year) and the
investment in machines for this workshop, one of the machines was not delivered before the end of the year. Further there was some delay in small infrastructure works.
Total (kCHF) 36,850 37,580 34,450 93% -2,400 92% -3,130 3,167
Annual Progress Report 2015 33
13. Low- and medium-energy accelerators / PS and SPS complexes / Accelerator technical services / Accelerator consolidation / Experimental areas
consolidation
Goals
The complex will run a full range of physics in 2015. The SPS will begin the year with delivery of primary Argon ions to the North Area for NA61.
The North Area will then shut down for 3 months to complete cabling works in the target zone and restart in the summer for normal fixed-target proton
operation. All other non-LHC programmes will run as normal. Towards the end of the year initial beam commissioning of the Phase 1 HIE-ISOLDE
post accelerator will take place. The operation of the new n_TOF EAR-2 will start and data will be taken in the n_TOF EAR-1 and EAR-2. In ISOLDE, the operation of the new robot, target storage and the hot cell complex will start. The new irradiation facilities in the East Hall (CHARM) and the RP calibration hall will also be operated. The delivery of beams for the non-LHC physics programmes will be done in parallel with operation for LHC injection. Optimization of the operational
cycles of the machines is a continuous process to ensure the delivery of the maximum beam time to all users. The AD target consolidation will be done in parallel to the operation of the area, with the construction of urgent spare equipment (strip line, junction
box, horn, chariots, etc.) and the start of the consolidation project towards installation in LS2.
The consolidation of East Hall and North Area will continue for the most urgent items, as well as some preparation works for the LHC Injectors Upgrade
Project.
A number of new activities, which do not need access to the accelerator tunnels, will start after LS1. These include the studies for the replacement of
the RF amplifier tubes at the SPS; the project to replace the current n_TOF target, work on the PS and SPS surface buildings; the development of new
power converters for the PS main RF system; the replacement of the power converters for the TT2 transfer line magnets, the renovation of the existing
SPS compensator BEQ1 as a real spare and the consolidation of electrical substations in the Meyrin West Area, SPS (points 2 and 4) and North Area.
Achievements
The SPS has successfully delivered Argon Ions to the North Area for NA61. Thanks to the optimisation of the shutdown work planning, the cabling
work was finished before the Argon run and the 3 months stop after the ion run could be reduced to 3 weeks. The North Area proton physics run could
therefore start already by the end of April, except for NA62, which had to wait for the completion of the ventilation system upgrade. The new CHARM
and IRRAD facilities have been operating routinely under nominal conditions. In the East Area some consolidation work on the heating panels and
window mechanisms has been performed in parallel with the physics runs.
The n_TOF EAR-2 successfully started its commissioning and data taking, with a very rich collection of data for nuclear astrophysics, medical
application and nuclear technology together with EAR-1.
The existing n_TOF target is due to be replaced during LS2, since it will have reached its nominal lifetime. A review of the present design and of its
performance is on-going and will drive the design of the new target.
For ISOLDE, the operation of the new robots has been successful. The new target storage is being completed and should be ready by the end of 2016.
The hot cell commissioning is on-going and the design and test of the tooling for the dismantling process started.
The AD target consolidation program started with the procurement processes and redesign of the magnetic horn, which suffered a failure in 2014.
Several items associated to the global consolidation program of the target area started, including the redesign of the antiproton production target,
robustness tests of high-Z target materials, the design of the new ventilation system as well as ancillary safety systems in the target area.
Regarding the consolidation of the electrical network, four electrical substations have been refurbished in the Meyrin West Area. Electrical studies have
been completed for the consolidation of the North Area and have well progressed for the consolidation and upgrade of the SPS electrical network.
Consolidation work on ventilation systems has focused on plants not directly impacting the exploitation of accelerators or where work duration was
limited and intervention could be planned during the YETS (Year End Technical Stop), e.g. the renewal of the ventilation of the NA62 underground
premises (ECN3, TCC8 and GHN300) and of SR8. The campaigns for the replacement of air conditioning units containing R22 as well as of the
computer rooms in the North Area, the renewal of the chilled water piping in the North Area and the renewal of the compressed air station for Meyrin
site have continued. The renewal of ventilation systems for surface buildings in the SPS has started. Finally, the consolidation of the cooling and
ventilation plants of CNGS was part of the work done for the AWAKE project.
34 Annual Progress Report 2015
Explanations:
The heading “Low and Medium energy accelerators” shows a higher materials expense than budgeted. In the Final 2015 Budget, there was not yet an allocation identified
for the maintenance and operation of the cryogenic installations at HIE-ISOLDE, which needs a yearly budget of 0.2 MCHF as of 2015. Also, the operation of the n_TOF
facilities (first year of the new experimental area EAR-2) and the aging ISOLDE facility (notably REX and the source targets) needed more small works and maintenance.
The materials heading for PS and SPS complex is quite lower than budgeted: the effect of EUR-CHF exchange rate is quite high on this heading: 1.1 MCHF. Some
Technical Trainees were also hired and led to a transfer from materials to personnel budget. Open commitments were 1.5 MCHF at the end of the year, including the
production of BLM ionisation chambers (including R&D) and high power tetrodes for the PS. The personnel expenses show a decrease on the heading PS and SPS
complex. This is mainly due to two factors. Firstly, it was decided to no longer allocate the personnel working on the electrical network to the accelerators (PS, SPS, and
LHC) with a pre-defined distribution but to the heading “general facilities and logistics” under the Infrastructure programme as the personnel is working on the general
electrical network, which cannot always be reliably allocated to the right accelerator. Secondly, staff was redirected to accelerator technical services (allocated to the
SM18 upgrade project) as well as to accelerator consolidation, to resume and start work on future consolidation.
The work on accelerator consolidation resumed after finishing the shutdown works. The materials heading was already revised during the MTP preparation, notably for
the upgrade of the PS and SPS electrical network (-5.6 MCHF), the general PS and SPS consolidation (-6.6 MCHF), consisting of many items, for instance consolidation
of the compressor station, and the Meyrin Diesel station.
For the experimental areas consolidation, some more staff was allocated to the consolidation studies of the experimental areas, notably for the North Area. Due to the
focus on the LHC injectors upgrade and accelerator consolidation and personnel shortage, it was decided during the MTP to re-profile 50-60% of the materials allocation
until after LS2, for example for the consolidation North Area power convertors. Therefore, only budget was allocated to some urgent consolidation items in these areas.
Total (kCHF) 8,290 5,975 5,974 72% -2,316 100% -1 624
Experimental areas
consolidation
PS and SPS complexes
Accelerator
consolidation
Comparison Final 2015 Budget
and 2015 Out-Turn (2015 prices)
Low- and medium-
energy accelerators
Accelerator technical
services
Annual Progress Report 2015 35
Infrastructure and services 14. Manufacturing facilities (workshops, etc.)
Goals
The main projects for the year 2015 are to support the R&D for new machines and to consolidate the existing equipment. In particular:
R&D for HL-LHC, LIU, CLIC, SPL: focus on 11 T magnets, SC link, collimators, RF crab cavities, ultra-precision fabrication of RF cavities.
LHC, injectors and experiments consolidation, engineering support for the preparation of LS2.
LINAC4, complete “as built” documentation.
HIE-ISOLDE, support for the design and fabrication of cryomodules and assembly tools.
ELENA, support for the design and construction of vacuum chambers, alignment and support elements, electron cooler and other machine
components.
Design and construction of vacuum chambers and supports for the transfer lines.
Support in design, fabrication and assembly for Cloud and n_TOF projects.
Studies and support for the AWAKE collaboration.
Organisation:
Consolidate workshop equipment and conformity to current standards.
Support the CERN-wide safety conformity of machine tools.
Consolidation of group quality policies and procedures.
Continue the program of selective investment in modern fabrication technologies.
Achievements
The main achievements of the year for the HL-LHC project were the design and fabrication of components and assembly tools for 11 T magnets,
collimators, hollow electron lenses and crab cavities. In view of the LS2 a large quantity of components for LIU were designed and manufactured. The highlights are the LINAC4 – H- Source at 50 mA,
the production and installation of the LINAC4 acceleration line (2 DTL (12-50 MeV line), 6 CCDTL (50-100 MeV), 2 PIMS (100-160 MeV)) and the
construction and installation of the LINAC4 transfer line (still on-going but almost done). For the other projects some achievements are the fabrication of HIE-ISOLDE thermal screen and other components of the cryomodule, the design and
fabrication of components for ELENA ring and transfer lines (vacuum chambers, supports, magnet components, instrumentation and electrostatic
quadrupoles), the design and construction of AWAKE components (vacuum chambers, instrumentation) and the design and construction of a medical
HF-RFQ.
Several tens of machines both in the technical and physics departments were put in conformity.
The quality manual of the design office has been written. Its version 1.0 will be released in February 2016. The definition of procedures to make easier
the transfer of CAD information from the design office to the main work shop is also ongoing.
The machines layout of the main workshop was re-organised, such as to be consistent with European safety standards.
On the side of investments in modern fabrication technologies, the most suitable additive manufacturing technology for CERN applications was selected
(laser beam). The procurement of one machine to test this technology in-house has been launched.
Total (kCHF) 12,525 9,540 10,177 81% -2,348 107% 637 -7,711
36 Annual Progress Report 2015
Explanations:
The lower material expenses are linked mainly to the “Investment in new mechanical technologies” project that was delayed in order to validate the investment strategy
with the main stakeholders. A re-profiling of -1.2 MCHF was already announced in the MTP 2015.
In addition this heading includes internal invoicing activities that are not always balanced at the end of the year.
15. General facilities & logistics (site maintenance, transport)
Goals
Ensure a similar level of service to the CERN community as in 2014. Perform capacity planning to adapt site services to requirements and available
resources. Continue the site consolidation program developing a methodology based on a risk analysis approach with the highest priority to the safety
related actions. Continue the development of the CERN Master Plan based on the evolution of the version approved in 2013, explore opportunities
for improvement regarding access to CERN. Develop a CERN security policy proposal, with priority to the video surveillance and the access control
policies. Pursue the efforts on the Service Management and Support, take actions to conduct the maturity service analysis and characterise the services
by the introduction of dashboards and KPI. Regarding maintenance activities of technical infrastructure systems, these will follow the schedule for Run II of the LHC.
Achievements
The level of service has been maintained along 2015 with a positive return of the users community expressed in the ACCU framework.
The consolidation program has been executed in its full scope. All the safety related actions have been executed in top priority.
The Master Plan has been presented to the French and Swiss authorities with positive feedback on its objectives and strategy.
CERN has actively participated in the IO mobility WG promoted by the Geneva authorities. Actions on the regulation of the traffic along the route de
Meyrin have been taken.
The CERN security policy has been further developed and it has passed to the implementation phase starting with the automatisation of entrance A.
The deployment of the Service Management and Support good practices has been pursuit, dashboards at the level of department and services have been
further developed, i.e. electronic logbook KPI’s and dashboard for the FB control room operations.
Technical maintenance on cooling, ventilation and compressed air systems has been made throughout the 2015 according to the time available during
the Technical Stops and YETS (Year-End-Technical-Stop). No disruption on the cooling, ventilation and compressed air services has occurred.
In total 16'397 transport and handling operations for a total mass of 79'480 tons were executed in 2015 to support the exploitation of CERNs accelerator
complex, its Experiments and the general activities. The consolidation of transport and handling equipment was prioritised on the base of a risk analysis
taking in consideration safety and conformity issues as well as the present and future requirements of CERN’s physics programme. The consolidation
program included the replacement of four cranes and four lifts as well as the revamping of six cranes, two transfer tables and three industrial trucks.
All planned operation and maintenance activities of electrical substations have been carried out in accordance with the schedule.
Explanations:
Increase in Personnel FTE and costs announced already in the MTP 2015 resulted mainly from the reallocation of the personnel working on the electrical network from
the accelerators (PS, SPS and LHC) to the technical infrastructure activity within the “General facilities & logistics” heading.
The lower material expenses are linked mainly to the “Esplanade des Particules” project that was postponed to 2016. A re-profiling of -1.5 MCHF was already announced
Total (kCHF) 76,590 78,375 79,554 104% 2,964 102% 1,179 2,469
Annual Progress Report 2015 37
16. Informatics
Goals
Ensure adequate level of availability of the Informatics services including data loss protection (backups) against accidental errors or human
mistakes for its user base, as well as perform capacity planning to anticipate the needs. Ensure prompt corrective actions in case of service
failures. Protect and educate against the risks of computer security vulnerabilities.
Start building a 2nd networking hub aiming at improving business continuity.
Ensure the SCOAP3 operations while expanding the membership to include all countries involved in particle physics.
Modernize CERN’s paper-based records management with the introduction of a digital records management system.
Renovate the management of training and all related aspects by introducing an integrated Learning Management System (LMS).
Achievements
The services were generally delivered to users' satisfaction, capacity increased as requested and backup performed.
Computer Security awareness campaigns have been organised, in particular raising the attention to risks at the highest levels of the organisation.
Two serious cases of software licence violations have been dealt with reduced damage to the organisation.
The 2nd networking hub project has been approved and is scheduled to be completed by 2017.
SCOAP3: The SCOAP3 collaboration expanded further to now 47 countries and Intergovernmental Organisations. CERN successfully ensured
efficient and effective operations for the collaboration including the accounting of incoming and outgoing funds and the validation of article
compliance. The SCOAP3 informatics infrastructure ran stable with no downtime or major deficiencies and provided high-quality services for the
publishers and SCOAP3 partners. On May 4th 2015, a new E_Personnel file system went live in HR department, with key end users in the Recruitment team and Records Office
using it for creation of all new personnel files and new arrivals at CERN. Since then over 55,000 new documents have been uploaded into the
E_Personnel file system, all of which were stored on paper prior to the introduction of this new system. In addition, by the end of 2015, almost
90% of the paper personnel files of current active Staff members were scanned and digitised in order to be uploaded into the E_Personnel file
system.
In parallel, administrative processes relating to the creation of recruitment contracts were analysed and streamlined to make the production of
these contracts less resource-intensive and more secure.
LMS: A new (German) commercial product was selected after a successful price enquiry. The software package (NetDimensions) has been installed
at CERN and the implementation of the first processes has been completed by the software developer. In parallel, the remaining processes are being
analyses with the two main stakeholders (HR department and HSE unit: for safety training). Significant progress has also been made in simplifying
and harmonising the existing processes (beginning with the enrolment process).
Heavy metal detection for better surveillance of waste water quality,
Extension of environmental laboratory could not be done due to lack of funding.
Explanations: The cost of the Emergency project was revised. A re-profiling of -2.5 MCHF was already announced in the MTP 2015.
The radioactive waste treatment centre has ramped up its activity, installing a process line, but the conditioning of used ISOLDE sources has not yet taken place
(elimination foreseen as of 2017), leading to some savings in the budget. The access control system for the storage and treatment centre was delayed to 2016.
Total (kCHF) 42,630 39,905 36,601 86% -6,029 92% -3,304 1,768
40 Annual Progress Report 2015
18. Administration
Goals
Directorate: Continue working on the enlargement process to obtain additional associate members and agreements on non-Member States contributions aiming
for additional revenues,
Implementation of the medium and long-term strategy and financial plan including scrutinizing the various activities,
Concluding the ongoing Five-Yearly Review of financial and social conditions (with support from HR Department and sector representatives).
Human Resources:
Fostering a professional environment that confirms CERN as a top-ranking employer, able to adapt its HR strategies and processes to changing needs,
while attracting, retaining, motivating and developing a competent and diverse workforce, by:
Reviewing the Organization’s Staff Contract Policy,
Furthering the integration of the CERN Competency Model into the main HR processes,
Rolling out the Diversity and Learning & Development Policies,
Conducting projects related to Leadership Culture and Capacity Planning,
Furthering the sourcing, recruitment and development of technical fellows via the Technicians Training Experience (TTE) programme,
Pursuing the transformation from a traditional HR Department into a service and delivery partnership,
Continuing to implement process simplification and effectiveness gains, for example by implementing a repository on the E-Personnel file aiming to
suppress the flow of paper documents.
Finances & Accounting:
Work with the External Auditors on a revised Property Plant and Equipment accounting and reporting process and on any additional recommendations
they provide on IPSAS best practice.
Maintain a focus on continuous improvement of automation of accounting processes and ensure efficient operations and quality outputs.
Quarterly close of the books.
Pursue the automatisation of the accounts payable process.
Work together with HR on processes aiming to supress multiple filing in the area of the Payroll.
Procurement:
Further improve the industrial return coefficient of all Member States,
Streamline and automate processes to optimize end-to-end supply chain based on:
o Definition, follow-up and update of the procurement policy, strategy and process resulting from experience gained,
o Best practice procurement principles and legal developments,
o Monitoring of key performance indicators,
o Benchmarking of procurement processes with other similar organisations (e.g. EIROforum members).
Achievements
Directorate:
Turkey and Pakistan became Associate Member States
Schedules and financial plans for HL-LHC, LIU and AWAKE reviewed in 2015. Cumulative budget deficit reduced to -307 MCHF in 2020 in
comparison to -533 MCHF in MTP 2014.
Five-Yearly Review of financial and social conditions was concluded, proposed and approved by the CERN council. More details can be found in
the Human Resources part.
Human Resources
Review of CERN’s Contract policy carried out and Council approved amendments to Staff Rules & Regulations to allow possibility for extension
up to a maximum total duration of 8 years to offer further flexibility, increased cost-efficiencies and better return on investment where required.
First TTEs graduating from the programme with very positive results.
Annual Progress Report 2015 41
18. Administration (cont).
Achievements
HR structure of COEs and Frontline fully operational. COEs worked in partnership with Departmental Management on Five-Yearly Review
proposals. Frontline delivered customized services to the Departments upon request (such as team facilitation, and reports on various HR-related
matters).
As regards the Five-Yearly review, a balanced package of measures was proposed and approved by the CERN Council and can be summarised as
follows:
o Firstly, basic salaries for staff, stipends for fellows and subsistence allowances for associated members of the personnel all to be maintained at
their overall current levels.
o Secondly, the introduction of a new career structure with the aim of:
simplifying and rationalising the salary structure;
recognising merit in a more sustainable manner through the use of a combination of recurrent and non-recurrent financial awards based
on a percentage amount of the grade midpoint rather than fixed steps;
clarifying the promotion process by separating it from the advancement process;
placing greater emphasis on the long-term development of staff.
o And finally, a number of diversity-related measures, namely:
full recognition of registered partnerships, giving personnel in registered partnerships the same benefits as those currently granted to
married couples;
enhancements to maternity, paternity and parental leave, and the introduction of a streamlined procedure for the option of part-time work
following the birth or adoption of a child;
new measures to support dual-career couples, such as an induction programme aimed at spouses and partners;
enhancements to the saved leave and teleworking schemes and the introduction of a provision allowing members of the personnel to
donate leave days to their colleagues under well-defined compassionate conditions.
The package is cost-neutral over the projection period and its impact on the funding ratio of the CERN Pension Fund is projected to be close to
neutral, according to a study carried out by the Fund’s consulting actuary. Concertation took place throughout 2015, culminating in an arbitration
process which enabled the Staff Association not to oppose the proposals. The Management agreed to report to TREF on the effect of the proposals.
The impact of the proposals on the Pension Fund and the CHIS would be monitored via the usual actuarial reviews and dashboards.
The Diversity Office continued the implementation of actions towards the seven strategic diversity objectives, agreed for the 2012 to 2014 period
and extended for 2015, and played a key role in the diversity part of the Five-Yearly Review of employment conditions. Accounting:
The External Auditors closed their recommendation with respect to a revised Property Plant and Equipment accounting and reporting process,
which indicates they are satisfied with the proposed implementation in the 2015 financial statements. Work on this implementation is currently
ongoing, as well as for the intangible assets. A further recommendation was made by the auditors to review the discount rate used for the post-
employment benefits, which has resulted in a revised approach to the discount rate for the 2015 financial statements. Incremental improvements have been made during the year by all sections to ensure efficient operations and quality outputs, and to refine the
systems/automations in place.
A project has been started together with Procurement and AIS to implement a complete e-procurement application;
Activities needed under the current systems for a partial quarterly close of the books have been identified and implemented. During 2016, a further
review will be made of what is needed in order to achieve a more complete quarterly close.
Work with HR has advanced for the more streamlined filing system, and a notable achievement as part of the process has been to scan all current
paper files from Personnel Accounting.
42 Annual Progress Report 2015
18. Administration (cont).
Achievements
Procurement:
Further efforts to improve the industrial return to the Member States were made and during 2015 a majority of them were either well-balanced or
saw an increase in the industrial return coefficient for supplies.
Several initiatives and actions have been implemented to increase awareness of the rules, efficiency and transparency in the overall end-to-end
supply chain, such as:
o A project has been started together with Accounts Payable to implement a complete e-procurement application;
o A short (5 min) animation is available on the Procurement Service Web portal, providing general information to firms interested in
providing supplies and/or service to the Organization;
o An interactive application which provides more detailed information about CERN’s conditions and regulations is available on the Web
portal to potential suppliers;
o Two e-learning modules which summarises CERN’s Procurement Rules are available for the CERN users;
o The Annual Procurement Report is available in an electronic format;
o The benchmarking activities of the EIROforum Working Group on Procurement continued. A meeting was held at ESO in June 2015,
allowing the various organizations to learn best practices in common areas of interest;
o Derogations of the Procurement Rules were requested by the Management and agreed by the Council, to enable CERN to benefit from EU
financed Pre-Commercial Procurement projects. Two projects have been approved by the EU and have started.
Explanations:
Lower material expenses are linked mainly to the budgeting rule that keeps all Material expenses funded by different sales revenues under the ‘Administration’ heading
(4.7 MCHF). During the year when sales is realised the resources are redistributed to other activities.
Personnel FTE was higher mainly due to 21.7 apprentices that are counted in the Out-Turn, but not in the Final 2015 Budget.
Total (kCHF) 53,560 52,190 49,090 92% -4,470 94% -3,100 756
Annual Progress Report 2015 43
19. Outreach, scientific exchanges (students and associates) and KT
a. Outreach, corporate communication and scientific exchanges (students and associates)
Goals
General: to continue the development of exhibitions and animations that will facilitate the understanding of CERN research and its applications, and
which can be used in schools to inspire and to motivate students to engage in scientific studies.
Specific activities: To organise communications linked to the restart of the LHC at higher energies, with the aim of getting across both the technological
and scientific challenges, as well as the physics potential. To communicate on the broader research programme of CERN with the aim of conveying
the message that there is much more to CERN research than the Higgs, which has dominated headlines for the last two years. To continue developing
the unfolding narrative of particle physics research that has been the key thrust of CERN’s corporate communications for over a decade.
Achievements
CERN guided tours for 107,000 visitors from more than 70 countries (of which about 46% school children); about 30,000 visitors to the permanent
exhibitions “Universe of Particles” and “Microcosm”; the “Universe of Particle” exhibition was closed from May 2015 onwards because of major
renovation work of the Globe building; the Microcosm exhibition was completely renewed and therefore closed for 7 months.
CERN teacher schools were held for a total of 1,068 teachers from 41 countries, participating in 36 one-week programme, or the international 3-week
High School Teacher programme in July 2015 (51 participants from 40 countries).
A special 1-week programme for school students and teachers from the SESAME Member States (Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan,
Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey) was held in September 2015. The course brought together 28 teachers and students from the Middle East
region, who came to know each other and learned about CERN as a model for scientific, technological and human collaboration, regardless of political,
cultural or ethnical differences.
The new Microcosm exhibition was partially opened in July 2015 and inaugurated in December 2015.
The new S’Cool LAB has been used by more than 1000 school students and teachers in its first full year of operation.
The traveling exhibition “Accelerating Science” was shown in the ‘Cosmocaixa’ science museum in Barcelona, from October 2015 to January 2016.
The “LHC interactive tunnel” (LIT) - a high-tech audio-visual installation to allow playful exploration of proton collisions in the LHC, or to visualise
the Brout-Englert-Higgs field, has become a public attraction in science museums or fairs. It was in large demand and has been shown - together with
the “CERN in images” poster exhibition - in 7 countries at 10 different locations (Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Spain, Greece, Georgia and
Azerbaidjan).
Press office activities: 2015 saw significant media activity with 367 media visits. The major action was the campaign, initiated in 2014, to mark the
start of the LHC’s second run. A press conference was held in February at the American Association for the Advancement of Science’s annual meeting.
This event remains the world’s largest public-facing science conference. A second online press conference was held at CERN closer to the start-up,
while major milestones were marked with videos and updates on the CERN website. Two key events were highlighted: the first beam of run 2, and the
start of physics data taking. The press office registered over 180,000 cuttings through the year, with notable peaks for the discovery of pentaquarks and
the ATLAS and CMS run 2 results. In addition, CERN’s press office delivered 22 press releases, and organized two other press conferences during the
year. The press office worked with the HR Learning & Development group to deliver media training.
Publications: 2014 Annual Report; 10 issues of CERN Courier; bi-weekly issues of CERN Bulletin; over 100,000 brochures printed in various
languages for CERN and Member States.
Internal Communications: In addition to the printed copies (see “Publications”), the Bulletin is also made available online (about 1500 single visit
per day around publication date, 300 unique visits per day outside publication dates for a recurrent average of 16000 visits per month) and as a newsletter
that reaches about 11000 email addresses. Emails are also regularly sent to personnel (in principle, every other week when the Bulletin is not published)
and screens located in public areas run a programme of videos and content extracted from the Bulletin. The CERN people website hosts contributions
that are not included in the Bulletin plus links to the whole content of the Bulletin.
44 Annual Progress Report 2015
a. Outreach, corporate communication and scientific exchanges (students and associates) (cont.)
Achievements
Web and social media: In 2015, there were seven millions unique visitors to CERN’s core websites and in October, CERN moved its homepage to
http://home.cern after receiving its own top-level domain. On social media, there were 1.2M mentions of CERN and LHC in 2015. CERN’s posts and
responses were 448 on the English-language Twitter account, 245 on the French Twitter account, 504 on Facebook, 508 on Google+, 52 on Linkedin,
245 on Instagram and 96 videos uploaded or shared on YouTube. All audiences grew: on 31 December 2015 CERN had 1.27M Twitter (English) and
14.8K Twitter (French) followers, 485K likes on Facebook, 277K followers on Google+, 59.5K subscribers on YouTube, 39K followers on Linkedin
and 32.9K followers on Instagram. The LHC restart communication campaign ran until June 2015, with images, videos and a reddit Ask Me Anything
tagged with the hashtags: #RestartLHC and #13TeV. Notable peaks in engagement occurred around the key dates of 5 April’s LHC restart (37.5K
CERN mentions on social media) and 3 June’s 13TeV collisions (33K mentions). In March, CERN was awarded the Best Swiss Twitterpage 2015 at
the worldwebforum conference in Zurich, beating the Twitter accounts of Swiss tourism, luxury brands, even Roger Federer. This recognition, coupled
with the Twiplomacy report’s ranking of CERN as one of the most effective international organisations on Twitter, helps to strengthen the role of social
media in CERN’s communications.
Events: The communication group organised French and Swiss Masterclasses and the Swiss final of the International FameLab competition, along
with a FameLab CERN competition to send a CERN-affiliated scientist to the FameLab International Finals at the Cheltenham Science Festival.
FameLab develops the communication skills of young scientists. In 2015, the CERN final proved very successful, providing the overall winner (Swiss
winner) and the runner-up (CERN winner) at FameLab international. A very successful third edition of TEDxCERN sponsored by Rolex was held in
October, with a local audience of 600 and an online audience of over 10,000 including 23 institutes associated to CERN who organized viewing parties.
Two TEDxCERN 2015 videos have so far been selected by TED to feature on (which has an average view of one million per talk), and the TED-Ed
animation based on ISOLDE physics had been viewed over 400,000 times by the end of the year. The total viewership of all TEDxCERN videos
produced to date is 6.8M. Concluding a two-year initiative, CERN participated in European Researchers Night event with events at the Balexert
shopping centre and cinema complex.
Local communication and education: Between January and May 2015, CERN, in collaboration with the University of Geneva, the French Education
nationale and Geneva’s Département de l’Instruction Publique, organised another round of “Dans la peau d’un chercheur” in which over 750 children
from 37 primary school classes took part, discovering what scientific research is and visiting laboratories. In February, more than 600 pupils from local
schools visited the CMS detector. Various screenings of the movie “Particle Fever” were organized, including one at Saint-Genis-Pouilly in
collaboration with the French mission to the UN in Geneva. CERN was also present at the triennial “Cité des Métiers” exhibition in November, which
demonstrated the variety of CERN’s and International Geneva’s professions to thousands of visitors. In addition, visits to CERN are now organised by
the Pays de Gex tourist offices in collaboration with CERN’s visits service.
b. Knowledge Transfer
Goals
General target: Continue deploying the KT long term strategy to maximize the dissemination of CERN’s technologies and know-how. Specific targets and projects for 2015 are: Develop a network of SMEs to promote CERN technologies and know-how, exploit synergies with IdeaSquare.
Help to promote the role of HEP and resulting technologies in the health sector, provide advice to CERN’s management and key stakeholders in the
Member States on application of CERN technologies and know how in the Life Sciences field.
Coordinate the submission of EC projects in the field of Hadron Therapy for H2020.
Foster applications of new projects for the KT Fund and follow up the existing funded projects.
Continue to develop the network of incubators concept.
Develop and promote new ways to track Knowledge Transfer from CERN to society.
Annual Progress Report 2015 45
b. Knowledge Transfer (cont.)
Achievements
The SME Network website was set up (http://kt-sme-network.web.cern.ch/). Companies can register and obtain the first edition of the newsletter.
Advertisement in the MS has started, and so far around 100 companies have registered. The website will be a tool to advertise KT, EU, Openlab and
IdeaSquare activities. The role of HEP in the health sector has been promoted for example with the KT Annual Report, Medical Applications Seminars, participation to
VIP visits, strategy meetings with the EC and other key stakeholders and visits to Member States on their request.
7 new KT Fund projects have been funded in 2015. An industrial radiation survey meter, a PET scanning system and the wide dissemination of an
Event Management Service are a few examples of results of existing projects.
3 new Business Incubation Centres of CERN Technologies were launched in 2015: France, Finland and Spain, bringing the total number to 8. There
are today 9 Spin Off companies hosted in the incubators.
Total for fact sheet 19: Outreach, scientific exchanges (students and associates) and KT
Explanations:
The difference in materials expenses under the “Outreach and corporate communication” heading is linked to the Microcosm renovation project not planned in the Final
2015 Budget but announced already in the MTP 2015 (1.3 MCHF).
Higher materials expenses for “Education” activity have been already announced in MTP 2015.
Total (kCHF) 6,070 7,135 6,552 108% 482 92% -583 669
Comparison Final 2015 Budget
and 2015 Out-Turn (2015 prices)
Associates and
students
programmes
Outreach and
corporate
communication
Education
Knowledge transfer
46 Annual Progress Report 2015
20. Infrastructure consolidation, buildings and renovation
Goals
Completion of Building 107. Civil engineering work for the new LHCb building complex. Execution of building 311 for the magnetic measures activities. Execution of the annual consolidation plan covering primarily safety, façade, roof, toilet block, HVAC, Electricity interventions and technical galleries Globe overall consolidation.
Achievements
Following the decision to terminate the contracts (consultant and contractor), the Building 107 project went through a deep review process along 2015.
The review process has been completed with a steering committee session by November 2015. The first contract in order to reinitiate the works was
approved on the FC of December 2015. The works shall restart by the end January 2016.
The LHCb civil engineering works building complex have been completed for the phase I. For the Phase II, the contract for the foundations has been
adjudicated and executed, for the metallic structure the contract has been adjudicated and it’s under execution, with the erection foreseen by middle
January 2016.
The building 311 design and tendering activities have been completed. Start of the works by the end of January 2016.
The annual consolidation program has been executed in all its scope. Special remark on the completion of the campaign on the fire sectorisation of the
technical galleries.
The Globe overall consolidation contracts have been placed and the works are progressing according to the schedule.
Explanations:
Cost and schedule of building 311 project were reviewed, resulting in a re-profiling of -7.2 MCHF that was already announced in the MTP 2015.
The Out-Turn contains a correction for the provisions made end of 2014 for the termination of the contracts of -0.85 MCHF, the settlements are booked under the
centralised expenses – miscellaneous. Works on the CMS site consolidation were delayed and re-profiled to 2016, and already included in the 2015 Probable Revenues
and Expenses.
As mentioned, the Globe consolidation contracts were placed, 1.4 MCHF of commitments were directly put in 2016, to take into account the delivery schedule. In the
Final 2015 Budget, the budget of 3 MCHF was put entirely on 2015, as the planning originally was to finish in 2015.
Out of the 8.3 MCHF open commitments, almost half is reserved for the general consolidation of the site (charged 13.3 MCHF in the Out-Turn vs 16.8 MCHF Final
2015 Budget). The EUR-CHF rate led to a saving of 1.2 MCHF.
Total (kCHF) 41,840 32,965 25,379 61% -16,461 77% -7,586 8,299
Annual Progress Report 2015 47
21. Centralised expenses
Centralised personnel
expenses
This heading is dominated by the CERN share of the health insurance scheme for the pensioners, the costs for personnel arrivals and
departures and unemployment benefits. These costs can be estimated but there is no specific goal associated. The amount may continue
to rising due to the increasing number of CERN pensioners as well as higher rotation LD rate because of the first batch of flexibility
posts coming to an end (unemployment, departure and new arrival costs).
Internal taxation The internal taxation appears in centralised expenses and offsets the equivalent heading in revenues. The personnel costs in all other
headings are thus without internal taxation.
Personnel internal mobility This heading aims to enhance internal mobility between departments by helping to pay salary differences between an experienced staff
member and a new recruit.
Personnel on detachment CERN personnel that is on a detachment for collaboration or other institute. The full personnel cost of the detachment is covered by the
third party and is accounted as revenues for CERN.
Paid but not available
The amount of staff members exercising their saved leave or compensation leave usually at the end of their career. The heading is funded
by the provision for “amortisation of staff benefits accruals”. The FTE’s under this heading (24.6) are moved from other activities to
this heading during the year, when the staff concerned is exercising their right to this leave (which is not known in advance and therefore
still under the original activity).
Personnel paid on team
accounts
This heading concerns staff and fellows working funded by third parties as shown also under revenues. The difference between budgeted
FTEs and the FTEs in the Out-Turn, is due to additional team-funded fellows (offset by revenues).
Budget amortisation of staff
benefits accruals
Corresponds to the funding over 10 years of saved leave and shift work compensation of employed members of personnel as recognised
for the first time in the balance sheet when implementing IPSAS.
Energy and water This heading is dominated by the electricity supply. It further includes heating gas and water costs. The savings are due to combined
effect of late restart of the LHC and the EUR-CHF exchange rate.
Insurances, postal charges,
miscellaneous
Personnel and goods insurances as well as the postal charges. The CERN obligation to follow the instructions of France and Hungary
on how to use their 2015 Member States’ contribution rebate, is recorded under Miscellaneous: 9 MCHF from France are to honour the
CEA and CNRS contributions towards LHC collaborations; 0.4 MCHF from Hungary is to be kept on a special account to be used by
the country for CERN related projects.
Interest, bank and financial
expenses
This heading includes the interest on the FORTIS and SIG loan, bank charges and financial expenses (i.e. exchange loss). In spite of the
difficult economic environment in some Member States, CERN has no short-term loans outstanding as of 31/12/2015.
Difference in other financial expenses is due to exchange gain of 4.9 MCHF that is not a subject of budgeting.
In-kind Relating to the fair value of CERN’s right to freely use the land and having been granted some interest free loans (also under revenues).
Total (kCHF) 4,900 4,900 1,923 39% -2,977 39% -2,977
Comparison Final 2015 Budget
and 2015 Out-Turn (2015 prices)
Centralised
personnel expenses
Insurances, postal
charges,
miscellaneous
Internal taxation
Personnel internal
mobility and on
detachment
Personnel paid on
team accounts
Paid but not available
In-kind
Budget amortisation
of staff benefits
accruals
Energy and water
Interest, bank and
financial expenses
Annual Progress Report 2015 49
Projects
LHC upgrades
22. LINAC4
Goals Complete commissioning with beam up to the final energy of 160 MeV.
Achievements
Commissioning with beam completed up to 50 MeV energy, including the new Drift Tube Linac (DTL) and an improved version of the ion source. The
original schedule was delayed to give priority to LHC Long Shutdown activities and to solve technical issues related to the construction of the DTL.
LINAC4 will be connected to the PS Booster (PSB) during Long Shutdown 2 (LS2). With 50 MeV, it however constitutes already a potential
replacement of LINAC2, in case of major failure, as proton injector (about 3 weeks needed for the connection).
Explanations:
Due to the focus on the restart of the machine in the first months of 2015 and in order to solve technical issues related to the construction of the DTL, the original schedule
was delayed. A re-profiling of -2.6 MCHF was already announced in the MTP 2015.
Total (kCHF) 13,085 10,480 9,190 70% -3,895 88% -1,290 1,240
50 Annual Progress Report 2015
23. LHC injectors upgrade
Goals
Exploit the experience gained when testing with beam equipment modified or installed during LS1 to improve their design before series fabrication:
new wire scanner mechanics, Beam Orbit measurements systems etc. Review pending hardware options: e.g. amorphous Carbon coating of vacuum
chambers, use of FineMet cavities in the PSB, etc. Carry on beam studies and optimization using the additional means implemented during LS1 (e.g.
longitudinal damper and sextupoles in the PS). Equipment construction will progress towards completion of the LIU installations during LS2. Make the “BCMS” (Batch Compression Merging and Splitting) proton beam operational as well as work towards an improved Lead ion beam. Prepare
and deliver other types of beams on LHC demand: for scrubbing (e.g. “5 ns doublets”), testing alternative solutions (e.g. “8b+4e”) and miscellaneous
MDs investigations.
Achievements
The equipment modified or installed during LS1 in the framework of LIU has been extensively exploited for both operation and dedicated machine
studies during the 2015 injector run, e.g. the new digital Low Level RF in the PSB or the new hardware and electronics for the transverse feedback in
the SPS.
The pending project options have been investigated and reviewed, leading to the definition of a solid LIU baseline, as described in the EDMS document
LIU-PM-RPT-0015 v.5 “LIU Project Description”, released on 15 December 2015. A new technology was endorsed for the RF systems that will
replace all the cavities in the PSB and act as the PS longitudinal feedback system. In the SPS, it was decided : i- to perform both shielding of the
focusing quadrupole flanges and the enhancement of the RF cavity High Order Modes damping; ii- to stage the amorphous Carbon coating of main
dipole chambers; iii- to build a new internal dump system.
Equipment construction and procurement have progressed as planned in 2015, e.g. new buildings for the PSB Main Power Supply and for the SPS RF
system; PSB injection elements; new power converters for PS low energy quadrupoles.
A large diversity of proton beams, including those for future alternative scenarios, has been tested, commissioned and produced for LHC. The lead ion
beam was fine-tuned and improved throughout the injector chain. In LEIR, systematic measurements and extensive theoretical studies allowed
identifying space charge as the main cause for the losses observed at RF capture. In addition, with further SPS operational improvements, it was possible
to generate brighter bunches and shorter ion trains for injection into LHC. The immediate outcome of this effort was the achievement of a peak
luminosity exceeding by a factor 3.5 the design value.
A cost and schedule review of both LIU and HL-LHC projects was triggered by the Accelerator and Technology Sector Director and organized in
March 2015. The review committee was composed of the CERN Machine Advisory Committee (CMAC) members and ad-hoc experts. The baseline
of both projects, which includes the scope description, the schedule and the cost, was scrutinized. Important outcomes of the review were, among others:
the definition of a cost-to-Completion for both projects, that has been later integrated in the MTP;
the revision of both projects schedule, that has led CERN management to redefine the planning of the next two Long Shutdowns of CERN
accelerators.
Explanations: A cost and schedule review of both LIU and HL-LHC projects resulted in the revision of schedule and the definition of the Cost-to-Completion for both
projects. Individual reviews were organised in 2015 to endorse technical decisions regarding strategic equipment (e.g. coating, impedance reduction, beam dump), which
delayed the placement of orders. A re-profiling of -17.2 MCHF was already announced in the MTP 2015.
Manufacture the Nb3Sn conductors in long piece lengths for the MQXF (final Inner Triplet quadrupole with 150 mm aperture) prototype;
Manufacture and test the first short QXF magnet, reaching the operational field;
Prove the design of the 11 T dipole with one or more short models;
Test at least two types of Crab Cavities; start manufacturing the first cryomodule for the test in SPS;
Complete the design of the LR Beam Wire;
Carry out a first evaluation of the collimation system at 6.5 TeV/beam for the necessity of the upgrade;
Test the first long SC link prototype;
Write first version of the TDR (Technical Design Report).
Achievements
First Nb3Sn conductor in long pieces has been manufactured: 550 m for Q1 and Q3 (LARP contribution) and 840 m for Q2a and Q2b (CERN
construction). Both length have been successfully qualified in autumn 2015 and first pre-series production is now under way.
The first QXF has been manufactured (joint effort CERN-LARP) and its testing began in the Fermilab facility in November 2015. Due to a
technical problem of the test facility, i.e. independent from the magnet itself, the test has been suspended and will resume in January 2016. This
objective has been achieved at 90% (manufacturing) and the remaining 10% (testing) is shifted by 2 months.
Three models of 11 T dipole have been manufactured and successfully tested at CERN, reaching a magnetic field well above 11 T (actually 12
T). The program has been more advanced than foreseen since in 2015 also a double aperture model (built by coupling the two single aperture
magnets) has been assembled and has reached more than 11 T without any training, which constitutes a great success and an advance of 3 to 4
months over the foreseen program.
Two types of Crab cavities have been fully validated: the Double Quarter Waver (DQW) and the RF Dipole (RFD). The start of the cryomodule
manufacturing has been shifted by six months because of longer time needed to make the design, hence the major construction works will be
done in 2016. The cryomodule test remains however scheduled in 2017, in time for the SPS test.
The design of the long range (LR) beam wire compensator for the decisive test in LHC has been accomplished and construction of the prototype
has started.
The collimation has now a baseline for operation at 7 TeV/beam. The number of low impedance collimators has been reduced. The decision has
been taken to integrate dispersion suppression (DS) collimators in connection cryostats at LHC Point 2, while they will be integrated in the 11T
system at LHC Point 7.
The test of first superconducting (SC) links has been cancelled because the SC link for LHC point 7 (20 kA) is not anymore part of the baseline,
as decided end 2014 and endorsed by the cost and schedule review of March 2015. The work has been redirected to the design and construction
of the first big SC link (up to 100 kA), complete with the final system, for LHC point 1 and point 5. The aim is to be able to test the system at
the end of 2016. Part of the design and material of the previous Point 7 SC link has been reused for the 100kA prototype.
A cost and schedule review of both LIU and HL-LHC projects was triggered by the Accelerator and Technology Sector Director and organised
in March 2015. The review committee was composed of the CERN Machine Advisory Committee (CMAC) members and ad-hoc experts. The
baseline of both projects, which includes the scope description, the schedule and the cost, was scrutinised. Important outcomes of the review
were, among others:
o the definition of a Cost-to-Completion for both projects, that has been later integrated in the MTP;
o the revision of both projects schedule, that has led CERN management to redefine the planning of the next two Long Shutdowns of CERN
accelerators.
52 Annual Progress Report 2015
Explanations:
A cost and schedule review of both LIU and HL-LHC projects resulted in the revision of schedule and the definition of the Cost-to-Completion for both projects.
A re-profiling of -5.9 MCHF was already announced in the MTP 2015.
Total (kCHF) 54,345 48,445 43,925 81% -10,420 91% -4,520 7,456
Annual Progress Report 2015 53
25. LHC detectors upgrade (Phase 1) and consolidation / HL-LHC detectors, including R&D (Phase 2)
Goals
Continue R&D and in some cases start procurements and construction of components that will be installed during LS2 planned around 2018. Plans of
the collaborations have been endorsed by the LHCC and detailed TDRs have been already or will be soon presented.
The definition of CERN’s contribution is almost complete. It will include mainly contributions to: DAQ improvement and new ITS for ALICE;
contribution to new small muon wheels with Micromegas technology, the new calorimeter trigger tower builders, the new Tile D-layer trigger and
improvement to the Trigger and DAQ systems for ATLAS; a new pixel detector, a luminosity telescope, 4th RPC station, new forward muon chambers
and DAQ improvement for CMS; For LHCb, new electronics and computer farm for a 40 MHZ readout, and new VELO, Scintillating Fibre and RICH
detectors; improvement of Roman Pots for TOTEM; general infrastructure items for all.
Continue R&D for the large upgrades expected during LS3 planned around 2022, in particular in the fields of electronics, pixels and silicon sensors,
large micro-pattern gas detectors, detector cooling and parallelization of software.
Achievements
ATLAS: Significant progress has been made in the upgrade programme. The Phase 1 upgrades, destined for installation during LS2, have progressed
to the construction phase and include: the New Small Wheel, where cathode boards have been designed and their procurement has started, Module-0
and construction tools have been designed, Micromegas meshes have been designed and procured; the Liquid argon calorimeter, where work has
progressed using the demonstrator system installed in 2014 in a section of the barrel; the Fast TracKer (FTK) system, where most boards are
in production, the large AM06 chip has been submitted and received, and the installation of an initial Barrel-only FTK system is progressing; the TDAQ
system where important improvements were already commissioned in 2015, and further ingredients are in the final prototyping stage. The plans for
the Phase 2 upgrades have passed a major milestone towards approval with the submission and endorsement of the “Scoping Document”. Three different
scenarios have been defined to provide information on performance versus cost at the highest instantaneous luminosity expected from the HL-LHC.
The Phase 2 upgrades include a completely new Inner TracKer (ITK), as well as the trigger and data-acquisition system, the calorimeter systems, and
the muon spectrometer. For ITK, the project with the longest lead-time, R&D towards the Technical Design Reports (TDR) for the Pixel and Strip sub-
systems is in full swing. For the other Phase 2 systems R&D proceeds in conjunction with the construction of the Phase 1 upgrades.
CMS: Phase 1: the new DAQ TCDS system has been put in production and the first uTCA data sources from subdetectors and upgraded Level-1 trigger
have been integrated. The BRIL sub-detector has been completed. The new Pixel detector is being readied for installation scheduled at the end of the
2016 run. Phase 2: R&D has continued for both the Tracker (Outer and Pixel) and the GEM upgrade. The GEM TDR was approved by the LHCC at
the end of 2015. The GEM demonstrator construction has been launched and is scheduled for installation at the end of the 2016 run. For the Outer
Tracker, chip design has entered the finalization stage, the mechanical structures design is now very advanced and mock-ups of the modules have been
produced. For the Pixel, chip design has continued in the framework of the RD53 collaboration, and electronics studies have been launched.
ALICE: the upgrade projects have completed the approval process for all of the TDRs in 2015. The new ITS and Online/Offline (O2) projects, in
which the CERN team takes a leading role, are both in good shape. The ITS passed a major milestone at the end of 2015, the review of the pixel chip.
The comments of the referees were extremely positive and production can start in 2016.
LHCb: The upgrade, scheduled for installation in LS2, has made further significant progress. All TDRs have been approved and, due to the delayed
foreseen start of LS2 by six months, milestones have been redefined. The financial and technical aspects are sound with more than 80% of funds
committed for the upgrade by the funding agencies. Progress on sub-system and common projects is steady. Brainstorming and R&D dedicated to LS3
and successive runs, with a goal of bringing the detector to accept a maximum luminosity of 1034 cm-2 s-1, has started.
DT: The Detector Technologies support group (DT) has settled specific partnerships for Phase 1 and 2 detector upgrades with CERN teams in the four
major LHC experiments. Engineering support and contribution to the ALICE ITS construction is on-going; support for the RICH, new VELO, UT and
SciFi detectors for LHCb is well advanced. DT has co-developed the ATLAS Micromegas Module-0, whose validation will trigger module mass
production in collaboration institutions. For Phase 2, DT has continued to participate in the R&D efforts for the new trackers. Production of micro-
pattern components for ALICE, ATLAS and CMS detectors has been launched, along with focused R&D programmes for detector cooling and gas
systems.
54 Annual Progress Report 2015
25. LHC detectors upgrade (Phase 1) and consolidation / HL-LHC detectors, including R&D (Phase 2) (cont.)
Achievements
ESE: The Electronics System for Experiments support group (ESE) has participated in the preparation of the upgrades via the following contributions.
ATLAS tracker: finalisation of the readout ASIC specifications and start of the design.
ATLAS trigger: definition of the upgraded version of the first-level muon trigger MUCTPI and start of the design.
CMS tracker: progress on the hybrid designs, and successful submission of an ASIC for the pixel/strip modules (MPA).
CMS muon: good progress on the readout electronics of the GEM chambers.
ALICE ITS: several versions of the monolithic pixel chip (ALPIDE) submitted in view of a final version in 2016, and optimisation of the laser
soldering technique.
LHCb: finalisation of the VELOpix ASIC design for submission early in 2016.
RD53: specification of the first large-scale prototype and start of the design.
Extensive studies of radiation effects on the 65 and 130 nm technologies that are used.
Rad-hard DC-DC converters and components for the radiation hard optical link (GBT chipset and versatile link components) produced.
First design of a DC-DC converter to be used for HL-LHC.
Specifications and first design started for a low power/high speed version of the GBT (lpGBT) and for a faster and smaller versatile link (VL+).
Evaluation of silicon photonics: modelling of radiation damage and production of first structures to validate the model.
Explanations:
Re-profiling of 2.4 MCHF was already implemented in the 2016 Budget. The main reasons are following:
Phase 1 ALICE:
for the ITS Upgrade the payments of the Automated assembly machine prototype as well as the pre-series Stave production and the Alu flex series production will
be done in 2016 instead of 2015. Because of the change in the LHC schedule, other items have been moved to 2017.
for the O2 project, all the R&D activities on FPGA development, FEP, EPNs prototyping, etc have been postponed to 2016 because of the unavailability of the O2
development laboratory.
Phase 1 ATLAS muons:
delay of the so-called module 0, the first new small wheel micromegas module which should have been built with the final components and the final construction
drawings. The module has not been finished in 2015, mayor work is still ongoing and the final module 0 is foreseen for April 2016;
delay of the procurement of the micromegas printed circuit boards. Here the procurement will start in late spring/early summer 2016 only and not as foreseen in late
autumn/early winter 2015.
Phase 1 CMS: the Pixel detector works have suffered delays, hence pushing back payments to 2016.
R&D for phase 2 CMS: electronic circuits production encountered various problems and could not be delivered on time. Sensors delivery suffered also delays and most
Total (kCHF) 24,000 21,075 21,093 88% -2,907 100% 18 987
Annual Progress Report 2015 55
Energy frontier
26. Linear collider studies (CLIC, ILC)
Goals
Complete re-baselining of a staged implementation taking into account the Higgs energy scale and improved power/cost models.
Increase X-band test capacity by factor two, complete lab and CTF3 modules and lab evaluation programme, install and operate CTF3 module and
perform feed-forward and beam-loading measurements in the facility.
Initiate programme with industrial suppliers for structures and modules towards a 2nd generation module, and FEL, industrial and medical accelerator
activities based on X-band technology.
Define the future system test plans and opportunities that would be needed beyond CTF3 (foreseen to be closed end 2016) before construction, including
common studies with light-source and FEL laboratories, as well as other accelerator test-facilities (examples FACET/ATF).
Detector and Physics studies towards Energy Frontier physics and common reference studies with FCC where possible.
Follow and participate in ILC preparation activities in collaboration with European laboratories and universities and if needed facilitate the European
preparatory studies in selected technical domains.
Achievements
After the conceptual design report published in 2012 and the European Strategy update in 2013, the CLIC studies are now focused on developing a
project implementation plan for CLIC as a future energy frontier option at CERN after LHC. The time-period considered is up until the next European
Strategy update in 2018-19.
The re-baselining of the CLIC parameters for cost and power performance gains, also targeting stages as needed for initial Higgs and top measurements,
was pursued throughout 2014-5 and is now completed and documented. The tools used to optimize the parameters of the machine in terms of cost and
power remain available in case further optimization will be needed once LHC results at 13-14 TeV will be available.
By the end of 2015 the klystron/modulator units of the third X-band test facility were installed at CERN, doubling the capacity compared to 2014.
These facilities are crucial for accelerating structure conditioning, testing and operation. The CTF3 measurements have established the two-beam
acceleration principle as well as the most central drive-beam performance and deceleration parameters. In 2015 a complete two-meter CLIC module
has been operated in CTF3 and performance tests are on-going. The feed-forward and beam-loading experiments in CTF3 show results in agreement
with expectations. In parallel three mechanical modules are being tested and characterized for thermo-mechanical properties and performance in a
laboratory setup.
The interest in the use of the CLIC technology is broadening further, for example for use in Free Electron Laser (FEL) Linacs. Several collaboration
partners are considering extension of existing Linacs or new compact FEL Linacs making use of the high gradients achievable with X-band technology.
For CLIC this could substantially increase the overall industrial basis for X-band and high-gradient technology. The collaborative effort with light
source laboratories related to low emittance rings have been pursued in 2015, involving ALBA, ANKA, CesrTA, ALS and ATF2 to mention some of
the most central laboratories. The demonstrations of beam-based alignment and emittance preserving methods have been developed in the FACET
facility at SLAC, including important verifications of the CLIC wake-field models. Further progress has been made concerning final focus parameters
in ATF2 at KEK in 2015.
The possibility of operating the CALIFES electron Linac at CERN, presently used as the probe beam line of CTF3, as a stand-alone user facility from
2017 onwards when CTF3 is closed down, has been studies and documented. The possible uses include general accelerator R&D and studies relevant
for existing and possible future machines at CERN, involving a potentially large external user community.
The development programme for high-efficiency RF sources, modulators and klystrons, including studies and specification towards procurement of
prototypes have been pursued in 2015 and first measurements can be expected in the coming year. A broad group of collaborators are now involved
and industrial studies are well underway.
Other technical developments related to beam-instrumentation, magnet prototypes, vacuum-studies, control systems, alignment and stability are
progressing well with many collaborating institutes involved. These technical developments address key technical performance challenges, are needed
for system-test measurements, or are linked to power/cost reduction studies.
The CLIC development programme until 2019 has been adjusted according to the CERN MTP as approved by the CERN Council in September 2015.
It is optimised towards the goal of providing a project implementation plan by that time. Around 60 agreements at Memorandum of Understanding
level, or as R&D contract, with laboratories and universities in Europe and beyond covers the next phase of the studies.
56 Annual Progress Report 2015
26. Linear collider studies (CLIC, ILC) (cont.)
Achievements
The resources necessary for the future development programme are largely covered by these and existing agreements, combining resources at CERN
with the resources available among the CLIC collaborating institutes.
The common work with ILC has continued in areas such as civil engineering studies, SC input couplers and tuners, beam delivery systems/ATF, sources
and damping rings. The LCC organization is pursuing a possible Higgs factory implementation based on the ILC technology in Japan, and in parallel
CLIC as a future energy frontier option at CERN after LHC for exploration of a wide range of energies extending into the multi-TeV region.
Explanations:
The CLIC development programme until 2019 and associated resources has been adjusted during the MTP 2015. A re-profiling of -4.8 MCHF was already announced
in the MTP 2015.
27. Linear collider detector R&D
Goals
Physics and detector studies with electron-positron collisions at the energy frontier, including common reference studies with FCC, where possible.
CLIC detector optimization studies; implementation of the latest CLIC detector design in new detector simulation tools and in engineering models.
Further performance simulation studies and engineering studies in identified critical areas. Prototyping of low-mass pixel detector modules with fast
timing and small pixels and with power-pulsed read-out electronics (based on silicon/ASIC or HV-CMOS/ASIC). Participation in the RD53 in
collaboration with ATLAS and CMS for the ASIC development. R&D on a cost-effective technology for fine-grained calorimetry (e.g. scintillator-
SiPM and/or silicon) with the aim of reaching detailed understanding of responses, calibration, reproducibility and manufacturability for future collider
applications. Overall progress in other key R&D items, e.g. CLIC-specific readout with power-pulsing, super-conductors for a high-field detector
solenoid, engineering and integration studies.
Achievements
The CERN Linear Collider Detector (LCD) activities have taken place in the framework of the CLIC detector and physics (CLICdp), CALICE and
FCAL collaborations. Physics studies comprised additional Higgs benchmark studies and top physics studies, as well as the initiation of several new
BSM simulation studies at CLIC energies. Several detector optimization and engineering studies were carried out, leading to a new CLIC detector
model with enhanced physics coverage in the endcaps. In this new scenario, the final beam focusing elements are placed outside the detector volume.
Software tools for event simulation and reconstruction were significantly upgraded and now include a flexible detector description (DD4hep) and new
track reconstruction software for a full silicon tracker (synergies with ILC and FCC). Successful beam tests were carried out with various CLIC vertex
detector assemblies (synergies with Medipix/Timepix and HL-LHC) and the group participated in CALICE and FCAL test beam campaigns. The pixel
assemblies for the vertex R&D comprised CLICpix ASICs bump-bonded to resistive CMOS sensors as well as CLICpix ASICs AC-coupled to active
HV-CMOS sensors. Furthermore various thin sensor modules with Timepix3 readout ASICs were tested and a new beam telescope based on Timepix3
assemblies was built and commissioned. In the framework of the CALICE collaboration, laboratory tests of scintillator + SiPM tiles were carried out
and the results of test beam campaigns with the tungsten-scintillator hadronic calorimeter prototype were published.
Total (kCHF) 27,075 22,245 18,877 70% -8,198 85% -3,368 3,484
Annual Progress Report 2015 57
28. Future Circular Collider study
Goals
Investigation of different options in all technical areas, taking a broad view. Deliverables: description and comparison of options with relative merits
and relative cost. Organisation of a FCC workshop in spring 2015 followed by a review to converge to a common baseline with small number of
options. Conceptual study of baseline and remaining options with iterations between all technical areas during 2015 and 2016 aiming at draft description
of baseline with first cost model, identification of critical areas, cost drivers, performance limitations by end 2016.
Achievements
2015 has seen the FCC collaboration growing at fast pace: 70 institutes from 26 countries are now active in the FCC studies. The annual collaboration
meeting held in Washington DC was a success with 340 participants from 128 institutes worldwide.
On the side of civil engineering infrastructure, geological studies were carried out. A new tool for ‘tunnel optimization’ was developed and enabled
determining 90-100 km tunnel circumference as fitting well with geology constraints while being compatible with connection to the LHC as injector.
Consistent layouts of hadron and lepton colliders with complete ring optics solutions are developed.
For FCC-hh, the funding of core work packages and R&D activities was granted by the EC Horizon 2020 programme in the EuroCirCol design study.
The assessment and definition of FCC-hh luminosity goals, including integrated luminosity, is ongoing based on physics arguments. FCC-hh detailed
machine design has started and staged operation scenarios, consistent with physics goals, are currently discussed. On the side of technology, a 16 Tesla
high field magnet R&D programme (conductor & prototypes) has started at CERN and design work on the cryogenic beam vacuum system is advancing
well with the aim to start prototyping in 2017.
For FCC-ee optics and interaction-region, designs were developed to improve machine performance and become compliant with specifications (crab
waist optics, dynamic aperture and momentum acceptance, synchrotron radiation). As a result a new coherent baseline parameter set has been established
for FCC-ee.
A total of five intermediate accelerator & infrastructure reviews with external experts were done throughout the year to confirm the design progress.
Working groups for FCC-hh and FCC-ee detector design and machine-detector-interface studies have been established and are active. A common team
for detector and physics simulations has been set up and a simulation framework is already available. For FCC-hh, work towards a baseline detector
geometry is on-going and some detailed engineering studies have started: detector twin solenoid, double dipole SC magnet system, detailed tracker
layout based on LHC Phase II technology and HCAL granularity studies.
Explanations: The recruitment of fellows for the FCC project led to the transfer of 1 MCHF from material to personnel budget. A re-profiling of -0.7 MCHF was already
announced in the MTP 2015, as well as a yearly cut in the programme of 1 MCHF for 2015 and onwards.
Total (kCHF) 7,065 6,375 5,748 81% -1,317 90% -627 367
58 Annual Progress Report 2015
Diversity activities
29. ELENA
Goals
During the first months of 2015 and after the completion of the 2014 AD run, kicker equipment currently located where ELENA will be installed, will
be moved to the new annex building 393. The installation of components of ELENA will then start, such as the ELENA ring, the transfer lines from
AD and the external source required for the first phase of commissioning. In parallel completion of the design and construction of components will go
on.
Achievements
The kicker equipment for the AD has been moved as planned to the new annex building 393 to free the space needed by the ELENA ring. The work
including re-commissioning of the kickers with the generators in the new location was completed on time allowing restarting the AD with beam as
planned in June 2015.
As the space in the AD hall required for ELENA was made available, modifications and installations of infrastructure started. The area used for racks
for the AD and later ELENA has been reduced in size and equipped with a second floor to have sufficient space. False floors, support structures, most
supports for machine elements and cooling water pipes have been installed and a first cabling campaign has been completed, such that most of the
infrastructure required for the ELENA ring commissioning is available by now. First machine elements as the external source for commissioning, the
injection septum and an “ion switch” have been installed.
In parallel, the construction of machine elements has advanced. Magnetic measurement of prototype bending magnets for the injection line and the ring
were carried out. These magnets demonstrate excellent field quality, which triggered the launch of the series production. A prototype quadrupole magnet
has been completed towards the end of the year. All electrostatic focusing and steering modules for the transfer lines needed for the first commissioning
phase are available. The design of electrostatic bending elements required for the second phase of ELENA commissioning has well advanced.
Construction of vacuum chambers and challenging beam instrumentation devices is on-going as well as the procurement of power converters. The
design of the electron cooler has well advanced: its magnetic system is currently under construction by a company and the construction of the vacuum
system by the CERN workshop is being launched now.
Total (kCHF) 12,515 10,360 12,158 97% -357 117% 1,798 2,675
Annual Progress Report 2015 59
30. HIE-ISOLDE
Goals
Commissioning of the cryogenic plant (previously used for the LEP experiment ALEPH). Commissioning of the High-Energy Beam Transfer Lines (XT00, XT01 and XT02). Installation and hardware commissioning of the first two high-beta cryomodules (CM1 and CM2). Beam commissioning with Stable Beams from REX-EBIS. Physics with Radioactive Ion Beams @ 5.5 MeV/u.
Achievements
The commissioning of the cryogenic plant was achieved on time for the cool-down of the first high-beta cryomodule. The plant has been operated
successfully since June 2015 with only 2 weeks downtime related to the cryogenic incident of August 12 th.
Commissioning of the High-Energy Beam Transfer Lines (XT00, XT01 and XT02): All XT00, XT01 and XT02 circuits were released for operation.
B- field control for the normal conducting dipoles were validated and operational currents set for the needs of the 2015 physics run.
HIE-ISOLDE SC Linac: Because of delays in the procurement and manufacturing of several equipment it was decided to start operating HIE-ISOLDE
with a single cryomodule (CM1) accelerating beams up to 4.3 MeV/u. Phase 1 will be completed with the addition of the second cryomodule (CM2)
in early 2016, to bring the energy up to 5.5 MeV/u. Following a successful installation and cool-down, the hardware commissioning campaign of the
first cryomodule achieved its goals: the cryomodule design choices were validated; the cavity cleanliness was preserved during assembly; heat loads
and alignment specifications were fulfilled. The required software and controls were made operational and the superconducting (SC) accelerating
cavities field performances were confirmed. Weaknesses in the radio-frequency (RF) input lines/coupler were identified which limited the duty cycle
of the first cryomodule. These were addressed and will be corrected during the end-of-year technical stop.
Commissioning with stable beams from REX-EBIS started on June 16th. By August 15th, all the normal conducting RF structures in REX and the
associated beam instrumentation were successfully commissioned. Operational settings (phases and amplitudes) were determined for all RF cavities.
By September 18th, the XT00 and XT01 beam transfer lines were commissioned. First acceleration with the superconducting RF cavities was
performed on September 28th. By October 16th all SRF cavities were phased and stable 12C4+ beam at 4 MeV/u was successfully transported to the
end of the first experimental beam line (XT01) kick-starting the 2015 HIE-ISOLDE physics run.
The Physics run started on October 19th, on schedule. 74Zn21+,25+ and 76Zn22+ at 2.85 and 4.0 MeV/u were successfully delivered to the
MINIBALL Ge detector array (experimental beam line XT01) until the end of the proton run (> 200 hours). The operations schedule was driven by
the availability of the SRF cavities (over heating of the RF couplers). Stable beams (14N, 12C and 133Cs) were also transported to the Scattering
Chamber on experimental beam line XT02 and the SPEDE detector on beam line XT01 between 19th – 25th November 2015.
Explanations:
The completion of the second cryomodule (CM2) is delayed to early 2016. A re-profiling of -1.8 MCHF was already announced in the MTP 2015.
Total (kCHF) 12,720 10,955 11,614 91% -1,106 106% 659 973
60 Annual Progress Report 2015
31. CERN neutrino platform
Goals
Start effective collaborations for the design, test and construction of large prototypes neutrino detectors. Move the existing ICARUS detector at CERN
and start the refurbishment. Start the civil engineering design for the test beam new area (North Area EHN1 Extension) and prepare for start of the
construction in the last quarter of 2014. Conclude and publish the detailed studies done in view of a short baseline beam construction at CERN.
Achievements
During 2015, the Neutrino Project at CERN has been better defined and has entered its implementation phase.
Five MOUs addenda have been signed between CERN and 5 different scientific Collaborations, aiming to prepare and realise experiments in the fields
of Neutrino Oscillations.
A strong link with the US short baseline (SBN) program and the US Intensity Facility Project (LBNF) has been established, as well as with the existing
Japanese T2K project.
The mandate of CERN is to help the Neutrino Experimental Community to collaborate in an effective way to the next generation of experiments, in the
US and in Japan.
CERN is providing the infrastructure and the necessary technical and managerial expertise and help for such large scale projects.
In the next 2-3 years, the goal will be to construct and operate Kton type of prototypes, such to validate the design and the engineering of this kind of
new detectors and to be ready for the next step of the construction and operations of 15-20 Ktons detectors.
In this context, a new experimental area is in construction in the SPS Nord Area, since January 2015. The new hall (EHN1 extension) should be
delivered by civil engineering in summer 2016. Then, all infrastructure, cryogenics and LAr cryostats will be installed, with the goal to install the active
detectors in 2017 and expose the prototypes to SPS beams in 2018. In 2015, the design and preparation phase for all these activities has been worked
out and where necessary, has been contracted out. Two new beam lines extensions have been designed and simulated, ready for the construction phase.
All activities for the beam line and infrastructure installation have been identified and a baseline planning is available. The functional specifications
have been approved.
For the short baseline experiments at FNAL, the ICARUS detector has been move from the Gran Sasso laboratory to CERN and it is now in the
reshaping phase, in a dedicated clean room at CERN. Many components have been rebuild or reordered to industry. New cryostats have been designed
and are now in the construction phase.
The goal is to deliver the reshaped ICARUS detectors inside the new cryostats to FNAL, in early 2017. The necessary cryogenics for the far and near
detectors are under study and the final specification, ready for the contractual phase, is expected in spring 2016.
A new magnetic near detector is in construction at CERN for the new T2K near facility and should be deployed in 2017.
CERN is actively participating in the studies and the design of the far detector facility for LBNF, both for the infrastructure, cryostat and cryogenics,
and for the detector design and construction. Many R&D and engineering design activities have been finalised in 2015 and will now enter the next
phase of final design, before the implementation can start in 2017.
A core group of neutrino physicists, engineers and technicians has been established at CERN and is guiding all these activities at CERN, in collaboration
with the various approved experiments teams.
Explications:
Due to a later start of the extension of EHN1, some of the infrastructure works will start only in 2016.
Total (kCHF) 15,200 15,130 8,808 58% -6,392 58% -6,322 3,508
Annual Progress Report 2015 61
32. Proton driven plasma wakefield acceleration
Goals Design and component preparation of equipment for AWAKE, in particular the laser and the plasma cell prototype. Installation of the AWAKE proton
beam line and experimental area infrastructure, such as magnets and laser beam line, as well as modifications to the cooling and ventilation system.
Achievements
The installation of the proton beam line and the laser clean room are finished. The major part of the infrastructure modifications and installation in the
AWAKE area as well as the AWAKE control room are completed. The 10m long plasma cell has been delivered to CERN and the temperature stability
was successfully tested in a surface location. The synchronization scheme for the proton, electron and laser beam was designed. Detailed simulations
on electron-proton beam effects and plasma simulations were performed allowing the design of the plasma cell and the injection area for optimal
electron injection into the plasma. Design of experiment equipment (diagnostics) was performed and construction has started. The electron source and
electron beam line was fully designed, the detailed integration is being finalized and production of equipment has started.
A cost and schedule review of the CERN AWAKE project took place: the project is on time, a revised costing has been submitted and integrated in the
MTP; the AWAKE plan to complete phases 1 and 2 before LS2 was fully endorsed.
Explanations:
A cost and schedule review resulted in the revision of the Cost-to-Completion of the project that was integrated in the MTP 2015. A re-profiling of +0.5 MCHF was
Total (kCHF) 5,490 5,985 5,907 108% 417 99% -78 373
62 Annual Progress Report 2015
33. Superconducting RF studies
Goals
Maintain and operate the necessary facilities and evaluate the needs for their consolidation/upgrade; Study material samples and single-cell cavities to
cure the Q-slope; establish collaboration with international partners.
HP-SPL R&D - Completion of tests of 5 multi-cell cavities / clean room assembly of a string of 4 cavities with couplers and Helium tanks / start of
assembly in the cryomodule tank.
ERL - Design Study of an ERL Test Facility: Design cavities/cryomodules optimised for operation in an ERL.
Achievements
The Clean Rooms, the Ultra-Pure Water Station and the High-Pressure Rinsing facility in SM18 were upgraded and commissioned. Further needs for
infrastructure upgrades were studied – a project for an SM18 extension is ready for start in 2016. About 8 samples to study new materials or coating
techniques were measured in the cryolab with the quadrupole resonator, about five 1.3 GHz test cavities were measured, along with four temperature
maps and one coupler test. Collaboration is well established with University Siegen, Helmholtz Centre Berlin, CEA and JLAB.
The HP-SPL 5-cell cavities continued – results improved with the upgrade of the infrastructures described above; the best obtained result corresponds
to an accelerating field in excess of 22 MV/m. A vertical electro polishing process was developed and optimised. 3 out of 4 high-power couplers are
ready for mounting. For thin films, the design of another quadrupole resonator has started; the latter shall improve our measurements and increase the
throughput of samples. Its construction will start in 2016.
The design study of an ERL Test Facility has well progressed – the Design Report is in final editing. The agreement with JLAB for the design of
cavities, He-vessels and a cryomodule was signed, but work at JLAB could not start due to administrative difficulties.
Explanations:
In the Final 2015 Budget, 1.4 MCHF were put aside to fund the SM18 extension for the upgrade of the RF testing facility (in total 3 MCHF have been allocated for this
project). Studies are underway and did not yet lead to commitments in 2015. 0.5 MCHF were converted from materials budget into fellowship funding for GET fellows.
Total (kCHF) 4,450 4,615 2,867 64% -1,583 62% -1,748 503
Annual Progress Report 2015 63
34. Superconducting magnet R&D (SCM)
Goals Critical current test facility upgrade for 18 T. R&D on improved superconductors (HTS, LTS) for HFM. Conceptual design of HFM dipoles alternatives
to the FCC study (e.g. Canted Cosinus-Theta dipole (CCT) in collaboration with LBNL).
Achievements
Significant progress was made on HFM (High Field Magnet) test station in SM-18, which is foreseen for the test of FRESCA2 as single magnet, as
well as initial testing of HiLumi models. The cryostat is procured and in assembly. Current leads and test insert are in construction. Commissioning is
on track for summer 2016.
Informal offers were asked for an 18 T solenoid for the Superconductors Laboratory (Bdg. 163). Acquisition was delayed to allow a comprehensive
analysis of upgrade options of the Superconductors Laboratory (Bdg. 163). A preliminary upgrade scenario is now available, including integration of
FRESCA2 as a cable test station, as well as a major upgrade of the cryogenic storage and distribution. This scenario is now being translated in a specific
schedule (milestones) and funding profile.
LTS (Low Temperature Superconductor) cable with FRESCA2 geometry was used to produce racetrack model coil (RMC) test magnets, using both
material from EU producer (Bruker-EAS) and US producer (OST). An assembly of two coils made with the two type of cables produced a peak field
of 16.2 T, a record in this configuration (RMC_03, tested in September 2015, announced in CERN Courier of December 2015).
Several lengths of HTS (High Temperature Superconductor) tapes (REBCO material to EuCARD2 specifications) were ordered at worldwide producers
to benchmark the performance of the EU partner (Bruker-HTS), and provide additional material for the development of HTS technology. On-going
procurements are at SuperPower (US), SuperOX (Russia), Sunam (Korea) and Fujikura (Japan). In addition, cables (Roebel geometry) were procured
at worldwide producers SuperOX (Russia) and GCS (New Zealand). This action has established a baseline performance for HTS tapes for high field
accelerator magnets beyond 16 T. This work assists and goes beyond the EuCARD2 collaboration, in the line of the start of a 20 T magnet R&D.
A visiting scientist is hosted by the group, working on a CCT (Canted Cosinus-Theta) design for a 16 T dipole, which is beyond the scope of the FCC-
EuroCirCol Design Study. Conceptual design of different magnets with CCT geometry is being attempted: dipole corrector magnets, quadrupole for
compact beam interaction region, multipole for self-adjusting correction of persistent currents. Rapid prototyping of coil former was used to verify
quickly the winding geometry.
Explanations:
The achievements mentioned in the factsheet above regroup several activities in the domain of R&D on superconducting magnets as they are closely linked:
WP 19 of HL-LHC (HFM test station in SM18, personnel: 1.3 MCHF, materials: 1.7 MCHF),
EuCARD2 task 10 activities (financially also under HL-LHC; personnel: 0.5 MCHF, materials 0.5 MCHF),
as well as general R&D studies for magnets beyond HL-LHC and FCC (including the upgrading of the test facilities and operation of Fresca 2).
The general studies are covered by the budget for SCM. As mentioned in the factsheet, the planned acquisition of an 18 T solenoid was delayed to allow for a
comprehensive analysis of the various upgrade options of the superconducting magnet (test) facilities. As a consequence, the budget was adjusted downwards and secured
for the near future to be in line with a new upgrade scenario, with corresponding schedule (milestones) and funding profile.
Comparison
Final 2015 Budget
and 2015 Out-Turn
(2015 prices)
Final 2015
Budget
(a)
2015
Prob. Expen.
(b)
2015
Out-Turn
(c)
Budget usage
in %
(c)/(a)
Budget variation
(c)-(a)
Prob. Expen.
usage in %
(c)/(b)
Prob. Expen.
Variation
(c)-(b)
2015
Open
Commitment
Personnel (FTE)
Personnel (kCHF)
Materials (kCHF) 655 5 21 3% -634 416% 16 -1
Total (kCHF) 655 5 21 3% -634 416% 16 -1
64 Annual Progress Report 2015
35. R&D for medical applications
Goals
Set up the international collaboration structure and start search for external funding. On the technical side a new study project for a high-frequency
RFQ will make progress towards a first prototype. CERN MEDICIS facility: last phase of the installation of the laboratory equipment and services, commissioning and start-up of the facility.
Achievements
The International Strategy Committee (ISC) has been created. All proposed members (who are the most reputed medical people in their fields) accepted
their nominations, and several meetings have taken place. The mandate of the committee was accepted during the first meeting and a strategy is being
developed. The co-chair of the ISC made a presentation to the CERN Council in June 2015. Two working groups have been established by the ISC
members, one for physics and technology specifications and the other one for defining Bio-medical needs.
An internal CERN Medical Applications Studies Group (CMASG) has also been established. This group is composed of all medical related projects
representatives, EU office, Knowledge Transfer and CERN Legal Service. This group meets on a bi-weekly basis to follow-up the seven medical
initiatives, as in line with the mandate given by the DG.
The potential use of CERN large scale computing and data expertise in medicine was evaluated. A joint proposal was prepared for submission to the
EC in January 2015. The proposal received a ranking of 13.5/15 but was not funded.
A study was initiated to construct a high frequency RFQ with multiple uses in the medical applications field. The first prototype (full-scale) was
developed in 2015 and will be tested with beam in 2016.
Specifications for a potential Bio-LEIR facility were established, a CDR is currently in progress that includes the identification of an appropriate ion
source (AISHA). Proposals for funding OPENMED (Bio-LEIR) were made to the EU as well as other funding agencies such as Wellcome Trust. So
far none have been successful. As Bio-LEIR has been nominated for CERN and society fund, a dossier identifying possible funding channels has been
built.
A report on medical applications was prepared and submitted for information to the September session of CERN Council. A White strategy document
has also been prepared.
Regarding the CERN MEDICIS facility, the nuclear ventilation has been completed and commissioned allowing ISOLDE to restart. Shielded doors,
target transport robot and mechanical conveyor systems have been installed. A first target irradiation and isotope beam extraction tests were successfully
performed.
Through collaborations with treatment centres (CNAO and HIT), and the participation in EU projects, the FLUKA team has significantly contributed
to the development of ad-hoc simulation tools for hadron therapy and to their possible deployment in the clinical settings. Research has been focused
on the development of an easy-to-use MC (Monte Carlo) Quality Assurance tool for radiation therapy based on FLUKA, which will be able to recalculate
conventional proton and ion (from 3He up to 16O) treatment plans then used for improving the treatment outcome. Studies have been carried out about
the possible advantages in terms of PET monitoring of using radioactive beams, 11C or 15O, as therapeutical beams.
Explanations: Regarding the CERN MEDICIS facility, the Cost-to-Completion of the project was revised and integrated in the MTP 2015. A re-profiling of +0.8 MCHF
Total (kCHF) 3,245 4,950 4,470 138% 1,225 90% -480 176
Annual Progress Report 2015 65
36. Other R&D
a. EU supported R&D
Goals Expect to participate in several H2020 proposals that, if successful, will start in 2015.
Achievements
During 2015 CERN has participated as a partner in the submission of 6 H2020 proposals.
Coordinator for the following FP7 projects:
o ICE-DIP: Intel – CERN Industrial Doctorate Programme. This project is funded under the Marie Curie programme and provides an example of
how public-private partnerships can contribute to training the next generation of highly qualified ICT specialists to take on leading roles in
European research and industry.
Coordinator for the following H2020 projects:
o PICSE - Procurement Innovation for Cloud Services in Europe,
o HNSciCloud (started 1 January 2016) – Pre Commercial Procurement pilot for the introduction of commercial IaaS cloud services in the public
research sector.
Partner in the following H2020 projects:
o OpenAIRE2020,
o EGI-ENGAGE,
o EUDAT2020,
o INDIGO DataCloud,
o AARC.
Active contribution to the EC-co-funded Research Data Alliance (RDA) including co-chairs of interest groups and representation of EIROforum as
IT Working Group as Organizational Member. CERN hosted the 2nd RDA science workshop (Geneva, April 2015) and participated in the RDA EU
Synchronisation Board (Paris, September 2015).
As input for the H2020 work-programme, CERN has published a document “Towards the European Open Science Cloud”,
http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16001 CERN has produced a document on behalf of EIROforum as input for the planning of a European open science http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3426
Under a cooperation agreement with EPFL to provide assistance in the context of the Human Brain project FET flagship initiative, CERN has
deployed a volunteer computing platform for use by the neuroscience community.
CERN-IT personnel have participated at the following events organised by the EC:
o Workshop on Open Data e-Infrastructures and Services for Neurosciences (Brussels, 4 March 2015),
o RDA 5th plenary meeting (San Diego, 10-12 March 2015),
o ‘Platform operators to service providers’ workshop (Brussels, 25 March 2015),
o 3rd Digital European Research Area (ERA) Forum (Brussels, 23 April 2015),
o e-Infrastructure Reflection Group workshops (Riga, 3 June 2015 and Luxembourg, 24-25 November 2015),
o Workshop “ICT open standards for procurement” (Brussels, June 2015),
o ‘Opening up to an ERA of Innovation’ event (Brussels, 22-23 June 2015),
o e-Infrastructures & RDA for data intensive science meeting (Paris, 22 September 2015),
RDA 6th plenary meeting (San Diego, 23-25 September 2015),
PCP/PPI event (Paris, 27-28 October 2015),
11th e-Concertation meeting for e-Infrastructures (Brussels, 9 November 2015),
‘High Level Expert Group on the European Open Science Cloud’ - Stakeholder Workshop (Brussels, 30 November 2015).
CERN IT personnel have taken the following roles:
o experts of the external advisory board for the FP7 project BioMedBridges (ESFRI cluster project co-funded by DG-RTD),
o member of the End User Steering Committee for Mikelangelo project (https://www.mikelangelo-project.eu/),
o project reviewer for FP7-SMARTCITIES-2013 and HumanBrain FET Flagship projects,
o member the newly formed GEANT Association and has provided a board member (until March 2015),
o elected chair of the Helix Nebula Initiative,
o member of the EGI Council.
CERN IT personnel discussed cloud and e-infrastructure aspects with Commissioner Moedas and director Robert-Jan Smits during their visit to
CERN in January 2015.
CERN IT personnel presented WLCG and computing activities to Dr Antonio Di Giulio, Research Infrastructure Head of Unit Dg RTD during his
visit 17 December 2015 as well as Prof. Jean-Pierre Bourguignon President of the European Research Council on 9 December 2015.
CERN IT personnel have hosted 2 technical workshops (June & November 2015) with representatives from JRC.
b. Detectors R&D
Goals Seed funding and support for generic R&D activities on gas, solid state, silicon, fibre and crystal detectors. Operation of R&D facilities.
General development of detector components.
Achievements
Continued participation in R&D activities, including the following.
RD18: inorganic scintillating detectors (crystals and fibres):
Understanding the key parameters of scintillating detectors to provide the precise timing information necessary for particle physics and medical
imaging.
Investigation of scintillation and radiation hardness properties under gamma and proton irradiation.
Development of photonic crystals with different technologies to enhance the light collection of scintillating crystals.
Study of novel crystal production technologies opening the way to innovative calorimeter concepts based on crystal fibres.
Development of new crystal modules for PET detectors.
RD50: Development of radiation tolerant silicon sensors for the vertex and tracking detectors for the luminosity upgrade of the LHC and beyond.
Excellent progress made in all four main research lines: “defect and material characterization”, “detector characterization”, “new structures” and “full
detector systems”. The fields subject to most intensive studies in 2015 were sensors with intrinsic gain for radiation tolerance and fast timing,
characterization of defects responsible for sensor degradation after irradiation, simulation of irradiated device performance, CMOS sensors and
characterization of devices after extreme radiation fluences up to 1017 particles/cm2. Implementation of 3D and edgeless sensors and in particular sensors
based on p-type substrates was further consolidated and optimised.
RD51: Micro-pattern gaseous detectors developments continued to support the CMS and ATLAS muon system and ALICE TPC end-cap readout
upgrades, which adopted single-mask GEM and resistive-anode Micromegas technologies. Emphasis was placed on the industrialization and quality
assurance of the fabrication of the detector components and on the simplification of the detector assembly allowing for the low cost, large volume
production. Continued efforts on the extension of the versatile Scalable Readout System, electronics laboratory instrumentation, and maintenance of
the simulation tools for gaseous detectors. Generic R&D focused on the development of fast timing (sub-ns) detectors for high rate environments,
application of the nanotechnologies, development and application of large-area resistive electrodes and optical readout of gaseous detectors.
NOL fibres: a new type of scintillating plastic fibre is being developed for applications where high light yield and ultrafast decay time is required. The
Nanostructured Organo-silicon Luminophore (NOL) approach couples activator and wavelength shifters via bridges of silicon nanoparticles to dendritic
antenna structures. This is expected to reduce losses of UV photons and to increase the overall efficiency of the conversion process by profiting from
non-radiative energy transfer. NOL fibres were produced in 2015 and improved in three further iterations. They have demonstrated ultrashort decay
times (≈1 ns), however their light yield and attenuation length has not yet exceeded that of the best traditional fibres. In 2016 this limitation is expected
to be overcome and their radiation tolerance will be investigated.
60 60 PS and SPS spares 308 785 1,093 1308% 1821% 1,033 1721%1 Excluding EU projects.
Final 2015 Budget 1
CERN/FC/5873
(2015 prices)
(a)
Programme Project
2015 Out-Turn 1
CERN/FC/5986/Rev.
(2015 prices)
(b)
Budget usage
in %
(c) = (b)/(a)
Variation
LHC programme
Included in Figure 5
Other programmes
Included in Figure 5
Annual Progress Report 2015 73
Figure 8 (2/2): Expenses for multi-annual projects (non-recurrent activities and approved projects without EU funds)
Comments on Figure 8:
Figure 8 details the budgeted and actual amounts for 2015 of non-recurrent expenses for multi-annual projects (such as research facilities, consolidation, upgrades and
buildings, etc.).
(in kCHF, rounded off)
(d) = (b)-(a) (e) = (d)/(a)
Personnel Materials Total Personnel Materials Total Personnel Materials Total kCHF %
TOTAL PERSONNEL incl. bud. amort. of staff benefit accruals 616,750 628,933 12,183
1 Including staff paid on team accounts (9.3 MCHF).
2 Including fellows paid on team accounts (3.0 MCHF).
3 Including centralised expenses for staff and fellows paid on team accounts (0.03 MCHF).
4 This is a variation on the provision for personnel on shiftwork in line with Administrative Circular 22A.
Budget usage
in %Variation
Final 2015 Budget
CERN/FC/5873
(2015 prices)
2015 Out-Turn
CERN/FC/5986/Rev.
(2015 prices)Nature
Basic salaries
Contribution to Saved Leave schemes
Annual Progress Report 2015 77
Comments on Figure 11:
The total CERN staff member strength in 2015 was 2,488.6 FTEs, of which 59.2
FTEs to team accounts and 2,429.4 FTEs were charged to CERN accounts
(2411.7 FTEs under CERN core budget, 8.1 FTEs under EU funding, 2.9 under
Openlab, and 6.7 under other external revenues). “Paid but Not Available
personnel” account for 24.6 FTEs, resulting in a staff strength of 2387.1 active
FTEs on CERN’s core budget.
With respect to the budget, the overall expenses on staff members were 0.3%
higher than budgeted, which is explained by the corresponding increase in FTE.
The annual variation of paid leave is slightly negative. This is the net result of
an increase of leave days in the new Long-term Saved leave Scheme introduced
in 2012 on the one hand, and of staff members taking leave from leave
accumulated in the past on the other hand.
Family allowances increased with 0.2% with respect to 2014, but increased less
than expected; the heading seems to stabilise around 24.3 MCHF.
Special allowances showed an increase that is linked to shift work allowances.
Anticipated was a lower amount for the heading “overtime” than in 2014, the
late restart of the LHC has resulted in fact in the same amount of overtime during
the week, nights and weekends, whilst the standby duty has picked up to the
level before LS1.
The heading “Various allowances” consists of expenses linked to education,
home leave and termination indemnities. The expenses for education increased
with respect to budget due to an increase in the number of beneficiaries.
Although less than in 2014, payment of termination indemnities remained on
quite a high level, due to the staff rotation policy applied by the Organization
(and therefore the award of less indefinite contracts). The expenses on home
leave decreased with respect to 2014.
The contributions to the Pension Fund were lower than budgeted, which is
related to the salary mass and the lower contributions to the pension scheme for
new Staff members. The health insurance figure is affected by the annual
percentage increase decided by the Council in the last Five-Yearly review,
combined with the increase in number of FTEs.
In general, the staff expenses are slightly lower than anticipated, whereas the
fellowship programme increased with respect to the budget. This is due to more
FTEs paid by transfers from materials for the GET fellowships and the Technical
Trainee Programme.
The termination allowances under the centralised personnel expenses mainly
consist of reinstallation indemnities and unemployment benefits. The
unemployment benefits rose by 58% with respect to 2014. The unemployment
benefits are paid to a maximum of 60 weeks after termination of the employment
with the Organization (after deduction of the termination indemnities). In 2014
94 and in 2015 95 staff on Limited Duration contracts left the Organization,
which is significantly higher than in 2013 when only 68 staff on LD contracts
left CERN. The unemployment allowance paid in 2015 is partly to people having
ended their contract in 2014 and partly those ending in 2015. A comparison with
the 2014 unemployment benefits paid, revealed no significant increase in the
average length of the unemployment allowance paid. In 2015 the average
number of beneficiaries was 41 per month, with 58 beneficiaries in the 4th
month, going down to 25 in the 12th month.
The contribution to health insurance for pensioners was more than budgeted,
which took into account the annual percentage increase, due to a higher number
of pensioners then estimated.
The expenses for fellows are linked to materials to personnel transfers for the
Graduate Engineering Training (GET) programme as well as for the Technical
Trainee Programme.
78 Annual Progress Report 2015
Figure 12: Breakdown of Personnel Expenses by Nature
Staff members: 78.3%
Fellows and apprentices: 10.8%
Centralised personnel budget: 10.9%
Basic salaries (incl.
Saved Leave and paid
leave variation), 49.8%
Allowances, 10.6%
Social contributions,
17.9%
Fellows and apprentices,
10.8%
Centralised personnel
expenses, 6.0% Internal taxation, 4.9%
Annual Progress Report 2015 79
Figure 13: Energy and Water
Comments on Figure 13:
The Budget for electricity was already revised significantly in the spring of 2015, with a more accurate view on the electricity consumption of the injector complex,
taking into account the late start of the machine after the shutdown and the impact of the EUR-CHF exchange rate, as the electricity is mainly purchased in EUR.
Energy saving projects also contributed to a lower consumption. Up to Run 1, the SPS was executing all cycles of the supercycle even if the PS was down or without
particles extracted from the PS. Since the startup of Run 2, with a new control framework for the SPS power convertors, it is now possible to pulse the SPS magnets only
when particles are in the machine, leading to significant energy savings. The impact until the start of the Long Shutdown 2 will be in the order of 5 MCHF.
(in MCHF, rounded off)
MCHF %
(a) (b) (b)/(a) (c)=(b)-(a) (c)/(a)
Energy and water (baseload) 16.6 14.0 83.9% -2.7 -16.1%
Electricity 8.2 6.6 79.8% -1.7 -20.2%
Heating oil and gas 4.8 3.9 81.7% -0.9 -18.3%
Water and waste water 3.6 3.5 96.4% -0.1 -3.6%
Energy for basic programmes 77.4 51.9 67.1% -25.5 -32.9%
Experimental areas1 19.8 14.2 71.8% -5.6 -28.2%
Data handling 2.0 1.5 73.2% -0.5 -26.8%
Accelerators: 26.9 14.9 55.4% -12.0 -44.6%
AD 1.0 0.5 52.1% -0.5 -47.9%
PS 4.5 3.2 71.5% -1.3 -28.5%
SPS (incl. CNGS) 21.4 11.2 52.1% -10.2 -47.9%
LHC 28.7 21.4 74.3% -7.4 -25.7%
94.0 65.9 70.1% -28.2 -29.9%
1 This includes particle physics (PS and SPS fixed target), ISOLDE, LHC experiments and LHC test beam into East, West and North Area.
Budget usage in %Variation
Nature
TOTAL ENERGY
2015 Out-Turn
CERN/FC/5986/Rev.
(2015 prices)
Final 2015 Budget
CERN/FC/5873
(2015 prices)
80 Annual Progress Report 2015
4. Carry-forward
Figure 14: Carry-forward
Comments on Figure 14:
The carry-forward is established on the basis of Article 9 of the Financial Rules
which states: “The budget amounts shall be compared with the amounts of the
final budget Out-Turn. The positive balance of that part of the budget which is
allocated to multi-annual projects shall be carried-forward to the following year
within the Cost-to-Completion. The unused part of the budget allocated to
operation shall be carried-forward to the following financial year, provided that
it relates to commitments open when the accounts for the financial year
concerned are closed. Any excess budget expenses shall be carried forward to
the next financial year.”
The carry-forward shown in Figure 14 is established by comparing the adjusted
budget amounts for 2015 (Probable Revenues and Expenses) as published in the
Final 2016 Budget (CERN/FC/5955) and the 2015 Out-Turn.
The carry forward is calculated this year after the adjustment of the budget takes
into account the savings induced by the EUR-CHF exchange rate.
A carry-forward for projects was already anticipated under “2015 Probable
Revenues and Expenses” in the Final 2016 Budget (CERN/FC/5955). This
entailed a reduction in allocations to project expenses (mainly a delay in some
consolidation and building projects) in the 2015 Budget of 55.5 MCHF, of which
35.2 MCHF were carried-forward to 2016 and some 20 MCHF to later years.
Any positive balance between the budget versus expenses plus open
commitments under “Operation” is used to further reduce the deficit.
The figures under the “Operation” heading do not include the impact of
advanced payments for licences, subscriptions, etc.
Operation 6.9 4.1
LHC programme 2.8 1.4
Other programmes 2.1 0.1
Infrastructure and services (incl. centralised expenses) 0.8 1.9
R&D studies and projects 1.2 0.7
Project* 25.8
LHC programme 3.0
Other programmes 1.7
Infrastructure and services 9.6
R&D studies and projects 11.5
* Including all consolidation projects, excl. EU and TT projects.
Deficit reduction(in MCHF, rounded off) Carry-forward to 2016
Annual Progress Report 2015 81
5. EU-supported Projects
Figure 15: EU Projects
kCHF kCHF kCHF
Project nameFramework
ProgrammeProject title Start date End Date
Total EC
contribution
kEUR
EC
contribution
to CERN
kEUR
2015
Out-Turn
kCHF
2015 EU
resources
kCHF
2015
additional
resources
(1)
kCHF
Cessamag FP7 CERN-EC Support for SESAME Magnets 01-Nov-12 31-Oct-16 5,000 5,000 2,523 2,523 -
HiLumi FP7 FP7 High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider Design Study 01-Nov-11 31-Oct-15 4,900 1,241 1,643 326 1,317
EUCard2 FP7 Enhanced European Coordination For Accelerator Research And Development 01-May-13 30-Apr-17 8,000 1,910 1,378 556 823
Neonat H2020 Understanding the mass scales in nature 01-Dec-15 30-Nov-20 1,876 1,463 - - -
(1) Costs incurred by CERN and declared to the European Commission as additional contribution: does not take into consideration other direct support and central administrative costs Other (2) 122 122 -
(2) EU projects administrative support in IT department; costs for obtaining audit certificates TOTAL 10,367 7,163 3,204
82 Annual Progress Report 2015
Explanations on Figure 15:2
Figure 15 shows all EU projects other than Marie Curie projects still active in
2015. The 2015 figures are split into EU-funded expenses and additional
expenses funded by CERN’s core budget in line with the specific contracts
signed separately for each project. Most of the EU-supported projects concern
R&D for accelerators and detectors (Cessamag, EuCARD-2, Aida2020,
HiLumi, which is only a small fraction of the HL-LHC project).
The EU resources for projects other than Marie Curie projects have decreased
by 19.0%. This decrease is due to the transition period between FP7 and Horizon
2020 projects, and a late start of Horizon 2020 projects.
Thirty-three new EU projects have been selected for funding in the framework
of a total European Commission (EC) contribution of 26.5 M€ (over a period of
5 years).
The newly selected projects are funded under the following programmes:
Marie Curie: 11 projects (EC funding for CERN of 9.4 M€),
Excellent Science: 10 projects (EC funding for CERN of 6.4 M€),
Pre-Commercial Procurement: 2 projects (EC funding for CERN of
5.9 M€),
European Research Council: 5 projects (EC funding for CERN of
5.5M€),
Other: 5 projects (EC funding for CERN of 0.7 M€).
Out of these 33 projects, 8 are coordinated by CERN and 10 are mono-sites
(CERN is the only beneficiary of the grant). Of a total number of 135 EU
projects funded since 2007, 36 are or have been coordinated by CERN and 33
are or have been mono-sites.
2 This document presents the actual spending of EU projects during the year that will be
covered by an EU contribution. The Financial Statements show the same values and in
addition the accounting entries (typically the balance when we close a project).
EC audits:
No EC audits occurred in 2015.
Annual Progress Report 2015 83
Figure 16: Marie Curie Projects
Explanations on Figure 16:
Figure 16 shows all EU Marie Curie Projects at CERN still active in 2015. The
2015 figures are split into EU-funded expenses and additional expenses funded
by CERN’s core budget in line with the specific contract signed separately for
each project.
In 2015, Marie Curie Projects represented 58.5% of CERN’s total EU funding.
This is mostly due to the 4-year Initial Training Networks and COFUND
projects, which aim at co-funding the CERN ellowship Programme.
The EU funding for Marie Curie projects decreased by 10.6% in 2015, due to a
late start of projects under the Horizon 2020 programme.
kCHF kCHF kCHF
Project nameFramework
ProgrammeProject title Start date End Date
Total EC
contribution
kEUR
EC
contribution
to CERN
kEUR
2015
Out-Turn
kCHF
2015 EU
resources
kCHF
2015
additional
resources
(1)
kCHF
COFUND-3 FP7 Cofunding Of The Cern Fellowship Programme 3 01-Oct-12 30-Sep-17 10,000 10,000 2,750 2,750 -
COFUND-4 FP7 Cofunding Of The Cern Fellowship Programme 4 01-Oct-13 30-Sep-18 8,000 8,000 1,731 1,731 -
PacMan FP7 A Study on Particle Accelerator Components’ Metrology and Alignment to the Nanometre scale 01-Sep-13 31-Aug-17 2,671 2,671 1,057 1,057 -
COFUND-2 FP7 Cofunding Of The Cern Fellowship Programme 2 01-Oct-11 30-Sep-15 4,999 4,999 567 567 -
PicoSec FP7 Pico-Second Silicon Photomultiplier - Electronics and Crystal Research 01-Dec-11 30-Nov-15 5,700 1,075 512 512 -
Ice-Dip FP7 Intel-Cern European Doctorate Industrial Program 01-Feb-13 31-Jan-17 1,249 1,249 458 458 -
Talent FP7 Training for cAreer deveLopment in high-radiation ENvironment Technologies 01-Jan-12 31-Dec-15 4,567 842 397 397 -
Bootstrap FP7 Conformal Bootstrap Methods and their applications 01-Sep-14 31-Aug-16 208 208 121 121 -
SUSYFLAVOUR FP7 Flavour Violation in Supersymmetric Extensions of the Standard Model 01-Jan-14 31-Dec-15 185 185 119 119 -
BSMafterLHC8 FP7 Directions for BSM Physics after the First Run of the LHC 01-Oct-14 30-Sep-16 208 208 118 118 -
Entervision FP7 Research Training In 3D Digital Imaging For Cancer Radiation Therapy 01-Feb-11 31-Jan-15 3,818 736 73 73 -
FTK FP7 Fast Tracker for Hadron Collider Experiments 01-Feb-13 31-Jan-17 1,595 187 68 68 -
EFTstrong FP7 Effective Theories for Strong Interactions: precison Tools to Meet Experiment 01-Sep-15 31-Aug-17 - 269 48 48 -
PureSafe FP7 Preventing Human Intervention For Increased Safety Infrastructures Emitting Ionizing Radiation 01-Feb-11 31-Jan-15 3,905 765 25 25 -
NP4theLHC14 H2020 New Physics for the Large Hadron Collider: new minimal models of composite Higgs — NP4theLHC14 01-Oct-15 30-Sep-17 187 187 35 25 10
Medicis-Promed H2020 MEDICIS-produced radioisotope beams for medicine 01-Apr-15 31-Mar-19 2,829 796 28 21 7
ResolvedJetsHIC H2020 Probing the Strongly-Coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma with Jets — ResolvedJetsHIC 01-Nov-15 31-Oct-17 175 175 21 21 -
Intelum H2020 International and intersectoral mobility to develop advanced scintillating fibres and Cerenkov fibres for new hadron and jet calorimeters for future colliders01-Mar-15 28-Feb-19 922 102 20 20 -
Mixmax H2020 Development and Implementation of new generation of Pseudo Random Number Generators based on Kolmogorov-Anosov K-systems01-Jan-15 31-Dec-18 252 18 - - -
AMVA4NewPhysics H2020 Advanced Multi-Variate Analysis for New Physics Searches at the LHC 01-Sep-15 31-Aug-19 2,402 700 - - -
COFUND-5 H2020 COFUNDing of the CERN Fellowship Programme 2014 01-Oct-15 30-Sep-20 6,372 6,372 - - - (1) Costs incurred by CERN as additional support to the projects: does not take into consideration other direct support and central administrative costs Other (2) 376 376 - (2) HR-TA and DG-RPC expenses for Marie Curie projects administration and financial management TOTAL 10,396 10,113 283
84 Annual Progress Report 2015
Figure 17: EU Projects financial status – Projects completed in 2015
Explanations on Figure 17:
Figure 17 shows the use of EU contributions at CERN for the whole project
duration of finished projects with a financial activity in 2015.
The utilisation rate of the EU financial contribution was 97% on average. Lower
use of contributions can be due either to the difference between flat rates used
by the EC to compute the financial contribution and the real costs incurred by
the Organization (Marie Curie projects) or to the over-estimation of the overall
effort in the initial budget.
Project name Start date End date
EC contribution
to CERN
(kEUR)
% completion
(time)
% contribution
used
AIDA 01-Feb-11 31-Jan-15 1,828 100% 100%
Citizen Cyberlab 01-Oct-12 30-Nov-15 309 100% 91%
COFUND-2 01-Oct-11 30-Sep-15 4,999 100% 95%
endoTOFPET 01-Jan-11 30-Jun-15 1,000 100% 100%
Entervision 01-Feb-11 31-Jan-15 736 100% 100%
EUDAT 01-Oct-11 31-Mar-15 284 100% 98%
HiLumi 01-Nov-11 31-Oct-15 1,241 100% 85%
LA3NET 01-Oct-11 30-Sep-15 739 100% 100%
oPac 01-Dec-11 30-Nov-15 1,240 100% 100%
PicoSec 01-Dec-11 30-Nov-15 1,075 100% 100%
Pop Science 01-May-14 31-Dec-15 90 100% 100%
PureSafe 01-Feb-11 31-Jan-15 765 100% 100%
SR2S 01-Jan-13 31-Dec-15 233 100% 61%
SUSYFLAVOUR 01-Jan-14 31-Dec-15 185 100% 100%
Talent 01-Jan-12 31-Dec-15 842 100% 100%
Average 97%
Annual Progress Report 2015 85
Figure 18: EU Projects financial status – On-going projects
Explanations on Figure 18:
Figure 18 shows the amount of time spent on each EU project compared to the
overall completion time and the percentage of the EU contribution used as at 31
December 2015. Apart from projects for which expenses are not linear
(mostly Marie Curie projects where the researchers are recruited during the first
year), the table generally shows a strong correlation between time and the
