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Congressional Historical Eras and Electoral Discontinuities
Critical periods
1800 1850 1900 1950 2004
1812-20 1860-65 1896-1912 1964-1968
Congressional systemsExperimental Democritizing Civil War Textbook Post-Reform
1789-1812(Experimental system)
Electoral dynamics Organizational dynamics
During critical period
During cong’l
system
Rules Comms. Party leadership
-Elite electorate (Table 3.2)
-Feds vs. Reps.
-Floor supreme
-”previous q” developed in the House
-Ad hoc select comms. dominate
-Loose formal organization
1812-20(Transition from Experimental to
Antebellum systems)
• -Electorate expands
• -Federalists discredited
• -Slavery now an issue
• -Napoleanic Wars end
1820-60(Antebellum system)
Organizational dynamics
Electoral dynamics Rules Comms. Party leadership
-Mass electorate
-Whigs vs. Dems.
Committees take agenda control
-Standings dominate selects
-comm chairs compete w/ Speaker
-Regional divisions complicate Speakership selection (next slide)
-Senate leadership remains weak
Balloting for Speaker
1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900
Year
0
5
10
15
20
Num
ber
of c
andi
date
s
Candidates receiving votesCadidates receiving 10 or more votes
42.7OppositionAmer.Nathaniel Banks, Mass.133341855
67.1DemocratDem.Linn Boyd, Ky.1331853
54.5DemocratDem.Linn Boyd, Ky.1321851
48.5DemocratDem.Howell Cobb, Ga.63311849
50.4WhigWhig.Robert C. Winthrop, Mass.3301847
62.3DemocratDem.John W. Davis, Ind.1291845
65.9DemocratDem.John W. Jones, Va.1281843
58.7WhigWhigJohn White, Ky.1271841
51.7DemocratWhigRobert M.T. Hunter, Va.11261839
52.9DemocratDem.James K. Polk. Tenn.1251837
59.1JacksonJacksonJames K. Polk. Tenn.1241835
““JacksonJohn Bell, Tenn.10231834
59.6JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1231833
59.2JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1221831
63.8JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1211829
53.1JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1201827
51.2AdamsAdamsJohn W. Taylor, N.Y.2191825
Pct.NamePartyName, StateBallotsCong.Year
Largest partyWinning Speaker
42.7OppositionAmer.Nathaniel Banks, Mass.133341855
67.1DemocratDem.Linn Boyd, Ky.1331853
54.5DemocratDem.Linn Boyd, Ky.1321851
48.5DemocratDem.Howell Cobb, Ga.63311849
50.4WhigWhig.Robert C. Winthrop, Mass.3301847
62.3DemocratDem.John W. Davis, Ind.1291845
65.9DemocratDem.John W. Jones, Va.1281843
58.7WhigWhigJohn White, Ky.1271841
51.7DemocratWhigRobert M.T. Hunter, Va.11261839
52.9DemocratDem.James K. Polk. Tenn.1251837
59.1JacksonJacksonJames K. Polk. Tenn.1241835
““JacksonJohn Bell, Tenn.10231834
59.6JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1231833
59.2JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1221831
63.8JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1211829
53.1JacksonJacksonAndrew Stevenson, Va.1201827
51.2AdamsAdamsJohn W. Taylor, N.Y.2191825
Pct.NamePartyName, StateBallotsCong.Year
Largest partyWinning Speaker
The Effect of the Balance RuleS
lave
ry
Gov’t Activism
Stylized House
SS
NN
NN
N
WH()
Sla
very
Gov’t Activism
Stylized Senate
SS
NN
WS()
1860-1865(Transition from Antebellum to Civil
War System• South excluded from national elections
• Party support highly regionalized
1865-1896(Civil War System)
Organizational dynamics
Electoral dynamics Rules Comms. Party leadership
-Dems. v. Reps.
-Dem. Strength in the South
-Rep. strength in the North
-Knife-edged partisan margins
-”Reed Rules” in the House
-Parties take control of committee rosters
-Appr. devolution
-Party polarization
-Party “strong”
Ideological divisions2n
d di
m. d
w-n
omin
ate
(mul
tiply
b
1st dimen. dw-nominate-.859 .739
-1.037
.986
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ly b
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52nd Cong.(1891-1893)
80th Cong.(1943-45)
1896-1912(Transition from Civil War to
Textbook systems)• Economic dislocations create
Progressive/Populist movements
A Word about Senate Elections
• State legislative elections often brought about chaotic balloting
• Stories of corruption in Senate elections led to Progressive calls for reform
• 17th amendment: popular election of senators (1914)
• Still parties become more prominent
Effective number of Senate candidates in states
11
02
01
10
20
11
02
0
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
AL CA FL IA
KS KY MA ME
MN NC NY
Candidates Parties
Effe
ctiv
e nu
mbe
r of
Sen
ate
cand
idat
e/P
artie
s
Year of election
Graphs by State
1912-1968(Textbook system)
Organizational dynamics
Electoral dynamics Rules Comms. Party leadership
-Regional support for parties
-Dems pick up progressives and cities
Battles over filibuster prominent in the Senate
-Comms. dominate legislating & careers
-consol. in 1946
-Party cohesion diminishes
-party leaders brokers
Rise of careerism
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100(1816) (1836) (1856) (1876) (1896) (1916) (1936) (1956) (1976) (1996)
Congress
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Pct
. of
Hou
se r
epla
ced
by e
lect
ion
Actual replacementMoving average
1968-1974(Transition from Textbook to Post-
Reform system• Anti-war sentiment divorces supporters of
strong defense from Dems.
• Civil Rights movement divorces southern Whites from Dems, but reinforces Black affiliation with Dems.
1974-now(Post-Reform System
Organizational dynamics
Electoral dynamics Rules Comms. Party leadership
-Reps conservative, Dems. Liberal
-Regionalism per se deemphasized
Floor proceedings open up
-Comms important, but….
-Parties resurgent
-Leaders more assertive
(Republicans esp.)
Ideological separation of parties
Dimension 1
-2 -1 0 1 2
Dim
ensi
on 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
R
R
RR
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