Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

Chapter 26 Section 1Chapter 26 Section 1

A New WarA New War

Cold WarCold War Era of confrontation and competition Era of confrontation and competition

b/w the US and the Soviet Unionb/w the US and the Soviet Union After WWII to about 1990After WWII to about 1990 The two sides had different goals of The two sides had different goals of

what to do in Europe after WWIIwhat to do in Europe after WWII

Soviet Goals for EuropeSoviet Goals for Europe

The Soviet Union wanted…The Soviet Union wanted…1.1. Keep Germany weakKeep Germany weak

2.2. Countries b/w Germany and the SU Countries b/w Germany and the SU under Soviet controlunder Soviet control

3.3. Encourage communism in other Encourage communism in other nations (especially in Europe)nations (especially in Europe)

Paranoid that capitalist nations would Paranoid that capitalist nations would eventually try to destroy communist eventually try to destroy communist nationsnations

American Goals for EuropeAmerican Goals for Europe

The US wants…The US wants…1.1. Promote economic growth through Promote economic growth through

trade b/c we blamed WWII on…trade b/c we blamed WWII on… The Depression – allowed Hitler’s rise and The Depression – allowed Hitler’s rise and

Japan’s desire to expand their empireJapan’s desire to expand their empire Isolationism – made depression worse b/c Isolationism – made depression worse b/c

countries cut back on trade and were countries cut back on trade and were forced to go to war to gain the resources forced to go to war to gain the resources they neededthey needed

The US wants… (2)The US wants… (2)

2.2. Promoted democracyPromoted democracy B/l that democratic govt. w/ protection B/l that democratic govt. w/ protection

of people’s rights made countries more of people’s rights made countries more stable and peacefulstable and peaceful

3.3. Promoted free enterprisePromoted free enterprise Free enterprise system w/ private Free enterprise system w/ private

property and limited govt. intervention property and limited govt. intervention in the economy was the best route for in the economy was the best route for prosperityprosperity

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference – Yalta Conference – February 1945, b/f the end of WWIIFebruary 1945, b/f the end of WWII FDR, Stalin, and Churchill meet at YaltaFDR, Stalin, and Churchill meet at Yalta

Yalta – a Soviet resort on the Black SeaYalta – a Soviet resort on the Black Sea To plan the postwar worldTo plan the postwar world

Issues discussedIssues discussed PolandPoland Declaration of Liberated EuropeDeclaration of Liberated Europe Division of GermanyDivision of Germany

Yalta - PolandYalta - Poland PolandPoland

Two govts. claiming the right to govern Two govts. claiming the right to govern Poland (1 communist and 1 non-Communist)Poland (1 communist and 1 non-Communist)

FDR and Churchill argued the Poles should FDR and Churchill argued the Poles should choose their own type of govt.choose their own type of govt.

Stalin stated the Polish govt. had to be Stalin stated the Polish govt. had to be friendly to the Soviet Unionfriendly to the Soviet Union

Eventual compromiseEventual compromise FDR and Churchill would recognize the FDR and Churchill would recognize the

communist govt. set up by the Sovietscommunist govt. set up by the Soviets Stalin agreed the govt. would include members Stalin agreed the govt. would include members

of the prewar Polish govt. and that free elections of the prewar Polish govt. and that free elections would be held ASAPwould be held ASAP

Yalta - EuropeYalta - Europe

The Declaration of Liberated EuropeThe Declaration of Liberated Europe Asserted “the right of all people to Asserted “the right of all people to

choose the form of govt. under which choose the form of govt. under which they will live”they will live”

The Allies also promisedThe Allies also promised To create temporary govts. that To create temporary govts. that

represented all democratic elements and represented all democratic elements and pledged to have free elections of govts. pledged to have free elections of govts. as early as possibleas early as possible

Yalta – Germany Yalta – Germany Dividing GermanyDividing Germany

Divide Germany into 4 zonesDivide Germany into 4 zones Each zone would be governed by a different country Each zone would be governed by a different country

(Britain, US, Soviet Union, and France(Britain, US, Soviet Union, and France The same 4 countries would also divide BerlinThe same 4 countries would also divide Berlin

Berlin sat in the Soviet zone of GermanyBerlin sat in the Soviet zone of Germany Stalin demanded that Germany pay heavy Stalin demanded that Germany pay heavy

reparations for the war damage of WWIIreparations for the war damage of WWII FDR agreed but wanted the payments to be FDR agreed but wanted the payments to be

based on Germany’s ability to paybased on Germany’s ability to pay Germany to pay w/ trade goods and products instead Germany to pay w/ trade goods and products instead

of cashof cash Stalin agreedStalin agreed

This debate on reparations and economic This debate on reparations and economic policy in Germany increased tensions b/w the policy in Germany increased tensions b/w the US and the SovietsUS and the Soviets

It would b/c one of the major causes of the Cold WarIt would b/c one of the major causes of the Cold War

Tensions Begin to RiseTensions Begin to Rise

The Soviet Union…The Soviet Union… Pressured the King of Romania into Pressured the King of Romania into

appointing a communist govt.appointing a communist govt. Refused to allow more than 3 non-Refused to allow more than 3 non-

communist Poles to serve in an 18 communist Poles to serve in an 18 member Polish govt.member Polish govt.

Also, there was no indication that they Also, there was no indication that they planed to hold free elections as promisedplaned to hold free elections as promised

US accused the Soviets of violating US accused the Soviets of violating the Declaration of Liberated Europethe Declaration of Liberated Europe

Truman Takes Over

Truman Strongly anticommunist Suspicious of Stalin B/l that WWII started b/c

Britain tried to appease Hitler

Truman was determined not to make the same mistake w/ Stalin

Sends a message to Stalin demanding that he hold free elections in Poland as he had promised to do at Yalta

The Potsdam ConferenceThe Potsdam Conference

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference July 1945 b/f end of WWIIJuly 1945 b/f end of WWII Truman and Stalin meet in PotsdamTruman and Stalin meet in Potsdam

Potsdam – near BerlinPotsdam – near Berlin To work out a deal on GermanyTo work out a deal on Germany

Regarding reparations and their economyRegarding reparations and their economy

Potsdam ConferenceJuly 1945

Potsdam’s GoalPotsdam’s Goal Work out a deal on GermanyWork out a deal on Germany

US wanted Germany’s economy to revive so US wanted Germany’s economy to revive so they didn’t turn to communism out of they didn’t turn to communism out of desperationdesperation

Truman takes a firm stand against heavy Truman takes a firm stand against heavy reparationsreparations

Stalin wants Germany to pay moreStalin wants Germany to pay more Truman proposes – Soviets take reparations Truman proposes – Soviets take reparations

from their zone and allow the other zones of from their zone and allow the other zones of Germany to recover economicallyGermany to recover economically

Stalin refused b/c most of the Soviet zone was Stalin refused b/c most of the Soviet zone was agricultural and could not provide all the agricultural and could not provide all the reparations that Stalin wantedreparations that Stalin wanted

The other zones had a lot of industryThe other zones had a lot of industry

The Potsdam DealThe Potsdam Deal

Truman and Stalin’s dealTruman and Stalin’s deal Stalin gets a small amount of German Stalin gets a small amount of German

industrial equipment from other zones, industrial equipment from other zones, but…but…

The Soviets had to pay for part of it w/ food The Soviets had to pay for part of it w/ food shipments from their zoneshipments from their zone

Truman accepts the new German-Polish Truman accepts the new German-Polish border the Soviets had establishedborder the Soviets had established

Truman also tells Stalin that the atomic Truman also tells Stalin that the atomic bomb had been successfully testedbomb had been successfully tested

A threat!A threat!

The Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain

Communist countries Communist countries of Eastern Europe of Eastern Europe came to be called came to be called satellite nationssatellite nations

Not under direct Not under direct Soviet control, but Soviet control, but they had to remain they had to remain Communist and Communist and friendly to the friendly to the SovietsSoviets

Satellite NationsSatellite Nations East GermanyEast Germany PolandPoland RomaniaRomania BulgariaBulgaria AlbaniaAlbania YugoslaviaYugoslavia HungaryHungary CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia