Organisational Behaviour UDDIN ZAIN

8/9/2019 Organisational Behaviour UDDIN ZAIN

1/14

2MIT4310 ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

ASSIGNMENT 1

University ofWales Lampeter

Organizational Behaviour

Submitted to, Michael Goeden, Grafton College.

Date: 11th March 2010

UDDIN ZAIN- 28001574 Page 1 of 14


2/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Table of Content:

Table of Content: ................................................................................................................. 2

Introduction: .........................................................................................................................3

Issues: ...................................................................................................................................3Communication at the workplace: ................................................................................... 3

Stereotyping: .................................................................................................................... 6

Gender-Based Stereotypes: .......................................................................................... 7Racial Stereotypes: .......................................................................................................8

Preventions and Guidelines: ............................................................................................ 9

Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................ 12

Bibliography: .....................................................................................................................13Word Count: 3227 (Including Bibliography and Table of content) ..................................14



3/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Introduction:

Within an organization people communicate with each other through differentmediums. In order to pursue effective communication they can use different gesture or

pretend to show a different personality. In a variety of situations, people tend to make

judgments of other people at the workplace through their behaviour. Unconsciously theycreate their own estimations about their communications; this estimate tells them whether

to believe and trust on communicator. These estimates depend on communicators

mannerism, how well they are in speaking? Or what language they have used? Nonetheless organizations have diverse behaviors with respect to the culture,

languages, genders, positions or physical appearance etc. They have to work in a team or

group sometime; they have to get together in seminars or exhibitions. Their attitudes vary

gigantically which causes different issues at the workplace. These issues could be on onemedium or mediums of communication in an organization. Selecting this kind of medium

(s) and considering them is called Selective Attention at the workplace. In scientific

words, it is the unconscious aptitude to select certain element (s) and to pay no heed toothers (Fincham & Rhodes, 2005). According to the definition of University of Wales

Lampeter:

Selective attention is the ability (often exercised unconsciously) to choose

from the stream of sensory data, to concentrate on particular elements, and to ignore

others.

-University of Wales Lampeter, 2010Therefore, it would be managers duty to identify, examine and assemble the

issues and abandon them from cropping up psychologically. Manager has to take several

decisions radically and to change the behaviour of the organization if going erroneous.

Issues:

Communication at the workplace:

Communication seems to be the joint which holds the relationships at the

workplace. These relations can be between customer and management or even in internalenvironment of the organization. Effective communication can not only inhale more

profits into the company but also can enhance the mutual understanding between

customer/employees frequently, because it is the only way to allocate the informationthroughout the company or within customers. Seeing that communication is vital aspect

in the business, what if it goes poor? Poor communication could be due to the difference

in cultures or Languages. Linguistic features such as pronunciations, Structure of thesentences or vocabulary of the person who has been selected from other people can repel

him out of the motivation which causes loss or may be results in high staff turnover.

In the following diagram, it has been cleared the procedure of communication,

effective communication will not occur until or unless communicators focuses on each



4/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

and every facet of this diagram. Encoding is the expression and words transmitted by the

source i.e. Sender. Whereas, Decoding is the interpretation of message sent throughencoding to the receiver. Now in the most cases due to the inadequate encoding or

decoding ineffective communication can occur ( Hudson, 1996)

Encoding and decoding gone incorrect:

As a result of incorrect encoding and decoding problems occur, which might be

due to careless coding and lazy decoding (listening). Though it is apparent thatineffective communication obstructs organizational triumph, it occurs when managers are

not conscious about the behaviour and manifestations of employees or due to the lack of

3 Cs (Clarity, Completion, and conciseness)(Himashu Juneju, 2010). The prevention

strategies to resolve this barrier to communication would be:

Face to face interactions: Feedback would be supportive for the managers

for the regular check and correct.

Reality checks: Manager should not consider that whatever they areencoding, listener is decoding it i.e. employees might recognize the

message in different zone than managers intended message. Thereforemanagers should regularly check.

Time and Place: Right time is inversely proportional to the wrong

message. If the place is fine but message is wrong or vice versa ineffective

decoding will occur. Managers should have ability to identify the righttime and right place.


NOISE

EncodingDecodin

gSender:IdeasFeelings

Attitudes

Gestures

Conveying method

Message:WordsFacial ExpressionEye ContactTone of Voice

Body Language

Feedback:Positive

Negative

Debate

Body language or

gesturesNo feedback

Response:Effective

Non Effective poor

results.

Effective listening

Receiver:VocabularyUnderstanding

Assumptions

Strategies and agendas

Cultural Expression


5/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

The you attitude: Managers can overcome the ineffective communication

while using this theory:

o Look at possessions of others.

o Give importance to intelligence of employees.

o Examine what employees want to know.

o When there is positive situation, use You rather than I.

o In negative situation try to avoid You.

Example:

In pizza company when one employee requested for holidays:

Communication 1: (Consider condition 1)Manager: You will not be happy to hear that we cannot allowyou to take holidays now.

Employee: Is there any other option? I am compelled, I have to go there.

Manager: Sorry I have told you, apply again ifyou wish.

After this improper communication, However employee did not get any

motivation and send an application again:Communication 2: (consider condition 2)Manager: You will now be glad thatyourapplication has been granted.

Employee: Thank you manager, best regards.

Manager: Youre Welcome. Enjoy yourtrip.

Thats what managers should proceed with, and prevent from first conditionhandle it beautifully like:

Effective Communication 1:Manager: I am really regretful to explain that your application of holidays has been rejected.

Employee: is there any other option?

Manager: Sorry again, I am trying my best, soon you will get, thank you.

Remove your communicational Barriers; they are costing you more than

you think.

--Shawn Smith, 2003



6/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Stereotyping:

According to the Oxford Dictionary of Business and Management:

Making assumptions about individuals (which may or may not be correct) on the

basis of the groups to which they belong or are held to belong. Such assumptions may

be based on age, class, gender, ethnics origin, nationality, religion, or sexuality.

Unfortunately, human beings are liable to have selective prejudices towards their

follow, seeing only what they want to see and ignoring factors that do not fit in with

their preconceived beliefs. They also tend to assume that all members of a group havethe same or similar characteristics.

Conscious and unconscious stereotyping processes have no difference in nature.In conscious stereotyping a person based on capricious facets such as mannerism and

appearance. It is commonly being scowled in modern organizations, which perceive

stereotyping as a defective path to form attention towards people and dishearten it even itis a joint of the company. Contrary, unconscious stereotyping is no more dependable as a

natural way to form attitudes towards people; it is not easy for managers to prevent from

unconscious stereotyping. This process of unconscious stereotyping depends upon the

language used during conversation.

For instance, study of stereotypes illustrates that:

Americans are friendly, generous, broadminded as well as intolerant,arrogant and dictatorial.

Asians are shrewd, attentive and alert but reserved.

Africans are powerful, intelligent but also exhausted and fuming.

Australians are trustworthy, friendly, wittiness but also racist.


Condition 1 Condition 2


7/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Distinctly all of Americans are not friendly or Asians are shrewd. So whileconsidering pros of the persons character, the person should be selected not nationality,

which demonstrates effective managerial behaviour. It is human nature; people view

themselves in absolute affirmative way. Nonetheless they assume other is deceitful and

fraudulent but they tend to act in a comparable way that is how they capture the image ofothers personality to develop stereotypes. It will get ejaculated soon after

communication put off (Conflict Research Consortium, 1998)

Horns and Halos Effect:

It is an effect which is formed when ones judgment of other is inclined by thefirst impression, it might be a sympathetic (horns) or pathetic (halos). It could be an

aspect of what they are wearing, or their language etc. Sometimes, in interviews when

well qualified employee comes little bit late due to the positive reason or even comes inimproper clothes, he may be passed over as a unpunctual or untidy person. Whereas the

candidate who arrives at time and well dressed get the position.We tend to give more favorable judgments to people who have characteristics in

common with us

--Goeden, 2010

Walt Disney Company: A Case:

Soon after Walt Disney became popular in America, it started revolution towards

Europe. Employees were allotted according to their age and appearance which is calledcasting. The most stunning and winsome persons get opportunity to work in front-line

jobs. Whereas, old ladies worked in merchandise, old men worked in security, Haitian

women used to labor in housekeeping, Puerto Rican people used to work in food servicespreparations and Africans used to be cooks and stewards. The high average stereotyping

resulted to 200-300% staff turnover every year. In France, Managers of Walt Disney

were supposed to use English Language only, other languages were not accepted thattime. Employees were really expected to be good at English in order to work in

organization. Ineffective communication, lack of cultural behaviour and stereotyping

among managers were the major grounds for the staff turnover (Anthony et al.., 1992).

Therefore it illustrates that employees were selected not with respect to their qualificationbut with respect to their nationality, color, appearance, gender and language which is

another example of stereotyping. Thereby the company appointed some managers with

thorough knowledge of organization behaviour. Nowadays it seems that company haschanged its behavior, however it can be seen in their outlets that all the beautiful and

winsome personnel are working on the board.

Gender-Based Stereotypes:

Despite of the fact that women are the source of talent in the workplace in all over

the world, some managers tend to be a barriers in womens advancement at the



8/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

workplace. This sort of selective attention is also counted in stereotyping. Some people

think that women are negative than skilled men, predominantly in the male-dominatedareas such as engineers, drivers etc. Therefore it is stereotyping to consider that African

tall girls are a good basketball player, Asian students are good in mathematics or

Muslims are terrorists.

At the present time in Greece, organizations are recruiting large number ofwomen who can work in all fields. At a halt it is being assumed that managers give

promotions to male more than female even though they are equally qualified, thisinclined toward gender-based stereotyping. Women are under-represented with respect to

their aptitude in the Greek business culture. (Mihail, 2006)

Racial Stereotypes:

Race is any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their

physical characteristics, for example color of the skin, color and type of hair, shape of

the eyes and nose.--OXFORD Advanced Learners Dictionary.

It has been crystal cleared that human nature diverse people into groups. Media isalso playing insignificant role in developing these racial stereotypes. People do not have

opportunities to be in contact with other races so that media is the primary medium of

revealing different races. Following are the stereotypes which media is allocating on theTV, radio, newspaper and internet:

African Americans: Their stereotypes are that they are idle, lazy and brainlessand they live their lives depending on welfare. Another stereotype is that they

are criminal and involved in corrupt activities. Native Americans: Their most common stereotype is that they receive all

benefits and government money because they are natives and mostly they are

high standard and political leaders. And also that they are alcoholic by nature.

Asians: One common stereotype about Asian is they are nerd, they are boringand their mathematics is great. Another stereotype about Asians is they are

really good at martial arts. Asians who are living in America are spies and hate

America.



9/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Arabs: Mostly people think all Arabs are Muslims that is strong stereotype.

After the September 2001 activity people started strong racism stereotype thatArabs are terrorist and involved in suicide bombings.

Jews: The stereotype about Jews is they are rich and they know how to make

money, they are controlling the economy of the world, they have control over

media and the federal government.

Consider all of these statements. Are they correct? Do they make any sense? Or just

viewing the negative picture of humanity? Undoubtedly these statements are wrong andmeaningless. Managers should be involved in employees at the workplace in order to

attain mutual understanding and judge them with their personality and aptitude, rather

than reflecting stereotypes. Think how President Obama has proved that their nothinglike racism in the world, as he is African American, it proves that above statements do

not have any meanings.

Preventions and Guidelines:

If Mangers use first person in their communication, most commonly receiverdecode it incorrectly, so it is better to use third person in written and verbal

communication.

Informal approaches can tie up employees with managers easily. Nonethelessslang words and language can influence the credibility of managers and

employees especially in written communications (Cooke, 1998). So in general

managers should use informal language with staff but also formal sometimes inaccount of proving themselves serious about the matter.

Jargons are another approach which managers can use in communication,especially in electronic businesses and technical industries. They are sometimesintricate as well so managers should explain briefly when they are using jargons.

Examples of jargons could be CPU, PC, MB, GHz, etc.

Some managers adopt the style which is alike sales person i.e. propaganda. Thisfeature highly put negative affect on the employees. It includes buzzwords likeimplementations, empowerments and unavoidable phrases. Managers should

avoid this negative feature throughout.

Intimidating and hostile stereotyping can be ruined or lowered down whenmanagers take peace-making actions which would lead to think that stereotyping

is false in the organization. Disarming is surprisingly helpful and rational, this

process helps breaking down negative stereotypes as they identify that

stereotyping is a real opponent in the organizations success. Crisis Communication Mechanisms are proposed to prevent from the problemsfollowed by ineffective communication process. It explains that accurate time andright place available should be used aesthetically through normal

communicational channels. While these mechanisms are based on crises times

strategies, still they allocate managers to choose right place to overcome these

problems.



10/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Knowledge: would be another barrier to communication and bring up issuesregarding stereotypes. For instance, Manager on the floor might give moreimportance to the person who is more educated though another person has same

position at the workplace. Managers should try to abandon these kind of issues

and consider them properly rather than throwing in the vain.

Communication Pre-tests could help managers to draw the employees attentiontowards authentic material. These tests might be conducted before seminars or

speeches in the form of written handouts or small presentations. This would

prevent misunderstandings likely to happen in meetings or speeches.

Thinking about how things are said, as well as what is actually said, people can help

to build much more effective communications.

--Cooke, 1998

Overcoming Stereotypes: In attention of overcoming racial stereotypes,managers have to realize that how atrocious this process is and it always ends in

losses and drawbacks (Hough, 2001). As managers should identify and examinethat either stereotype is due to cultural influence or social. They should considerfollowing bullet points:

o Acknowledge yourself first, measure the element of stereotype in

yourself. Being a human beings, what kind of selections you have in

yourself, chase them.

o Get awareness about the inner and outer feelings and thoughts; if there is

material of stereotypes relocate them with positive and appropriateingredients, perceive how they are affecting your social and cultural

beliefs.

o Exercise factual information, whenever you find stereotype thoughts

about an individual or group. Managers would be able to attain this factualinformation once they start to picture their selves in front of different races

and groups.

o Consult with Media whenever you get any realistic and rational thing

about different cultures and races. Here consulting means to get involved

in their movies to get awareness about their cultural and social values, chatwith them electronically, go on social networks (Facebook, Twitter, etc).

Once Managers take hold of these components, they will definitely learn a lot,they will be able to implement these skills on others now. These components with

aesthetic examples will facilitate in overcoming stereotypes and transporting better

quality in conversations resulting in effective communication. (University of NotreDame, 2008)



11/14


ASSIGNMENT 1



12/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Conclusion:

After grasping the whole picture of several issues that are involved in SelectiveAttention at the workplace, it is being concluded that these barriers destroy the

organizational profits and put off the reputation of the company. While designing the

ratio of preventions that managers should follow to reduce these issues, it is also beingdiscussed that most of the people just get selected through their first impression which is

the way wrong process. Managers should examine the whole criteria of selecting an

appropriate source to proceed with the profits for the organizations. Some of the practicalexamples and case studies were also the part of this report. There were some questions

arising about communication at the workplace in this report as well as for stereotypes.

Managers should put themselves first at the position of listener; they should clarify the

arduous sentences they have used in their conversation in order to prevent from selectiveattention in the form of ineffective communication. It is also proved that there is a strong

link between stereotyping and communication:

The process of unconscious stereotyping, the forming of attitudes towards

communicator and communication based on the language used, is an important issue

for people working in corporate communication.

--Cooke, 1998

In the nutshell:

There are only two kind of people in the world, good and bad. Good people always

do good deeds, on the contrary bad people do bad things.



13/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

Bibliography:

Ficham R and Rhodes P, (2005), Organizational Behaviour, 4th Edition, Oxford.

Handy C, 1995, Understanding Organizations, London Penguin.

Chris Cooke, 1998, Not so much you say, but how you say it Context ConsultingLondon, 1998.

Szu Hsien Chang and Brian H. Kliener, 2003, Common Racial Stereotypes ArticleVolume 22 Number 3 2003

Anthony, R., Lovemann, G., and Schlesinger, L. (1992) Euro Disney: The First 100Days Harvard Business School Case 9-693-013

Dimitrios Mihail, 2006, Gender-based Stereotypes in the workplace: the case ofGreece. University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2006

Hudson, R.A., 1996 Sociolinguistics Cambridge University Press, UK, Page 2006.

Patricia B. Campbell, Jennifer N. Storo, Myth, Stereotypes and Gender DifferencesOffice of educational Research and Improvement, 2010, Available at:http://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdf

Accessed: 2nd March, 2010

David A. Hough, Vol. 35, No1, 2001, how can we overcome Cultural StereotypesMemoirs of Shonan Institute of Technology, Available at: http://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdfAccessed: 2nd March 2010

Anonymous, 2010, Poor Communication Leads to Inadequate Workplaces AE, 2010,

Available at: http://www.anonymousemployee.com/csssite/sidelinks/poor_communication.phpAccessed: 3rd march 2010.

Himanshu Juneju, 2010, Causes of Ineffective Communication Ezine Articles,2010,

Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?Causes-of-Ineffective-Communication&id=2085862

Accessed: 3rd March 2010.

Shawn Smith J.D, 2003, Communication BarriersNext Level Consulting LLC, 2003,Available at: http://www.nextlevel-consulting.com/articles/management/article06.html

Accessed: 4th March, 2010

University of Colorado, USA, Inaccurate and overly Hostile Stereotypes Conflict

Research Consortium, 1998, Available at:http://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/stereoty.htm

Accessed: 4th march, 2010

http://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdfhttp://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdfhttp://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdfhttp://www.anonymousemployee.com/csssite/sidelinks/poor_communication.phphttp://ezinearticles.com/?Causes-of-Ineffective-Communication&id=2085862http://www.nextlevel-consulting.com/articles/management/article06.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/stereoty.htmhttp://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdfhttp://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdfhttp://www.campbell-kibler.com/Stereo.pdfhttp://www.anonymousemployee.com/csssite/sidelinks/poor_communication.phphttp://ezinearticles.com/?Causes-of-Ineffective-Communication&id=2085862http://www.nextlevel-consulting.com/articles/management/article06.htmlhttp://www.colorado.edu/conflict/peace/problem/stereoty.htm


14/14


ASSIGNMENT 1

University of Notre Dame, Overcoming Stereotypes University Counseling Center,

2010, Available at: http://ucc.nd.edu/self-help/multicultural-awareness/overcoming-stereotypes/

Accessed: 4th March, 2010

Oxford Reference online, logged in throughwww.athens.co.uk

Pasted Pictures Links:

http://i.ehow.com/images/a04/kh/7i/learn-effective-communication-skills-800X800.jpg

http://brandingbrand.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/effective_communication.jpg

Word Count: 3227 (Including Bibliography and Table of content)

http://ucc.nd.edu/self-help/multicultural-awareness/overcoming-stereotypes/http://ucc.nd.edu/self-help/multicultural-awareness/overcoming-stereotypes/http://www.athens.co.uk/http://www.athens.co.uk/http://i.ehow.com/images/a04/kh/7i/learn-effective-communication-skills-800X800.jpghttp://brandingbrand.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/effective_communication.jpghttp://ucc.nd.edu/self-help/multicultural-awareness/overcoming-stereotypes/http://ucc.nd.edu/self-help/multicultural-awareness/overcoming-stereotypes/http://www.athens.co.uk/http://i.ehow.com/images/a04/kh/7i/learn-effective-communication-skills-800X800.jpghttp://brandingbrand.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/effective_communication.jpg

Date post:	30-May-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	zainuddinkhan
View:	222 times
Download:	0 times

Organisational Behaviour UDDIN ZAIN

Documents