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    2013

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    1

    DISCLAIMER

    -- -- - (EWMI) --

    ,

    (G-PAC).

    ,

    (USAID).

    USAID-

    .

    Development of the Organizational Theory Course project is implemented through the

    Policy, Advocacy, and Civil Society Development in Georgia (G-PAC) program of East-West

    Management Institute (EWMI).

    This program was made possible by the generous support of the American people through

    the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

    The contents of this Georgian Reader do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the

    United States Government.

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    2

    :

    I. - .3II. - .5

    III. , - .11IV.

    - .21V. - .24

    VI. - .26VII. - .29

    VIII. - .49IX. - .57X. ,

    , - .65XI. - .73

    XII. - .79XIII. - .87XIV.

    - .106XV. - .109

    XVI. - .137 1: , - .159 2: - .191

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    3

    I

    :, ,

    ? - ,

    (1).

    .

    , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    :

    - - - (Responsiveness) -

    - -

    -

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    4

    - ,

    :

    ,

    . ,

    - ..

    , .

    .

    ,

    - .

    , , ;.

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    5

    II

    1.

    :

    1. ?2. ?3.

    ?

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    2.

    .

    : :

    -

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    6

    -

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    4.

    :

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    7

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    ::

    - (, )

    - ( ,

    ,

    )

    - (, ,

    , Overall

    ,

    ,

    ). , CEO (Chief Executive Officer)

    .

    .

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    8

    :

    1.

    ;

    2. ;

    3.

    ;

    4. , ,, ; ,

    , ;

    5.

    ,

    , ;

    ,

    6. , ,

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    9

    7. ;

    8.

    ; , ;

    9. ; ;

    ;

    10. ; ;

    .

    _

    1. --

    -, , -

    -

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    10

    2. _

    -

    -

    -

    -

    3. --

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    11

    III,

    , .

    .

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    ,

    .

    , ()

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    . :

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    ;

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    12

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    13

    (, , ,

    ,).

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    14

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    15

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    16

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    17

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    ).

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    18

    , 1(CEO)

    - (., ,

    )

    ()

    ,

    : ,

    1Rainey H.G. Understanding and managing public organizations, 2003, p.102

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    19

    PESTEL

    ,

    .

    PESTEL- , ,

    :

    P - : ; ; ;

    ;

    ,

    ; ,

    ; ,; .

    E : ; ; ; ; ;

    .

    S : ; ; ; ; ;

    ;.

  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    20

    T : ; ,; ;

    .

    E : ;

    ; ;

    ;

    .

    L : ; ; ;

    ;

    .

    PESTEL (),

    .

    ,

    .

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    21

    IV

    : , , ,.

    : , , ?

    ?

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    : , , ,

    ,, , .

    : ?

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    22

    : ? , ,

    ?

    ,

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    : ,, .

    : ?

    ? ,

    ?

    : , , , .

    : ?

    ?

    ?

    : , , (Policy) (Politics).

    : ()?

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    23

    (Public Good)?

    ?

    ?

    , ,

    ? (, 1, .9)

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    V

    - -,

    , ,

    , ;

    , , ,

    . :

    , -

    - - ;

    , ;

    , , , Organizational

    Performance. :

    1. 1) 2)

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    25

    3) (, )

    4) () 2.

    , ,

    (Public Choice) ,

    , ,

    ,

    , ,

    .

    3.

    . ,

    ,

    - ,

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    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , - -

    .

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    26

    VI:

    1) - ,,,

    ,

    2) -,

    ,

    3) -, 4) -,

    ,

    /:

    .

    ().

    .

    .

    .

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    27

    ,

    .

    ().

    ,

    (Performance) .

    .

    ,

    / - (MfR).

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

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    28

    - , ; .

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    29

    VII

    ,

    . : ,

    , .

    Downs (1967) Inside Bureaucracy

    . ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    . , ..

    (, ,

    , )

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    , , .

    Hummel (1994) The Bureaucratic Experience

    ,

    ,

    , , .. Inhuman beings -

    .

    ,

    ;

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    30

    , .

    .. .

    :,.

    ,

    . ( )

    Policy .

    . Policy Setting-, .

    :,

    . ,

    , ,

    .

    , .

    , XX. ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

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    . ,

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    32

    ,

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    33

    :

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    : ,

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    34

    .

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    35

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    36

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    37

    .

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    38

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    39

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    40

    ,

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    41

    .

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    42

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    43

    , .

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    .

    ,

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    : ,

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    .

    , .

    , ,

    , , ,

    (Weber, Theory of Social and Economic

    Organization, p.337). ,

    . ,

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    :

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    , XX

    , .

  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    45

    .

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    46

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    - ,

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    48

    ,

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    VIII

    1911 - . ,

    .

    .

    :

    1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)

    .

    - , :

    (Measuring Performance)

    .

    (Work

    Perfomance) , .

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    , ,

    .

    1900-:

    (Waste)

    :1.

    2. 3.

    1. - .. Soldiering, -

    ()

    -

    2. High-speed ( ,

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    51

    )

    3. :- - ,

    , ,

    .

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    ,

    , .

    : (Waste) ;

    ;

    ,

    .

    /

    .

    : , . .

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    Task setting - : , ().

    Time study - - .

    1) , ;

    2) ;

    3) .. , - ,

    .

    ;

    4) : +

    .

    : 300%- ; , .

    Pig Iron Handling::

    1.

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    54

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    , :

    ;

    ;

    (,

    ,

    , ),

    , ,

    .

    30-100%-.

    , Gantt-

    .

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    (Functional Foremanship) ,

    ,

    .

    . 8

    () : .

    :1. , ,

    -, -

    ;

    2. - (Eastern Rate Case -

    1911 .);

    3.

    , ;4. .

    ; ; ; Job Descriptions; ; ;

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    ; ; Performance Measurement.

    ,

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    IX

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    . 1926 ,

    ,

    (Leonard White,

    Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, 1926).

    ,

    .

    .

    .

    (Henry Fayol) . (F.W. Willoughby) .

    .

    ,

    , ,

    . ,

    .

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    (Henry Fayol, 1841-1925),

    XIX-XX

    ,

    , . ,

    , , ,

    , .

    ,

    . 1916

    ,

    , . 1918

    ,

    .

    : ., ,

    , , , ,

    .

    . ,

    ,

    .

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    , , ,

    ,

    . : ,

    , ,

    .

    14 , :

    1.

    ;

    2. ; ,

    ;

    3.

    .

    , ;4.

    ;

    ;

  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    5. ,

    ;

    6.

    ;

    ;7.

    ;8.

    ,

    .

    ;9.

    ;

    , ,

    ;10.

    ,

    ;

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    ;

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    ,

    ;

    13. , ;

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    ;14.

    ,

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    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    (James D. Mooney 1884-1957), .

    , General Motors-

    , .

    , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    . :

    .

    .

    ,

    .

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    ,

    , .

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    . ,

    ,

    .

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    X, ,

    - 1930-

    . ,

    ,

    .

    .

    . 1936

    ,

    . (Luther

    Gulick),

    .

    ,

    , .

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    ,

    .

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    66

    , ,

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    :

    ;

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    V.S. - ,

    ; .

  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    ,

    .

    - , , .

    (Span of Control) - ,

    .

    (Unity of Command) - . (Homogenity) - ;

    .

    (Line-staff) - ,

    .

    ,

    .

    ,

    : POSDCORB:

    (Planning), (Organizing), (Staffing),

    (Directing), (Coordinating), (Reporting)

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    (Budgeting).,

    .

    -:

    . ,

    .

    , ,

    , .

    . , ,

    , , ,

    .

    , , ,

    , , ,

    . ,

    . . :,

    .

  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    , , ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    . ,

    (4 P) :

    (Purpose), (, ..);

    (Process), (,);

  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    (Persons), (, );

    (Place),. ,

    XX

    . ,

    ,

    . , ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    , .

    , .

    ,

    ,

    . ,

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    .

    ,

    .

    (Charles A. Beard, Frederick A.

    Cheveland)

    .

    :

    1. ;

    , .

    2. ,

    .

    3. ,

    .

    4. .

    5. , ,

    .

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    6. .

    7. ,

    , .

    , .

    ,

    . ,

    .

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    .

    ,

    ,

    , , ,

    , .

    . 1

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    XI

    , ,

    .

    , , ,

    , ,

    . 40-

    (Herbert Simon)

    (Dwight Waldo).

    40- , ,

    , POSDCORB-.

    ,

    , ,

    . ,

    ,

    . , ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    , , ,

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    ,

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    .

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    , .

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    , ,

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    .

    ,

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    .

    Charles Lindblom- ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    ,

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    .

    , ,

    . ,

    ,

    . , ,

    ,

    . . (Successive Limited

    Comparison), . ,

    ,

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    XX ,

    . ,

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    ,

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    ,

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    78

    , ,

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    30-

    .

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    XII

    - , ,. ,

    ,

    .

    , (1820-1903) (1858-1917)

    .

    (1902 1979) .

    ,

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    (Herbert Spencer).

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    80

    ().

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    (Scott, 2004).

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    81

    , ,

    (Scott, 1995, DiMaggio and Powell,

    1983).

    : ,

    (Peter Hall,

    Political Science and the Three New institutionalisms).

    60-70

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    , ,

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    83

    ,

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    . (.941).

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    , (,

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    84

    (Williamson).

    , (cross-national) ,

    ,

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    (944-945)

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    85

    ,

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    70-

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    86

    .

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    X

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    88

    . ,

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    ,

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    3.

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    89

    ,

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    90

    .

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    91

    ,

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    92

    , ,

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    2.

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    94

    .

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    . ,

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    : ,

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    .,

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    ) ,

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    .

    ,

    ,

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  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    .,

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    .

    -,

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    . ,

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    .

  • 7/22/2019 Organizational Theory Georgian Reader

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    - ;

    - ;

    -

    ;

    - , ,

    .

    -

    ;

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    ,

    ,

    .

    -

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    ;

    - (.

    ), ,

    ;

    -

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    ,

    :

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    (, )/

    ( , )

    / (Outcomes and Outputs)

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    XIV

    -

    /,

    ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    :

    - (Goods) , .

    ,

    . , ,

    , ,

    .

    .

    ( ),

    .

    - ,

    . ,

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    , -

    .

    - , , .

    .

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    , .

    , , ,

    ,

    ..

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

    .

    (Easton, 1979).

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    ,

    ,

    .

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    XV

    : , .MBO- ,

    (Actual Performance)

    .

    ,

    ,

    .

    MBO , , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    MBO , ,

    ,

    . ,

    . MBO

    .

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    MBO- :1. -

    . ,

    (Job satisfaction and

    Commitment);

    2. -

    ;

    3. ;4. - ,

    ,

    ,

    ;

    5. - ,

    .

    ,

    ( , , , ,

    , ,

    ..)

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    111

    ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    , (Results Chain).

    , , ,

    ,

    .

    ()

    ,

    , , .

    SMART:, ,

    ,,

    ., ,

    . ,

    , .

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    . SMART ,

    :

    Specific - :, .

    .

    , , ..

    .

    Measurable - : ,

    .

    Attainable - : , ,

    .Relevant -

    .

    Time-Bound - .

    , ,:

    :

    /

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    1. : , ,

    , ;

    2. , . ,

    ;

    3. , .

    ;

    4. ;5. :

    ;

    6. ;7. .

    SMART ::

    : 1. ?

    ?

    ? ,

    ?

    , ?

    :

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    .

    2. ? ,

    ?

    :

    - %, , (

    10%, 50%, 25% )

    - %, ( 10%, - 90%).

    3. ? ?

    , , ,

    , . ,

    ,

    .

    4. ?

    ?

    ?

    , .

    5. ?

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    ?

    :

    1. . ,

    .

    2. , , . ,

    , ,

    , ..

    ( ).

    3.

    , . ,

    ,

    , .

    4. , , ,

    ,

    ,

    . MBO-

    .

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    MBO- .

    RBM (Results based Management)-. 1950-

    , Peter Drucker-,

    .. (Management by Objectives):

    (Performance Evaluation)

    RBM-.

    ,

    .. Logical Framework

    Logframe .

    , 60- USAID-

    . ,

    ,

    .

    .

    90-

    , ,

    . ,,

    .

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    ,

    .

    RBM-

    ()

    - . ,

    ,

    , , ,

    , ,

    .

    RBM- .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    1. ?RBM ,

    ,

    . RBM ,

    ,

    , . RBM-

    , ,

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    ,

    . ,

    , ,

    . RBM ,

    . RBM- , ,

    .

    RBM-

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    RBM ,

    , , ,

    .

    RBM ,

    , .

    .

    RBM ..

    (Sustainable Development),

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    , ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    - , ,

    .

    RBM- : . , ,

    , RBM-

    , ,

    ,

    . ,

    .

    :

    1. Better implementation

    , ;

    ,

    , ,

    .

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    , ,

    .

    2. Better communication

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    3. Stronger capacity development

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    4. More realistic project schedules

    , ,

    .

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    121

    5. Useful evaluation results

    . ,

    , ,

    . ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    , .

    , ,

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    6. Reducing opportunities and pressures for corruption

    (),

    ( )

    , ,

    .

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    ,

    , ,

    , ,

    , ,

    ,

    , .

    2. ,

    ,

    , .

    , RBM

    . RBM-

    .

    , ,

    ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    , ,

    RBM-

    ,

    .

    RBM- :

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    (Resources) (Input) (Activities) (Outcomes) (, ) Outcomes

    (Immediate, Intermediate and Ultimate),

    (Impact) (Purpose) (Objectives) (Risk) (Risk Management) (Assumptions) (, ) Indicators

    (For Activities, Results and Risk)

    (Targets) (Measures) (Baseline Data) (Results Chains) (Logic Model) (Logical Framework) (Results Framework) (Performance Measurement Framework) (Performance Monitoring Framework) (Monitoring and Evaluation

    System)

    (Outcome Evaluations)

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    (DevelopmentEffectiveness Reviews)

    (Impact Assessment)

    : -- "Outputs", "Outcomes", "Impacts" --

    ,

    .

    "Results , "Goals"

    "Objectives".

    , ,

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    , RBM-

    ,

    , .

    RBM :

    , ; ,

    ,

    ;

    ;

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    125

    , .

    2. :

    Outputs - Outcomes - , RBM- , (Input) ,

    (Output),

    .

    ,

    , , , - ,

    .

    Outputs , (, Input)

    . ,

    / - Activities

    , .

    Outcomes ,.

    , , , , , .

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    1.

    2.

    (Input) (Output)

    (Outcome)

    /(Impact)

    ;

    ;

    .

    ;

    .

    ;

    .

    .

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    Monitoring and Evaluation

    RBM- .

    (Performance Assessment) ,

    .

    :

    ,

    ;

    , (Development

    Results);

    Ex-post, ;

    .

    -Top-down Bottom-up (Accountability):

    ,

    , . ,

    ,

    ,

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    .

    ,

    , , ,

    . ,

    , ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    ,

    . ,

    . , ,

    (., 65%),

    .

    .

    ,

    .

    .

    , , ,

    . , ,

    .

    ,

    ,

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    . , ,

    ,

    , :

    ()

    , 1-10-

    , , .

    ,

    .

    ,

    .

    :

    ; (); (,

    ..)

    :Inputs - , Interventions - , Outputs - , /Results - , .

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    .

    :

    (Input)

    (Intervention),

    , (Output),

    -

    ,

    , .

    , ,

    , .

    :

    ; -,

    ;

    , -;

    ( ) .

    1: : ;

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    /- , ,

    /;

    ; ;

    :

    ;

    ;

    ;

    .

    : ,

    .

    : ;

    ;

    , ;

    ;

    , .

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    2:

    : ;

    ;

    ; ; ; .

    : ;

    ;

    ; ; .

    : ,

    .

    : ; ,

    ;

    .

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    3: :

    ;

    ;

    ; ; /; ;

    ;

    .

    :

    ;

    ;

    ,

    , ;

    ; ;

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    ;

    ;

    .

    :

    ;

    .

    :

    ;

    , ;

    ;

    .:: (

    )? ,

    ? ?

    ? ?

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    ? ?

    ?

    ? ?

    ?

    ? ?

    ?

    ?

    ? ?

    ? ?

    ?

    ? ?

    ? /

    ? (Evaluation) ,

    , .

    :

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    : , ;

    : ;

    : ; (Impact): , ,

    , ;

    : .

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    XVI

    , , -

    ,

    ,

    - A De Gues, The Living Company

    , , ,. , ,

    ,

    . ,

    . , , ,

    .

    , , ,

    ,

    .

    :

    ?

    .

    , .

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    ,

    , .

    . ,

    ,

    - ,

    . ,

    -.

    ::: ,

    , .

    , , ,

    . , ,

    ,

    , .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    , .

    ,

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    ,

    ,

    , . ., ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    , - . ,

    , . ,

    , ,

    , .

    .

    : ,

    ,

    , , . ,

    , , - ,

    .

    , ,

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    - , .

    ,

    .

    , ,

    ,

    ; ,

    , ,

    .

    :,,

    ,

    . ,

    ,

    .

    , ,

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    .

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    . ,

    ? ?

    ?

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    141

    ?

    ? ,

    ?

    - -

    ? , , ,

    .

    . ,

    ,

    , .

    .

    60-

    , (Chris Argyris) (Edgar

    Shein). ,

    .

    ,

    (Inputs and Outcomes).

    ,

    .

    (

    )

    :

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    142

    .

    ,

    .

    -

    , . , , ,

    , -

    . , ,

    . .

    , ,

    . ,

    , , , ,

    , .

    , ,

    .

    .

    :

    7% ; 38% (

    );

    55% .

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    143

    .

    ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    ,

    ,

    , , ,

    .

    -

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    .

    , .

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    , ,

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    , ,

    , ,

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    . X

    . ,

    , ,

    ,

    . , , , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

    , .

    , ,

    .

    , , , ,

    .

    .

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    . , ,

    .

    .

    , - , Workforce-.

    .

    , .

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    ,

    ( , ,

    , , ,

    ).

    , .

    , ,

    , ,

    .

    / ,

    , .

    ,

    .

    , -

    , (John P. Kotter), Leading

    Change (1995) The Heart of Change (2002)

    , .

    , ,

    ,

    ,

    .

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    ()

    1. - ( ,

    );

    2. ( ,

    , ,

    );

    3. ( ,

    .

    );

    4. ( , , ,

    )

    ()

    5. :

    - - 6. ,

    ( ,

    , ,);

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    147

    ,

    7. ( ,

    ,

    );

    ()

    8. /:- ()

    (Task Analysis) (Job Reorganization), , ,

    , ,

    .

    ,

    . ,

    . ,

    .

    , ,

    .

    , ,

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    148

    ,

    .

    . - ,

    , .

    .

    . , ,

    .

    () .

    - , -

    .

    . , - Approval.

    - .

    -, -

    .

    .

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    149

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    216/217

    215

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    217/217

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