1 Organismal Final Study Guide Fall 2015

Organism-of –the week:

Species: Gromphadorhina portentosa

Genus: Gromphadorhina

Family: Blattodae

Order: Blattodea

Class: Insecta

Phylum: Arthropoda

Kingdom: Animalia

Domain: Eukarya

Common name: Giant Madagascan hissing cockroach

Characteristics:

o Head-thorax-abdomen [fusion of segments]

o Apterous (no wings)

o Spiracles (openings)

o Tracheae (does the hissing)

Lophotrochozoa

Lophophorates

o 3 phyla

o Lophophore

Feeding Structure

U-shaped tentacular ridge that surrounds mouth and bears cilia, which allows

them to catch food (filter feeding)

Phylum Phoronida

o Tube-dwelling worms

o Only see lophophore poking out of the ocean floor

Phylum Bryozoa

o Moss-like animal

o Colonial animals of marine and freshwater habitats

o Zooid= one individual of the colony

o Zooecium= house of one individual on colony

o Pectinatella magnifica

Jelly zooecium

o Statoblasts

Phylum Brachiopoda

o Lampshells, marine

o 2 part calcareous shell

o Dorsal shell larger than ventral shell

Superphylum Ecdysozoa

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Ecdysis= shedding of cuticle

Phylum Arthropoda

o Largest phylum on earth

o Most diverse

o Exoskeleton

Once produced cannot grow anymore

Why it has to shed so it can grow a larger one

Complex cuticle

Ecdysis + instars

Instars=stages of eating and growin

3 stages of ecdysis:

1. Apolysis

o Pro-ecdysis= Creation of space between exoskeleton and

epidermis then formulation of new exoskeleton

2. Ecdysis

o Exoskeleton splits along ecdysal lines then sheds

Exuvium is left (old skin)

Teneral= adjective used to describe animal just after it

shed when it is soft and flexible

3. Post-ecdysis

o Expansion

o Sclerotization= hardening of exoskeleton

o Metameric - segmentation

o Tagmosis= fusion of segments to form body regions

Cephalon + abdomen

Abdomen= 3-lobed

Head + trunk

Trunk= unfused

Most simple version of tagmosis

Ex: centipede or millipede

Cephalothorax + abdomen (crustaceans)

Prosoma + opisthosoma

Prosoma= first body region

Opisthosoma= last body region

Ex: spiders

Head + thorax + abdomen

Most common

6-7 segments form the head

3 segments fuse to form thorax

9-11 segments form abdomen

o Jointed appendages

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Podomeres + membranous joints

Podomeres= parts of legs

Membranous joints= thin, allow for bending

Biramous= branched

Uniramous= unbranched

o Complex organ systems

Respiratory system

Gills, lungs, tracheal system

o Tracheal system= spiracles

Excretory system

Varies

Ammonia- urea- uric acid

o Ammonia= very toxic, a lot of water to dissolve it, marine

o Uric acid= requires no water to dissolve

Water conservation= cryptonephridia

Nervous system

Sensory structures:

o Compound eyes

o Simple eyes

o Antennae

o Metamorphosis

o Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

Common name: Trilobites

All marine

Paleozoic era (alive then)

All extinct

Biramous appendages

Cephalon + 3-lobed abdomen

o Subphylum Chelicerata

Mouth parts= chelicerae (2)

1st pair of appendages

Independent

Chelate (pincher-like) ancestrally

No antennae

Class Merostomata

Horseshoe “crabs”

“living fossils” –adapted well

Carapace= horseshoe looking part

Telson= tail

Prosoma + opisthosoma

Book gills respiratory gages and fold

4

Class Arachnida

Order Scorpiones

o Venomous

o Chelate chelicerae

o Large chelate pedipalps

o Opisthosoma= meso- + metasoma

Telson= sting

Order Amblypygi

o Tailless whip scorpion

o No venom

o Raptorial Pedipalps

modified for grasping (raptorial)

Order Araneae

o Spiders

o Silk= spinnerets

o Chelicerae- fangs, venomous

o Male pedipalps are modified for copulation

o Narrow waist

Order Pseudoscorpiones

o All small

o Lacking tail

o No metasoma or sting

o Venom through chelicerae

o Silk through pedipalps

Order Acari

o Mites and ticks

o Diverse

o Predators, scavengers, phytoph., parasites

o Capitulum= head part

Class Uropygi

Vinegaroons

Telson

Acetic acid gland

Pedipalps (raptorial)

Antenni form leg #1 (whip)

Class Pychogonida

Sea “spiders”

Reduced abdomen

“pantapoda”= all legs

Internal organs housed in legs

Sucking proboscis that feed on Cnidarians

5

Males have ovigers

o Ovigers= modified legs for carrying eggs= reversed parental

roles

Reversed parental roles

o Subphylum Mandibulata

Mouth parts= mandibles

Infraphylum (part of sub)

Class Crustacea

Biramous appendages

2 pair of antennae

CaCO3 exoskeleton

Order Decapoda

o Lobster, crab, shrimp, crawfish

o 10 walking legs (5 pairs)

Some chelate

o Prominent carapace

o Female crabs= wide abdomen

o Male crabs= narrow abdomen

Microcrustaceans

o Cladocera= water fleas

Swim with antennae

1 large eye

o Copepoda= copepods

Elongated, torpedo body

Swim with antennae

o Isopoda= roly polys

Roly polys= Armadilidium vulgare

Same legs (function wise)

No carapace

o Cirripedia= barnacles

Calcareous plates

Cirrus= modified legs for basket-like feeding structure

Tracheata (group of Arthropods)

Respiratory system= tracheal system

1 pair antennae

Myriapoda

o Class Chilopoda

Centipedes

tagmosis= head + trunk

“fang foot”

1st pair of legs with venom= forcipules

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o They have a gland with a barb

1 pair of legs per segment

o Class Diplopoda

Millipedes

Diplosegments= 2 pair of legs

No venom

Repugnatorial glands

Secretes cyanide

o Subphylum Hexapoda

Class Insecta

Primitively wingless insects

Six legs ( 3pairs)

3 body regions: head-thorax-abdomen

2 antennae (1 pair)

0 or 1 or 2 pairs of wings

Metamorphosis

Ametabolous hexapods

No metmorphocal change

Egg= immature

o Then becomes adult

Primitively wingless

Ex: Silver fish

Hemimetabolous hexapods

Incomplete metamorphosis

Egg-niad-adult

Paurometabolous hexapods

Incomplete metamorphosis

Egg-nymph-adult

Ex: stink bug, grasshoppers, preying mantis, roach

Holometabolous hexapods

Complete metamorphosis

Egg-larva-pupa- adult

o Larva= maggots (flies), caterpillars (butterflies), grubs (beetle)

Phylum Nematoda

o Round worms

o Cuticle, ecdysis

o Eutely= true end to development

o Cryptobiosis= “hidden life”; dormant period

o Many parasitic species

o Diverse, abundant, ubiquitous

Ubiquitous= everywhere, all the time

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o Longitudinal muscles only

Can only bend from one side to the other due to these muscles

o True body cavity

o Vinegar eels

o Ascaris

Get from ingestion so wash hands

o Pinworms

Get from ingestion so wash hands

o Hookworms

Don’t go around barefoot; enters through skin

Necator Americanus

o Trichina Worm

Trichinosis

Cook meat well

Deadliest

Polar bear

o Guinea worm

Dracunculus medinensis

Copepod

Don’t drink unfiltered water

Superphylum Deuterostomes

Deuterostomes= blastopore becomes anus and the 2nd opening is the mouth

Phylum Echinodermata

Phylum Chordata

And a few other small phyla

Phylum Echinodermata

o Spiny skin

o Dermal ossicles

Why skin is spiny

Internal skeleton

“skin bones”

o Pentaradial symmetry (5 parts)

o Water vascular system

For locomotion and feeding

Madreporite- water enters

Stone canal- dermal ossicles

Ring canal

Radial canals

Ampullae and tube feet

Tube feet used for feeding

o Oral and aboral

8

Oral= mouth side; down in most

Aboral= up side in most

o Pedicellariae

Stalk

Jaw

“dermal jaws”

Used for defense or crypsis

Remove parasites or sediment from skin

o Autotomy and regeneration

Arms can break and be grown back

o Class Asteroidea

Sea stars

Ambulacral groove

Cardiac and pyloric stomachs

Cardiac stomach= eversible

o Class Ophiuroidea

Look like snakes

“serpent star”, “brittle star”, “basket star”

Supple arms (long and narrow) used for grasping prey and filter feeding

o Class Echinoidea

Movable spines and tests

Pedicillarea

Dermal ossicles so extensive

Sea urchins

LARGE

Sand dollars

Fuse to form tests

5-holed sand dollar= Melitta quinquiesperforata

Aristotle’s lantern

5-part jaw-like structure in urchins

o Class Holothuroidea

Sea cucumbers

Sedentary and errant forms

Bilateral symmetry (secondary)

Sedentary=suspension & deposit feeders

Errant=deposit feeders

Sea pig (has bilateral symmetry)

Evisceration=scares off predators by spitting out guts

o Class Crinoidea

Sea lilies (sessile) and sea feathers (errant)

Oral up, aboral down

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o Class Concentricycloidea

Sea daisies

Most recently discovered class

One peripheral row of tube feet

Two ring canals

Species: Gopherus polyphemus

Genus: Gopherus

Family: Testudinidae

Order: Testudines

Class: Reptilia

Phylum: Chordate

Kingdom: Animalia

Domain: Eukarya

Common name: Gopher tortoise

Characteristics:

o Fossorial

o Inquilines – animal living inside another animal

o Seed dispersal

o Keystone species – important in life cycle

o Importance of Scientific names

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Phylum Chordata

Deuterostome

Eucoelomate

Bilateral symmetry

“Big Four” Characteristics

o Notochord – cartilaginous skeletal rod

Turns into bony skeleton

o Dorsal tubular nerve cord

o Pharynx with gill slits

Used for filter feeding

o Postanal tail

>Subphylum Urochordata [Uro = tail]

Notochord is found only in tail

o Larva form

Sessile adults

o Do not exhibit “Big Four”

o Tunic – outer integument covering [‘tunicates’]

Siphons - holes

o Atrium - Water chamber for circulating water through pharyngeal gill slits for filter

feeding

Things to know:

Incurrent (oral) siphon

Excurrent (atrial) siphon

Pharynx with gill slits

Atrium

Tunic

Coelom – body cavity that houses the heart and

stomach.

Water flows into the Pharynx through the mouth and

out through the gill slits. Tiny food particles are

trapped in mucus and moved through the gut (housed

in the coelom).

>Subphylum Cephalochordata [Ceph = Head]

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Notocord is in the tail AND head

Only group to exhibits “Big Four” characteristic as adults

Also called lancelets [small knives]

Live in the sediment of shallow marine areas

Filter seeds on tiny particles in the water

o Water flows in the mouth (near tentacles) and out the atriopore

Members of a single genus Amphioxus (double pointed) and Branchiostoma (gill mouth)

o A = more common name

o B = older and more valid name according to the taxonomic law of priority

Should know:

Mouth

Pharynx

Atrium

Atriopore

Anus

Postanal tail

Notocord

Nerve cord

>Subphylum Vertebrata

Includes 3 major groups of fish as well as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Vertebral cord is not always bony

An ancestral group of vertebrates is the Superclass Agnatha

o Members of this group are cartilaginous fish that lack jaws

o Lampreys

Ectoparasites on other fish

Have rings of teeth in the jawless mouth

o Hagfish

Detritivores of the ocean bottom

Slime production

Flexible bodies- can tie their body into a knot and slip the knot forward to push

their body away from a carcass they are feeding on

Cartilaginous skeletons

All other vertebrates are members of the Superclass Gnathostomata

o Named for the presence of jaws

o Class Chondrichthyes

Sharks and Rays

Spiracles – water enters to irrigate the gills

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Most must continually swim for their entire lives in order to keep water moving

over their gills

Placoid scales / dermal denticles – unique scales

The seemingly endless supply of teeth in a shark are really modified

scales

Most are predaceous but the largest species – whale shark and basking shark-

are filter feeders.

o Class Osteichthyes

Bony fish

Largest group

Group Coelacanth – 1 species

Lobed-finned fish

Have muscular elements at the base of fins that are very much like the

muscles in a salamander’s legs.

Once thought to be extinct

Likely ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates

Group Lung Fish

Have both gills and lungs

Able to live in fluctuating habitats and some can survive several years of

drought in an underground cocoon

Group Ray-finned Fish

Includes most of the familiar fish (most an inch or less in length)

Includes the largest bony fish: the giant sunfish

All fish have a single-loop circulatory system and a 2 chambered heart (1 atrium and 1 ventricle).

There is no separation between oxygenated and unoxygenated blood.

o Class Amphibia

Moist, glandular skin

Metamorphic life cycle that ties them to water

Gills as larva; lungs as adults

Sometimes referred to as only quasi-terrestrial

Much of their respiration is cutaneous [through the skin]

3- chambered hearts (2 atria and 1 ventricle) and a double-loop circulatory

system – only a partial separation of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood.

Condition called poikiothermic

o Where both are ectotermic [extermal control of body

temperature] and heterothermic [changing body temperature]

Order Anura

Without tail (nura)

Frogs and toads

o Frogs have external fertilization

o Males sing to attract females to water

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o Amplexus results in fertilization of eggs are they rare released.

o Aquatic eggs hatch into tadpoles which eventually sprout legs

and absorb their tail to transform into frogs.

Order Caudata

With tail

Salamanders

o Larvae have external gills

Order Gymnophiona

Caecilians

Legless amphibians

Most burrow in moist soil and look much like earthworms

o Class Reptilia

More terrestrially adapted than amphibians

Have dry, scaly skin

Their lungs are far more efficient and they rely less on cutaneous respiration.

Amniotic egg: most important terrestrial adaptations seen in reptiles is an egg

that can develop and hatch on dry land

Has the same membranes and fluid compartments that are seen in

bird’s eggs

[[Birds may be more famous for their eggs, but reptiles had them first]]

Know:

Membranes and what they surround

Yolk provides nourishment for developing

embryos while other membrane- bound fluids

prevent desiccation and provide physical

protection for the embryo.

Order Testudines

Have parts of their skeleton [backbone, ribs, and sternum] fused to form

a shell

o Carapace on top and plastron on the bottom

o Covered with skin and epidermal scales

No teeth

Don’t hear well

Make almost no sound

Some may live to be over 100 years old

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Order Squamata

Snakes and lizards

Tail can break right off – autonomy: made famous by glass lizards

Order Sphenodonta

Tuatara – strange, lizard- like animal of New Zealand with a remnant 3rd

eye that can be seen on the top of the head of young animals

Order Crocodilia

Crocodiles, alligators, caimans, etc.

4- Chambered heart which efficiently separates oxygenated and de-

oxygenated blood.

Don’t shed their epidermal scales like most reptiles

Make very good mothers – although highly predaceous

o Class Aves

Birds

Feathers – modified scales; necessary for flight

Adaptions for flight

Lack of bladder

Air spaces inside of their bones

Beak [or bill] instead of teeth

4-chambered heart and very efficient respiratory and circulatory systems

They are the only animals other than mammals that uniformly control their

body temperature from within (metabolically)

Endothermic and therefore usually homoeothermic as well

Have the same membranes and compartments as reptilian eggs—see picture—

** know fluids and what they surround

Bee hummingbird is the smallest bird

Most hummingbirds drop their body temperature while sleeping at

night in order to save energy.

They are so small that their surface area to volume ratio is high and

results in rapid heat loss

The Flightless ostrich is the largest bird

o Class Mammalia

Hair made of keratin (like reptilian scales and bird feathers)

Mammary glands

4-Chambered hearts

Endothermic and homeothermic

Some are oviaparous (egg layers)

Some are marsupial (young develop in pouch called a marsupium)

Some are viviparous or placental (young are nourished through the mother’s

blood stream)

Infraclass with single order

Order Monotremata

Duckbill or platypus and spiny anteater or Echidna

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Eggs are released from the cloaca (single opening for reproductive,

excretory and digestive systems)

Young lap milk from the mother’s fur.

No nipples and no lips

Order Marsupialia

Koalas, wombats and kangaroos

Koalas only eat eucalyptus

They have a short gestation and the young are born when only slightly

developed.

They immediately migrate to the marsupium and attach to a nipple.

They will stay in the pouch until they are ready to live on their own.

Most live in Australia

o The Virginia opossum is the only North American marsupial

o Infraclass Eutheria

All other mammals (19 orders)

Placental mammals

Order Rodentia

Gnawing mammals with evergrowing incisors, like mice and squirrels

Largest class of mammals

The capybara is the world’s largest rodent

Order Cetacea

Entirely marine group that includes whales and dolphins.

Some are predaceous

o Dolphins and other filter-feeders like the hump-back whale

The world’s largest animal is the great blue whale

Order Chiroptera

Bats

Includes the smallest mammal.

Have hand bones in the wing.

Hands and legs are connected by a patagium

Order Perissodactyla

Zebras, horses, and rhinos

Odd-toed

Hoofed mammals

Horses walk on a single toe

Order Carnivora

Cats, dogs, bears, weasels, Siberian tiger and sea lions

Order Primates

Humans, monkeys, apes, tarsiers, and lemur

All have binocular vision, opposable thumbs, and fingernails

Most are critically endangered except for humans

16 Organism of the Week:

Mustela Putorius

Mustela -- weasel family

Carnivora

Mammalia

Chordata

Animalia

E.

Common name: European polecat

When a pet: Ferret

Characteristics:

Albino (aa) – single gene ; recessive ; no pigment

Domestic – trained and bread by humans in captivity

Feral – domestic animal that has been released & is making it in the wild – problematic

Crepuscular- Sleeps all the time – short period of activity at dawn and dusk much like it’s prey