Mahmood Qasim

Perception

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WHAT IS PERCEPTION ?

The processes of interpreting our senses to provide order and meaning to the

environment.

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COMPONENTS OF PERCEPTION

Perceiver

Situation

Target

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SUBPROCESS OF PERCEPTION

Confrontation Registration Interpretation Feedback

Consequence

Behavior

External Environment

Sensual Stimulation

Physical environment

OfficeFactory

LaboratoryStores

Climate

SocioculturalEnvironment

Management StyleValues

DiscriminationEtc.

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PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY

External Attention Factor

Intensity

Size

Contrast

Motion

Novelty & Familiarity

Repetition

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PERCEPTUAL SELECTIVITY

External Attention Factor

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External Attention Factor

Intensity

LIGHT LIGHT

A loud noise- Soft noiseStrong odor - Weak odorBright light - Dim light

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External Attention Factor

Size

A big supervisor will receive more attention against a small one.

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External Attention Factor

Contrast

External stimuli which stand out against the background or which are not what people are expecting will

receive their attention.

DANGER DANGER

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External Attention Factor

Repetition

A repeated external stimulus is ,ore attention getting than a single one.

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External Attention Factor

Motion

The End

The Beginning

We pay more attention to moving objects in their field of vision than they will to

stationary objects.

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External Attention Factor.

Novelty &

Familiarity

New objects or events in a familiar setting or familiar objects or events in a new setting will

draw the attention of the perceiver.

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Internal Set Factors

Learning &

Perception

TURN OFF THE

THE ENGINE

M-A-C-T-A-I-V-HM-A-C-D-O-N-A-L-D

M-A-C-B-E-T-HM-A-C-H-I-N-E-R-Y

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Internal Set Factors

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Internal Set Factors

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Internal Set Factors

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Internal Set Factors

Motivation&

Perception

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Internal Set Factors

Personality&

Perception

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Perceptual Organization

Figure Ground FLYTIE

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Perceptual Organization

PerceptualGrouping

Closure Sensory input provides information to fill the gaps.

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Perceptual Organization

Proximity

PerceptualGrouping

Things close together will be perceived as a whole pattern of parts of parts belonging together.

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Perceptual Organization

Similarity

PerceptualGrouping

Greater the similarity of stimuli, the greater the tendency to perceive them as a common group.

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Perceptual Organization

Continuity

PerceptualGrouping

Closure supplies missing stimuli, and the continuity principle says that a person will tend to perceive

continuous lines or patterns.

Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100 can.i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno’t mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!

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Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Constancy

Constancy permits the individual to have some constancy in a tremendously variable and highly

complex world.

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Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Context

It gives meaning and value to simple stimuli, objects, events, situation, and other persons in the

environment.

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Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Defense

Closely related to context is perceptual defense. A person may build a defense against stimuli or

situational events in the context that are personally or culturally unacceptable or threatening.

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Social Perception

The process through which individuals attempt to combine, integrate, and interpret information about others.

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The process through which individuals attempt to determine the causes of others’ behavior.

Dispositional Attributions

Explanations for behavior based on an actor’s personality or intellect. (Internal Attribution)

Situational Attributions

Explanations for behavior based on an actor’s external situation or environment.(External Attribution)

Social Perception

Attribution

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Attribution cues that reflect how consistently a person engages in some behavior over time.

To understand whether a behavior was based on dispositional attribution or situational attribution we need to rely on three cues.

Consistently

Consensus. Attribution cues that reflect how a person’s behavior compares with that of others.

Distinctiveness

Social Perception

Attribution Cues

Attribution cues that reflect the extent to which a person engages in some behavior across a variety of situations.

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Kelley’s Model of Attribution

Example of Organizational Behavior (poor performance of

an associate)

Types of information / observation

Attribution Modes

Co-workers are also performing poorly on this task.

The associate dose not do well on this task during only one time period

The associate does well on other tasks, but not this one.

Co-workers are performing very well on this task.

The associate does not do well on this task at any one time.

The associate does poorly on other task as well as this one.

High Consensus

High Consistency

Low Consistency

High Distinctiveness

Low Consensus

Low Distinctiveness

Situational Attribution

External (Situational or environmental

factors)

Dispositional Attributions

Internal (personal factors)

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Social Perception

The tendency to generalize about people in a social category and ignore variation among them.

Stereotyping Three specific aspects to stereotyping:

We distinguish some category of people (college professors)We assume that the individuals in this category have certain

traits (absent-minded, disorganized).We perceive that everyone in this category possesses these traits.

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Social Perception

The tendency for our overall impressions of others to affect objective evaluating of their specific traits; perceiving high correlations between characteristics that may be unrelated.

The Halo Effect

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Impression Management

Impression Management (self-presentation) is the process by which people attempt to manage or control the perceptions others form of them.

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Impression Management

Employee impression

Management Strategies

Demotion- Preventive Strategies

Promotion-Enhancing Strategies

Disassociation

Accounts

Apologies

Obstacle Disclosures

Entitlements

Enhancements

Entitlements

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Questions for Discussion

Discuss how differences in the experiences of students and professors might affect their perceptions of students’ written work and class comments.

Discuss the occupational stereotypes that you hold of computer programmers, clerks, mini wagon drivers, waiters, bankers. How do you think these stereotypes have developed? Has an occupational stereotype ever caused you to commit a socially embarrassing error when meeting someone for the first time?

Suppose an employee does a particularly poor job on an assigned project. Discuss the attribution process that this person’s manager will use to form judgments about this poor performance. Be sure to discuss how the manager will use consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness cues.

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Questions for Discussion

What kind of things people might do to be able to enhance the impressions they leave on others in organizations?

Describe an organizational situation in which it would be important to judge whether someone’s behavior stems primarily from internal or external causes.

How do stereotypes influence the way we judge others in organizations? How may stereotypical judgments be overcome?

Differentiate Sensation and Perception. Explain how does Halo Effect impact our decision making.

Define perception. Explain the various factors that affect perception.

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