Organizational Theory Chapter 5 Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor Police...

Organizational TheoryOrganizational TheoryChapter 5

Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor

Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior

(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)

Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved

• Makes organizations more understandable• Reveals how authority and decision making are organized

and distributed• Explains why some police departments are less or more

open to change and innovation• Makes assumptions about followers• Incorporates notions about the environments that the police

department faces and how these can impinge on the department

• Provides an essential tool for leaders in deciding how the work will be processed and the structure and relationship of the work units needed to accomplish it

Organizational Theory



Cui bono Typology

Mutual Benefit

Associations

Business Concerns

Service Orgs.

Commonweal Orgs.



Traditional Organizational Theory



Scientific Management

• Frederick W. Taylor

• “One best way” to do work

• Focus on labor, not management

• Productivity & motivation– Natural Soldiering– Systematic Soldiering



The Bureaucratic Model• Principle of hierarchy• Right of appeal and

grievances• Division of labor• Duties bound by rational

rules• Acts and administrative

rules are recorded• “Rights” are property of the

office/job• Merit-based appointments• Organizational members do

not own the means of production



Hierarchy and Job Specialization in a Bureaucracy



Police as Street-Level Bureaucrats

“State Agents”• Follow all laws and

policies

“Citizen Agents”• Bend or ignore some

laws and policies



• Sought to identify generic/universal methods of administration

• Supervise no more than 5-6 subordinates

• Gulick’s POSDCRB

Administrative Theory



POSDCRB



• “Man as machine” orientation

• Criticisms by Bennis– Does not allow for personal growth– Compels conformity– Does not account for informal organization– System of control outdated– No adequate judicial process– No process to resolve differences or conflicts– Communication cut off due to tall hierarchy– Full human resources not utilized

Criticisms of Traditional Theory



• Elton Mayo: Hawthorne Studies

• “Hawthorne Effect”– People being studied behave differently because

they like the attention they get

Human Relations School



• Work should be satisfying and help to motivate workers

• Organizations must pay attention to the needs of workers

• Work should not be something people endure just to make a living

Organizational Humanism



Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy



McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X Theory Yvs.



Herzberg: Motivation-Hygiene Theory

• Two sets of variables– Hygiene (maintenance) factors: relate to work

environment– Motivators: relate to work itself



• Warren Bennis

• A change management process– Attempts to take the uncertainty out of change

Organizational Development



• Assumes complete rationality, optimizing performances, predictability, internal efficiency, and certainty• All behavior is believed to be functional• All outcomes are believed to be predictable and

certain• The closed organization can ignore changes in the

larger environment• Political, technological, economic, etc.

• Sees little need for interaction with its environment

Organizations as Closed Systems



Organizations as Open Systems



Interdependence

• Police unions

• Partners

• Events

• Legal framework

• Governing body

• Special interest groups/stakeholders

• Technology

• Other departments



Two Environmental TheoriesEnvironmen

tal Contingenc

y Theory

Resource Dependenc

y TheoryLeaders must “read the environment”

Decide what type of structure is the “best fit” with the environment being faced

All agencies are dependent on larger environment for their resourcesIdentify their standing compared to other agencies competing for resources



Inadequate ornon-existent

plans

Insufficient orineffective resources

Cosmology

Chaos Theory

Informationoverload

(politicians,media, etc)

Normal services not

possible

Widespread fear and

uncertaintyInitial lack ofinformation

Bifurcation

Date post:	19-Jan-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	david-gibson
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Organizational Theory Chapter 5 Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo, and Robert W. Taylor Police...

Documents