Date post: | 17-Feb-2017 |
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Anuttama
Components of learning
T.P. Wright first documented the idea of learning curves and its effect on efficiency in the American aircraft industry in 1936
Wright found that there was a pattern in the way that people learned
The curve is drawn on a chart which tracks resulting knowledge against time spent learning
Classical conditioning theory Operant conditioning theory
Cognitive Theory Social Learning theory
Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
First described by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), Russian physiologist, in 1903, and studied in infants by John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Key Concepts:
◦ Unconditioned stimulus (Food) A naturally occurring phenomenon
◦ Unconditioned response (Salivation) The naturally occurring response to a natural
stimulus
◦ Conditioned stimulus (Bell) An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation
◦ Conditioned response (Salivation with bell) The response to the artificial stimulus
Generalization - The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination - The ability to distinguish between different stimuli, tendency for a response to be elicited by one stimulus and not another (sometimes similar) stimulus
Greater number of pairing of Ucs ans Cs
Consistent pairing Strength of Ucs Lesser gap between Ucs and Cs
Human beings are more complex than dogs
Human brain can override simple conditioning
Organizational set up is too complex is utilize the concepts of classical conditioning
Operant conditioning investigates the influence of consequences on subsequent behavior.
Operant conditioning investigates the learning of voluntary responses
B.F Skinner introduced the concepts of operant conditioning
It is the consequence that follows the
response that influences whether the response is likely or unlikely to occur again
The three-term model of operant conditioning (S--> R -->S) incorporates the concept that responses cannot occur without an environmental event (e.g., an antecedent stimulus) preceding it
There are two types of consequences, positive and negative
Key Concepts•Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
•Some rewards are more effective than others.
•The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence
Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.
Positive reinforcement◦ Providing a reward for a desired behavior
Negative reinforcement◦ Removing an unpleasant consequence when the
desired behavior occurs Punishment
◦ Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior
Extinction◦ Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause
its cessation
REINFORCEMENT PUNISHMENT1. Increases the probability of a
desired behaviour 2. Strengthens the behaviour3. Can be applied by either
introducing pleasure or by removing pain
1. Decreases the probability of an undesired behaviour
2. Weakens the behaviour3. Can be applied either by
introducing pain or by removing pleasure.
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
1. Strengthen a response if they are introduced after the response occurs. For eg. Incentives given when target is achieved.
1. Strengthen a response if they are removed after it occurs. For eg. Probation is removed after good performance.
Continuous reinforcement: Every instance of a behavior is reinforced
Ratio schedules: Reinforcement is based on the specific number of behaviors required
Interval schedules: Reinforcement is based on the passage of time
Duration schedules: Reinforcement is based on the continued performance of a response for a period of time
Fixed schedules: The requirements for reinforcement are always the same
Variable schedules: The requirements for reinforcement change randomly
Fixed interval schedule : A behaviour is reinforced at fixed interval period (e.g. Appraisal is done after every 6 months)
Variable interval schedule : Reinforcement is administered on random times ( e.g. appraisal is done any time in the year)
Fixed ratio schedule : Reinforcement is administered upon completion of a fixed number of work (e.g. target of 50 customer is reinforced all the time)
Variable ratio schedule : Reinforcement is administered on random output (e.g. target number changes )
Concept of reinforcement is applied in form of incentive, bonus etc.
Concept of punishment is used as transfer, poor appraisal etc.
By regulating consequences behaviour modification of the employee takes place
Learning is an active process of filtering, selecting, organizing, and integrating information (Mayer)
Learning takes place when new associations are formed and they are added to the existing information base
Learning may not be manifested through behaviour
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling
It explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences
Motivation - Having a good reason to imitate, presence of positive consequences is important
Attention – The model should be attended
Retention – Remembering the model when she / he is not available
Reproduction — Reproducing the image and practicing the newly learned behaviour
Self-efficacy - Learner has to identify his or her ability to perform
Effective video clippings during training program can bring desired behaviour in the employees
Team leader can act as a role model and influence the members
Desired behaviours might be reinforced to delay extinction