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7/30/2019 Origins of Language and Language and the Brain
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ht tp: / /youtu .be/sDocL7Af IRo
What is Language all about?
http://youtu.be/sDocL7AfIRohttp://youtu.be/sDocL7AfIRohttp://youtu.be/sDocL7AfIRo7/30/2019 Origins of Language and Language and the Brain
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What is Language?
Language is the method of
human communication, eitherspoken, written, consisting of
the use of words in a structured
and conventional way.
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Communication Interaction
Substantial variation
Flow of speech Eye-contact (cultural)
Body language (cultural)
Reaction to audience
Is there a message
always being conveyed?
What else is language?
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The Origins of Language
Divine Source: God-given language, no exposure
needed Many religions state that a god or divine
being created language/languages
Natural Sound Theory: Bow-Wow Hypothesis,
Onomatopoeia Primitive languages began when humans imitated sounds that
they heard in nature
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The Origins of Language
Physical Adaptation: Specialization of the human
Vocal Tract The human body is specialized to produce speech. Other animals
(specifically chimpanzees and apes) have similar bodily structures,
but cannot speak. Only humans are specialized for speech.
Genetic Source: Innateness hypothesis Humans are born with a special capacity for language genetically
hard-wired into our brains. There may even be a language gene.
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The Vocal Tract: How we speak
Lungs: Force air through the
vocal tract
Larynx:The voice box containing the
vocal cords/folds which produce speech
sounds
Pharynx: A cavity which acts as a
resonator, making sounds louder,
clearer, and giving them greater range
Mouth: (Oral cavity) can be
opened and closed rapidly
Tongue: Muscular speech organ
used to shape sounds inside theoral cavity
Lips: Flexibility allows for
creation of sounds likep and b
Teeth: Upright and firm allowing
for creation of sounds like fand v
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Chimp vs. Human:Why we can speak but other primates cant.
The physical structure of the human body allows us to produce a wide variety
of speech sounds. While chimpanzees and other primates have similar physical
structures, they are arranged differently, in a manner not conducive to the production
of speech sounds.
Chimpanzee Human
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Language and the Brain Chapter 12 (Yule)
Neurolinguistics: The study of the relationship
between language and the brain
Where is language production located inside the
brain?Medical evidence shows that language is produced in
specific brain locations: Brocas Area and Wernickes
Area, both located in the brains left hemisphere
Brain injuries might cause or be directly related to:Language-impairment, including language production
and comprehension
Conversation maintenance issues
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Severe Brain Injury and Language
Phineas Gage (Cavendish, Vermont) - In 1848, a steel tampingrod (13 lbs., 1.25 diameter) exploded through his skull and his
left frontal cortex. He physically recuperated and returned to
work, his speech ability apparently unaltered. Therefore, the
left-front part of the brain does NOT control speech.
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Left Hemisphere: Parts of the brain that control speech
Brocas Area: Involved in theproduction of speech sounds
Wernickes Area: Involved in
the understanding of speech
Motor Cortex: Controls themovement of muscles, including
those of the face, jaw, tongue,
and larynx
Arcuate Fasciculus: Connects
Wernickes Area to Brocas Area
-A reduction in both size and activity in the
arcuate fasciculus has been linked to
dyslexia.
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-
scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-
0813.html
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.htmlhttp://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/brain-scans-may-help-diagnose-dyslexia-0813.html7/30/2019 Origins of Language and Language and the Brain
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http://youtu.be/241IFiPKR2o
Brain surgery and language
http://youtu.be/241IFiPKR2ohttp://youtu.be/241IFiPKR2ohttp://youtu.be/241IFiPKR2o7/30/2019 Origins of Language and Language and the Brain
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Speech Phenomenon: Tip of the Tongue
y
This dog of yours is not very whats the
word Im looking for? He doesnt think
about other people before he does
something. Its kind of a long word, starts
with a C.
Considerate?
Yeah. This dogs not very considerate.
Tip of the tongue: When you can think of
the general structure of the word, often
including the initial sound and number of
syllables, but cannot produce the word.
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Speech Phenomenon: Malapropisms
Malapropism: When we say an incorrect word which hasstructural similarities to the word we meant to say.
Examples:
- apprehension instead ofcomprehension
- unparalyzed instead ofunparalleled
- hostile instead ofhostage- condemned instead ofcommended
We cannot let terror is ts and rogue
nat ions hold th is nat ion hos t i le or
hold our all ies host i le.~George W. Bush
August 21, 2000
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Speech Phenomenon: Spoonerisms
Spoonerism (Slip of the tongue) A spoken error often
involving the interchange of two initial sounds
Examples:
- Make a long shory stort (Make a long story short)
- A tup of kea (A cup of tea)
Spoonerisms get their name
from William Spooner
(1844-1930), a clergymanwho once described Jesus
as a shoving leopard when
he meant to say loving
shepherd.
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Speech Phenomenon: Slip of the Ear
Have you seen my
gray tape?
Your great ape?!
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To force heaven, Mars shall have a new angel.
247 Marshall Avenue, Angel (CA)
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AN IMPAIRMENT OF LANGUAGE FUNCTION
DUE TO LOCALIZED BRAIN DAMAGE THATLEADS TO DIFFICULTY IN UNDERSTANDING
OR PRODUCING LINGUISTIC FORMS
THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE, YULE, 2010
COMMON CAUSES OF APHASIA ARE
STROKES AND TRAUMATIC HEAD INJURIES.
APHASIA
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Aphasia
Aphasia is an impairment of language function due
to localized brain damage
Commonly caused by stroke, trauma, head injuries
Mild to severe Difficulties understanding will lead to difficulties
producing language
Understanding and speaking abilities are deeply
connected
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What do you think?
What do you think could happen if a stroke
occurred on the left side of the brain?
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Aphasia
Brocas (or expressive) Motor aphasia
Reduced amount ofspeech
Distorted articulation
Slow, effortful speech
Speech mainly formed by
nouns and verbs
Agrammatic speech
I eggs and eat and drink
coffee breakfast.
Wernickes (or sensory) Sensory aphasia
Difficulties in auditory (listening)
comprehension
Production of fluent yetincomprehensible speech
Use of general terms
I cant talk all of the things I do,
and part of the part I can go
alright, but I cant tell from the
other people.
Anomia difficulty finding the
correct word
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Kirk Douglashttp://youtu.be/_k6aemk6sck
Actor Kirk
Douglas
suffered a
severe stroke in
1996, which
impaired his
ability to speak.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_k6aemk6sckhttp://youtu.be/_k6aemk6sckhttp://youtu.be/_k6aemk6sckhttp://youtu.be/_k6aemk6sckhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_k6aemk6sckhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_k6aemk6sck7/30/2019 Origins of Language and Language and the Brain
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H T T P : / / W W W . Y O U T U B E . C O M / W A T C H ? V = B -
L D 5 J Z X P L E & F E A T U R E = S H A R E & L I S T = P L 2 E D 8 4 7 93 A 9 0 F F B 5 5
Wernickes aphasia samples
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB55http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-LD5jzXpLE&feature=share&list=PL2ED84793A90FFB557/30/2019 Origins of Language and Language and the Brain
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Different views on recovery for bilinguals(Vaid and Genesee, 1980)
Ribots LawLanguages learnedearlyin development
would be more
resistant to impairmentcaused by brain
damage and wouldrecover before
languages which havebeen acquiredsubsequently(Vaid &
Genesee, 1980, p.420)
Pitress LawPitres believed that
the language(s)that were used themostpreceding the
cerebral insultbefore the brain
damage occurredwould recover first.
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Language is a lot more than words
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Critical Period
Is there a Critical Period to learn a first language?
Feral child/wild child
Noam Chomsky: acquisition/learning (language is
acquired, not taught or learned)
Eric Lenneberg: puberty as limit for language
acquisition
Researchers have quite different opinions on the age
for the critical period The Forbidden Experiment
Is there a critical period for second language
acquisition?
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Genie
http://youtu.be/VjZolHCrC8E
http://youtu.be/VjZolHCrC8Ehttp://youtu.be/VjZolHCrC8Ehttp://youtu.be/VjZolHCrC8E