Organization of the Organization of the Human BodyHuman Body

ObjectivesObjectives

At the end of this unit you should be able to:At the end of this unit you should be able to:

– name the cavities of the body and their organsname the cavities of the body and their organs

– locate and identify the anatomical and clinical locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomendivisions of the abdomen

– locate and name the anatomical divisions of the locate and name the anatomical divisions of the backback

– pronounce and define terms used to describe the pronounce and define terms used to describe the body positions, directions, and planesbody positions, directions, and planes

– use the new words to understand medical termsuse the new words to understand medical terms

StructureStructure DefinitionDefinition ExampleExample

Smallest part of an element.Smallest part of an element.

Hydrogen, zinc, Hydrogen, zinc, nitrogennitrogen

Smallest quantity of a substance that Smallest quantity of a substance that cannot be divided.cannot be divided. NaClNaCl

Substance made up of 2 or more units Substance made up of 2 or more units combined. (A molecule plus an atom.combined. (A molecule plus an atom. HH22O or waterO or water

Smallest unit of life.Smallest unit of life. Skin cellSkin cell

A group of similar cells that work A group of similar cells that work together to perform a similar function.together to perform a similar function. Nerve tissueNerve tissue

A group of tissues that form A group of tissues that form

together to perform a similar function.together to perform a similar function. Heart, lungsHeart, lungs

A group of organs /structures that work A group of organs /structures that work together to perform functions together.together to perform functions together. RespiratoryRespiratory

The physical part of a man or woman.The physical part of a man or woman. YouYou

AtomAtom

MoleculeMolecule

CompoundCompound

CellCell

TissueTissue

OrganOrgan

SystemSystem

BodyBody

Dorsal cavity

Ventral cavity

Cranial cavity

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

Spinal cavity

Dorsal or VentralDorsal or Ventral

CavityCavity LocationLocation

Pertains to the back of the bodyPertains to the back of the body

Pertains to the front of the bodyPertains to the front of the body

Contains the cranial & spinal cavitiesContains the cranial & spinal cavities

Contains the brainContains the brain

Contains the vertebrae, spinal cordContains the vertebrae, spinal cord

Contains the thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic Contains the thoracic, abdominal, & pelvic cavitiescavities

DorsalDorsal

DorsalDorsal

DorsalDorsal

DorsalDorsal

VentralVentral

VentralVentral

LungsLungs LiverLiver Urinary bladderUrinary bladder

HeartHeart Gall bladderGall bladderReproductive Reproductive

organsorgans

AortaAorta SpleenSpleen

EsophagusEsophagus StomachStomach

TracheaTrachea PancreasPancreas

IntestinesIntestines

KidneysKidneys

Abdominal, Pelvic, or Thoracic CavityAbdominal, Pelvic, or Thoracic Cavity

Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic

Anatomical Anatomical PositionPosition

• standing with feet standing with feet forwardforward

• hands and arms hands and arms facing forwardfacing forward

• notice the RIGHT and notice the RIGHT and LEFT side are LEFT side are opposite from yoursopposite from yours

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

Pertaining to the front of the bodyPertaining to the front of the body

Pertaining to the back of the bodyPertaining to the back of the body

Pertaining to the midline of the bodyPertaining to the midline of the body

Toward the side of the bodyToward the side of the body

Toward the head of the bodyToward the head of the body

Below or toward the feetBelow or toward the feet

Away from the point of attachmentAway from the point of attachment

Toward the point of attachmentToward the point of attachment

Ventral / AnteriorVentral / Anterior

Dorsal / PosteriorDorsal / Posterior

MedialMedial

LateralLateral

Superior / CranialSuperior / Cranial

Inferior / CaudalInferior / Caudal

DistalDistal

ProximalProximal

The forearm is _________ to the The forearm is _________ to the hand.hand.

The hand is _________The hand is _________ to the to the forearm.forearm.

The big toe is _________ to the The big toe is _________ to the little toe.little toe.

The little toe is _________ to the The little toe is _________ to the big toe.big toe.

proximalproximal

distaldistal

medialmedial

laterallateral

lateral distal medial proximallateral distal medial proximal

Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal Quadrants

2

4

1

3

Right Upper Right Upper QuadrantQuadrant

Left Upper Left Upper QuadrantQuadrant

Right Lower Right Lower QuadrantQuadrant

Left Lower Left Lower QuadrantQuadrant

Bones of the neck C1-C7Bones of the neck C1-C7

Bones of the chest T1-T12Bones of the chest T1-T12

Bones of the lower back. Bones of the lower back. Largest of the vertebrae L1-L5Largest of the vertebrae L1-L5

5 fused bones. Referred to 5 fused bones. Referred to by its name.by its name.

4 fused bones. Referred to 4 fused bones. Referred to by its name.by its name.

Body PlanesBody Planes

• Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane– divides the body into divides the body into

right and left sidesright and left sides

• Coronal PlaneCoronal Plane– divides the body into divides the body into

a front and backa front and back

• Transverse PlaneTransverse Plane– divides the body into divides the body into

upper and lower upper and lower halveshalves

What plane is this image showing?

•Sagittal

•Coronal

•Transverse

What plane is this image showing?

•Coronal

•Transverse

•Sagittal

What plane is this image showing?

•Coronal

•Sagittal

•Transverse

Body RegionsBody Regions

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

PlantarPlantar

PoplitealPopliteal

GlutealGluteal

SacralSacral

LumbarLumbar

ScapularScapular

CervicalCervical

Occipital Occipital

sole of footsole of foot

back of kneeback of knee

buttockbuttock

sacrumsacrum

small of backsmall of back

shoulder bladeshoulder blade

neckneck

base of skulbase of skul

Body RegionsBody Regions

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

UmbilicalUmbilical

AntecubitalAntecubital

AxillaryAxillary

MammaryMammary

OralOral

OcularOcular

FrontalFrontal

coxalcoxal

navelnavel

inner elbowinner elbow

armpitarmpit

breastbreast

mouthmouth

eyeeye

foreheadforehead

hiphip

Body RegionsBody Regions

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

PedalPedal

PhalangealPhalangeal

TarsalTarsal

PatellarPatellar

FemoralFemoral

PalmarPalmar

PubicPubic

InguinalInguinal

footfoot

toes and/or fingerstoes and/or fingers

ankleankle

kneecapkneecap

thighthigh

palmpalm

pubispubis

groingroin

Body RegionsBody Regions

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

CephalicCephalic

CranialCranial

FacialFacial

ThoracicThoracic

BrachialBrachial

AntebrachialAntebrachial

CarpalCarpal

cruralcrural

headhead

craniumcranium

faceface

chestchest

armarm

forearmforearm

wristwrist

legleg

Combining FormsCombining Forms

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

abdomin/oabdomin/o

anter/oanter/o

cervic/ocervic/o

coccyg/ococcyg/o

crani/ocrani/o

cyt/ocyt/o

caud/ocaud/o

hist/ohist/o

abdominalabdominal

frontfront

neckneck

coccyxcoccyx

craniumcranium

cellcell

backback

tissuetissue

Combining FormsCombining Forms

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

ili/oili/o

inguin/oinguin/o

later/olater/o

lumb/olumb/o

medi/omedi/o

pelv/opelv/o

poster/oposter/o

proxim/oproxim/o

ilium / hipboneilium / hipbone

groingroin

side side

lower backlower back

middlemiddle

pelvispelvis

backback

closer to the point of attachment closer to the point of attachment

Combining FormsCombining Forms

TermTerm MeaningMeaning

sacr/osacr/o

spin/ospin/o

thorac/othorac/o

umbilic/oumbilic/o

ventr/oventr/o

vertebr/overtebr/o

viscer/oviscer/o

sacrum / tailbonesacrum / tailbone

spinespine

chestchest

navelnavel

frontfront

vertebravertebra

organorgan

Celery SurgeryCelery Surgery

After you have placed your patient in the supine position, assume you are the surgeon performing the following 4 surgical procedures on your patient (celery).

head

feet

front – groove toward you

1. At the umbilicus, make a SUPERFICIAL MIDSAGITTAL INCISION on the ventral surface  of your patient. Extend the incision inferiorly to the feet (base of the stalk of celery).

2. At the Superior end (head of patient), Make a DEEP TRANSVERSE INCISION on the dorsal surface of your patient.  Do not transect your  (cut into two halves) patient.\

3. Enter at the  LATERAL surface at the umbilical level and make a complete FRONTAL (CORONAL) incision and proceed inferiorly (all the way to the feet).

4. Make a COMPLETE MEDIAL NOTCH * on the inferior end of your patient (celery).  *a notch is a 3-D triangle similar to the wedge made in the side of a tree as you are chopping it down