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ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: DEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORSDEVELOPMENTAL RISK FACTORS
The life course of all humans follows a trajectory that may be littered with risk factors
Risk Factor
Antisocial Behavior
Risk Factor
Antisocial
Behavior
Antisocial
Behavior
Risk Factor
Individual attributes and developmental social and family experiences that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in persistent criminal behavior
Psychological Social Familial
Poverty Early peer rejection Association with antisocial peers Inadequate pre-school child care Inadequate after-school care School failure
Single-parent household
Permissive or lax parental style
Minimal parental monitoring
Parental psychopathology
Physical and emotional abuse/neglect
Domestic violence Substance abuse Antisocial siblings
Cognitive and language deficiencies Low IQ scores or psychometric intelligence Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD) Conduct disorder
The relationship between poverty and violence is not well understood
Many other variables◦ Inadequate schools◦ Inequities in resources◦ Discrimination, racism, ◦ Unsafe living conditions◦ Unemployment◦ Neighborhood violence
Peer-rejected children tend to be more aggressive, argumentative, inattentive, and disruptive than others, and generally have poorer social skills
Membership in deviant groups or gangs encourage and increase the already existing antisocial patterns in children and adolescents
Poor-quality child care ◦ Poorer language◦ Impaired cognitive development◦ Difficult social and emotional adjustment
Low-income children who experience high-quality infant and preschool care show better school achievement and socialized behavior in later years than similar children without child-care experience or with experience in lower-quality care
Children who are unsupervised after school in the early elementary grades are at elevated risk for behavior problems in early adolescence ◦ Antisocial children seek out niches that involve
association with antisocial peers and environments with minimal adult supervision
Early school failure is also linked to antisocial development and delinquency
reading achievement appears to play a prominent role in school failure
Parenting practices◦ Allowance ◦ Reading together ◦ Serving as home room parent
Parenting styles ◦ Gestures ◦ Tone of voice◦ Expression of emotion
Style Intention
Authoritarian
To shape and control child’s
life
Permissive No control, few restrictions
Authoritative
Rational, apply reasonable restrictions
Neglecting Detached and unengaged in child’s life
Enmeshed◦ Inconsistent and ineffective discipline◦ Use of coercive punishment for even minor
misbehavior
Lax◦ Lack of discipline◦ Denial about antisocial behavior
Parents’ awareness of their child’s peer associates, free-time activities, and physical whereabouts when outside the home ◦ Strong predictor of antisocial behavior during later
childhood and adolescence
Antisocial sibling is most influential when siblings are close in age
Parental depression, alcoholism, violence related to delinquency
Secure Child feels secure in parent’s presence, distressed when leaves but delighted by parent’s return
InsecureAnxious/ ambivalent
Child is very distressed by separation but may be indifferent or hostile when parent returns
Avoidant Child is indifferent about both separation and return
Affective ◦ Ability to experience another person’s emotions◦ Deficiencies closely linked to antisocial behavior
Cognitive◦ Ability to understand another’s emotions
Leads to peer rejection and academic difficulties◦ Males more difficulty
Difficulty expressing self may increase frustration levels ◦ Conflict resolution◦ Aggressive behavior
Psychometric approach Many types of intelligence not measured by
test Relationship between IQ and school
performance IQ and ethnicity
Individual experiences ◦ Rich and varied increase score
School experiences ◦ Positive increase language skills◦ Negative stagnate or decrease
Test◦ Type, content, situation, examiner
Many learning disabilities are overdiagnosed Label that follows individuals through the
educational system The relationship between delinquency and
learning disability is unclear
Persistent misbehavior◦ Stealing, cruelty to others, fighting, lying
Catch-all category Signs may occur as early as age three Often mislabeled
◦ Learning disability or ADHD Associated with peer rejection
Childhood Onset Type Adolescent Onset Type
Pattern begins prior to age 10 Prognosis is not good, according to DSM-IV-R
Absence of any pattern prior to age More favorable prognosis
Inattention ◦ Easily distracted
Impulsivity ◦ Acts before thinking, one activity to another
Excessive motor activity◦ Unable to sit still, fidgets, noisy
Leading psychological diagnosis for American children
Self-regulation ADHD and substance abuse Symptoms of ADHD and antisocial
behavior at young age correlated with criminal behavior
Attachment theory Attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authoritarian style Authoritative style Conduct disorder
Developmental pathways
Enmeshed style Language
impairment Lax style Neglecting style
Parental monitoring Parental practices Parental styles Permissive style
Psychometric approach
Psychometric intelligence
Self-regulation