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The Philippine Environmental Governance 2 Project
Orientation on Marine Protected AreaEstablishment and Management
Marine Sanctuary – one of the strategyfor Integrated Coastal ManagementMarine Sanctuary Marine Sanctuary –– one of the strategyone of the strategyfor Integrated Coastal Managementfor Integrated Coastal Management
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Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary
?? Specific marine area, reserved by law and governed by Specific marine area, reserved by law and governed by rules or guidelines that manages activities and protect part rules or guidelines that manages activities and protect part of or the entire coastal and marine environment of or the entire coastal and marine environment
?? Fishing or any other type of activities is strictly Fishing or any other type of activities is strictly prohibitedprohibited
?? Allows recovery of stock and rehabilitates coastal Allows recovery of stock and rehabilitates coastal ecosystemsecosystems
?? Reproductive reserveReproductive reserve
Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary –– nono--take zone; strictly no fishingtake zone; strictly no fishing
Marine ReserveMarine Reserve –– uses are regulated; uses are regulated; undestructiveundestructive fishing is allowedfishing is allowed
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Advantages of Marine SanctuaryAdvantages of Marine Sanctuary
?? Protection of spawning stockProtection of spawning stock
?? Provides a recruitment sourceProvides a recruitment source
?? Maintenance of natural population and areas of Maintenance of natural population and areas of undisturbed habitatsundisturbed habitats
?? Simplified enforcementSimplified enforcement
?? Ease of public understanding and acceptance Ease of public understanding and acceptance of managementof management
MPAs MPAs dondon’’t need fences; and are like t need fences; and are like ““bankbank””investments where spillover are like interests investments where spillover are like interests on depositson deposits
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Increase in number of species and number of individuals of Large Predators in the Apo Island Reserve, Philippines, over a 5-year period.
Note that species richness and abundance of large predators have not changed significantly in an adjacent area open to fishing.
Source: Russ 1991
Considerations in Establishing Considerations in Establishing Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary
Social FactorsSocial Factors
?? degree of acceptance by the local communitydegree of acceptance by the local community?? extent of support by the localsextent of support by the locals?? equitable distribution of benefitsequitable distribution of benefits
Economic FactorsEconomic Factors
?? number of resourcenumber of resource--users dependent in the areausers dependent in the area?? revenue generated from resourcerevenue generated from resource--use in the areause in the area?? availability of supplemental livelihood options for those availability of supplemental livelihood options for those
who will be affected by the reduction who will be affected by the reduction of fishing groundsof fishing grounds
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Considerations in Establishing Considerations in Establishing Marine SanctuaryMarine Sanctuary
Ecological FactorsEcological Factors
?? variety of species and habitatsvariety of species and habitats?? breeding, feeding, nursery grounds for various stocksbreeding, feeding, nursery grounds for various stocks?? naturalnessnaturalness?? migration pathmigration path
Practical Considerations Practical Considerations
?? manageability (ease in enforcement and patrolling)manageability (ease in enforcement and patrolling)?? presence of assertive authority to enforce rulespresence of assertive authority to enforce rules?? presence of potential key players in managementpresence of potential key players in management
Patterns of Decline and Recovery for Large Predatory Patterns of Decline and Recovery for Large Predatory Fishes at Fishes at SumilonSumilon, the Snappers (, the Snappers (LutjanidaeLutjanidae), Groupers ), Groupers
((SerranidaeSerranidae) and Emperors () and Emperors (LethrinidaeLethrinidae).).
Source: Redrawn from Russ and Source: Redrawn from Russ and AlcalaAlcala (1994) in Roberts and Hawkins 2000 (1994) in Roberts and Hawkins 2000
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Setting Objectives:Setting Objectives:
••Consider implications of favoring either ecological Consider implications of favoring either ecological or social acceptabilityor social acceptability
••Participation and equity of benefitsParticipation and equity of benefits
••FeasibilityFeasibility
••SustainabilitySustainability
••For regulating fisheries, protection, tourism, etc.For regulating fisheries, protection, tourism, etc.
Key Factors in the DesignKey Factors in the Design
?? Size Size -- small vs. largesmall vs. large
?? Location (e.g. within reach of fisheries)Location (e.g. within reach of fisheries)
?? ShapeShape
?? Community ParticipationCommunity Participation
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Legal Provisions for Managing Marine Legal Provisions for Managing Marine Sanctuaries in the PhilippinesSanctuaries in the Philippines
1.1. RA 8550 (Philippine Fisheries Code)RA 8550 (Philippine Fisheries Code)
2. NIPAS Act2. NIPAS Act
3. Local Government Code (RA 7160)3. Local Government Code (RA 7160)
4. Executive Programs4. Executive Programs
5. Tourist Zones 5. Tourist Zones -- under Presidential Proclamation 1801under Presidential Proclamation 1801
6. IPRA6. IPRA
7. International Laws, e.g. UNCLOS7. International Laws, e.g. UNCLOS
Issue identificationIssue identificationand baseline and baseline assessmentassessment
CRM planCRM planpreparationpreparation
and adoptionand adoption
Action plan and Action plan and projectproject
implementationimplementation
Local legislationLocal legislation
Coastal lawCoastal lawenforcementenforcement
RegulationRegulation
ExternalExternalrevenuerevenuesourcessources
Annual programAnnual programpreparation andpreparation andbudgetingbudgeting
RevenueRevenuegenerationgeneration
Monitoring and evaluationMonitoring and evaluation
Information management, Information management, education andeducation andoutreachoutreach
Issue identificationIssue identificationand baseline and baseline assessmentassessment
CRM planCRM planpreparationpreparation
and adoptionand adoption
Action plan and Action plan and projectproject
implementationimplementation
Local legislationLocal legislation
Coastal lawCoastal lawenforcementenforcement
RegulationRegulation
Local legislationLocal legislation
Coastal lawCoastal lawenforcementenforcement
RegulationRegulation
ExternalExternalrevenuerevenuesourcessources
ExternalExternalrevenuerevenuesourcessources
Annual programAnnual programpreparation andpreparation andbudgetingbudgeting
Annual programAnnual programpreparation andpreparation andbudgetingbudgeting
RevenueRevenuegenerationgenerationRevenueRevenuegenerationgeneration
Monitoring and evaluationMonitoring and evaluation
Information management, Information management, education andeducation andoutreachoutreach
The CRM CycleThe CRM Cycle
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Establishment ProcessOrientation on Marine
Sanctuary:Definition and
Concept Formation and training of core group:
- defining roles and functions- exposure trips
Conc
eptu
alizat
ion
Site Surveys:presentation and Validation of results
-MS site selected-
IEC Community consultations:- gain endorsement
from various groups- community agreement on site(s) and size
Lobbying LGU Officials
Legitimizat
ion
EnforcementLegislation Management/Monitoring
Implem
enta
tion
Marine Sanctuary ManagementMarine Sanctuary Management
Institutionalization of a management groupInstitutionalization of a management group
Administrative/Organizational SetAdministrative/Organizational Set--upup
Action PlanningAction Planning--WorkshopWorkshop
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Management PlanningManagement PlanningAdministrative/OrganizationalAdministrative/OrganizationalEnforcementEnforcementMonitoring and Evaluation, Feedback and ResponseMonitoring and Evaluation, Feedback and ResponseCommunity ParticipationCommunity ParticipationCapability Building/Organizational StrengtheningCapability Building/Organizational StrengtheningFinancial ConsiderationsFinancial Considerations
Program DevelopmentProgram Development
Management Cost:Management Cost:
LogisticsLogistics
AdministrationAdministration
EnforcementEnforcement
Budgeting (reporting)Budgeting (reporting)
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MPA User Fees in the PhilippinesMPA User Fees in the Philippines-- accrue to accrue to LGUs LGUs w/budget for MPA managementw/budget for MPA management
1.1. Tubbataha Tubbataha ReefReef’’s National Marine Park (s National Marine Park (PalawanPalawan))Entrance fees: foreigners $50; locals $25Entrance fees: foreigners $50; locals $25
2. 2. Gilutungan Gilutungan Marine Sanctuary (Marine Sanctuary (CebuCebu))Entrance fees: P25/person/dayEntrance fees: P25/person/dayOperator fees: P1,000/yearOperator fees: P1,000/year
3. 3. BoracayBoracay* (*Willingness to Pay survey)* (*Willingness to Pay survey)Entrance fees: $5 Entrance fees: $5 -- $20$20
Public Information
Monitoring and evaluation
Site Development
Marine Sanctuary Marine Sanctuary establishment and establishment and
managementmanagement
Management Plan formulation
Site selection and assessment
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Source : WWF Sulu-Sulawesi Ecoregion: Cradle of Life
MORO GULF
an outstanding area for biodiversity and fishery production in the Indo-Pacific Region
Scaling – up CRM efforts
Putting theory into practice
Reference Vectors
0 0.5
NE MONSOON
SW MONSOON OCTOBER TRANSITION
MARCH TRANSITION
Currents may transport and entrain larvae to habitats in the western section of the Illana Bay
USAID EcoGov 2 ( Villanoy, 2006)
Seasonal Current Circulation Patterns
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Brgy. BibilikArea: 20 hectares
Brgy. BacayawanArea: 20 hectares
Municipal Marine Sanctuary
Tambunan MPA – 98 ha
Concepcion MPA – 28 ha
Alindahaw -70 ha
MiSSTa – 160 ha
Marine Protected Area Networks
?local marine sanctuaries
?network of marine sanctuaries
Fishery/Coastal Violations
?local law enforcers
?multi-agency /LGU Fishery Law Enforcement Team
Inter- LGU Collaboration on
Fishery Law Enforcement
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Brgy. BikilikArea: 20 hectares
Brgy. BacayawanArea: 20 hectares
Municipal Marine Sanctuary
Tambunan MPA – 98 ha
Concepcion MPA – 28 ha
Alindahaw -70 ha
MiSSTa – 160 ha
Potentials of MPA Networks in Illana Bay