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Oris.33 Serman.staro i Novo

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70 STARO I NOVO, IZNOVA: O SLOJEVIMA RAZGOVORA OLD AND NEW, ANEW: ON THE LAYERS OF DIALOGUE   ViktorKovačić,Palača Burze / Stock Excange Palace,Zagreb,1923.- 1927.(izvor/ source:   Zagreb:Modernost i  grad , ur.Feđa Vukić,AGM, str.68) karin šerman Novi osvrt na staru temu – susret arhitektonskog novog i starog – mogao bi započeti utvrđivanjem (starog) polazišta; platforme, naime, oko koje je konsenzus, čini se, postignut. “Sve je arhitektura” i “Svaka arhitektura je interpolacija” znani su i ambiciozni konceptualni međaši koji samu temu, baš kao i njezinu raspravu, ne čine nimalo jedno- stavnom. Svaka nova prostorna gesta, drugim riječima, upis je u već postojeći tekst, u bremeniti prostorni palimpsest – bio on prirodni krajolik, kulturni krajolik, struktura grada, kulturna sredina, urbana cjelina ili arhitektura – što svaki takav novi sloj nužno pretvara u svojevrsni “odgovor”. Komp- leksnost pak tog razgovora – zahtjevnost pitanja baš kao i težina odgovora – sustavno potiču nizove njegova teorijskog promišljanja. U mjerilu arhitek- A new survey of an old theme – the encounter of the architectural old and new – might well start with the denition of of grounding, i.e., the platform concern- ing which a consensus has already been reached. “Everything is architecture” and “Every architecture is interpolation” seem to be the familiar and ambi- tious conceptual markers that render this theme and discussion of it innitely demanding. Every new spatial gesture, in other words, is an inscription into an already existing text, a peculiar spatial palimpsest – be it natural landscape, cultural landscape, cultural setting, urban structure or architecture – which inevi- tably turns every such new layer into a sort of specic “answer”. The complexity of this dialogue, then – the intricacy of the question and the difculty of the answer – give systematic rise to series of theoretical considerations. Within the scale of architecture and
Transcript
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STARO I NOVO, IZNOVA:O SLOJEVIMA RAZGOVORA

OLD AND NEW, ANEW:ON THE LAYERS OFDIALOGUE

ViktorKovačić,PalačaBurze / Stock ExcangePalace, Zagreb,1923.-1927.(izvor/ source:

Zagreb:Modernost i grad ,ur.Feđa Vukić,AGM,str.68)

karin šerman

Novi osvrt na staru temu – susret arhitektonskog

novog i starog – mogao bi započeti utvrđivanjem(starog) polazišta; platforme, naime, oko koje jekonsenzus, čini se, postignut. “Sve je arhitektura”i “Svaka arhitektura je interpolacija” znani su iambiciozni konceptualni međaši koji samu temu,baš kao i njezinu raspravu, ne čine nimalo jedno-stavnom. Svaka nova prostorna gesta, drugimriječima, upis je u već postojeći tekst, u bremeniti

prostorni palimpsest – bio on prirodni krajolik,kulturni krajolik, struktura grada, kulturna sredina,urbana cjelina ili arhitektura – što svaki takav novisloj nužno pretvara u svojevrsni “odgovor”. Komp-leks nost pak tog razgovora – zahtjevnost pitanjabaš kao i težina odgovora – sustavno potiču nizovenjegova teorijskog promišljanja. U mjerilu arhitek-

A new survey of an old theme – the encounter of the

architectural old and new – might well start with the

de nition of of grounding, i.e., the platform concern -

ing which a consensus has already been reached.“Everything is architecture” and “Every architecture

is interpolation” seem to be the familiar and ambi -

tious conceptual markers that render this themeand discussion of it in nitely demanding. Every newspatial gesture, in other words, is an inscription into

an already existing text, a peculiar spatial palimpsest– be it natural landscape, cultural landscape, culturalsetting, urban structure or architecture – which inevi-

tably turns every such new layer into a sort of speci c“answer”. The complexity of this dialogue, then – theintricacy of the question and the dif culty of theanswer – give systematic rise to series of theoretical

considerations. Within the scale of architecture and

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Premda je naoko možda nejasno što u pogleduspašavanja ugroženog jediničnog identiteta možeznačiti uvođenje drugoga , podsjetiti ovdje valjada, suprotno od uobičajenih poimanja identitetakao nečeg solidnog, čvrstog, samode nirajućegi sebi identičnog, što izvire iz nutrine izoliranog jedini čnog entit eta, istin ski se ident itet kali iformira, te uvijek iznova konstruira kao dinamičnai nestabilna kate gorija tek u dijalogu s drugim , u

susretu s oprečnim – u izmjeni, razlici, dijalogu ikontaktu. Drugo i strano, različito, pa čak i oprečnotime postaju dobro došle platforme neophodne u

intenzivnim re eksivnim procesima samospoznaje.Pa isto kao što se kvalitetno novo – u našem dosadrazmatra nom susretu – moglo istinski de nirati tekkreativnim odbijanjem od ravnine zatečenog starog,tako se ova re eksivna, dijaloška logika koja seu sferi forme potvrdila kao operativna i e kasna,možda može – u eri poljuljane relevantnosti zičkogaspekta konteksta – povući dublje od razine elabo ri-rane morfološke gimnastike i s dobitkom primijenitiu nekoj drugoj, sada intrigantnijoj razini.Drugim riječima, a ostajući i dalje na terenu dijalo -

ga: da li se takav produktivni razgovor može s pitanjaforme preusmjeriti, na primjer, na pitanja sadržaja,čime se diskusija s pitanja “kako” preusmjeravana pitanje “što”. Pa ako se ključ identiteta gradaili njegove pojedine cjeline možda zaista ne krije(isključivo) u urbanoj formi i st rukturi, možda se tada

za njegovim drugim vitalnim aspektima može tragatiu sferi urbanih praksi, sadržaja, gradskih rituala?Upravo onih kategorija koje dosad disku tirane formeispunjaju i oživotvoruju, koje im “daju život” i o ops -

tojanju kojih bi se tada moglo razmišlja ti u naporuočuvanja ugrožene kategorije urbanog identiteta?Bilo kako bilo, čak i s ovako promijenjenom “temom

But, more than the theoretical grounding of partic -

ular methods and protocols of this noble contextualendeavor, what has been attacked lately is its very

foundation, calling into question its very point andpurpose. The changed view of the city, dictated by thenew contemporary circumstances, which perceivesthe city more as a dynamic “space of ows” – spaceof unstoppable ows of capital, currencies, informa -

tion, commodities, and the other components of thefree market economy – with marked indifference

towards the issues of place, incorporation and urbancharacter, challenges as truly relevant all our previous

contextual preoccupations.1

The issues of physicalcontext, interpolation, visual and physical agreementand harmonization, will appear in this new perspective– which claims to have access to the very essence of

contemporary condition – as helplessly marginal andinsigni cant. What will now prove interesting and in-

triguing is to understand the city no longer as a tissue,

as a compact and coherent, nely orchestrated urbanfabric, but rather as a “mere coexistence” – as “a se-

ries of relationships between objects that are almostnever articulated in visual and formal ways, no longer

’caught’ in architectural connections”, which points atonce to urban relationships that are based no longeron visual continuities but more on “disassociation,

disconnection, and complementarities, contrasts,ruptures...”. 2

Rather than despairing over the unsettling conse -

quences of this new arti cial post-urban condition,which radically undermines all our experiences oftraditional, historical cities, and even refraining from

– for the moment at least – any criticism or reproachof its alarming projections, it seems more productiveto rethink what these new insights might mean for our

understanding of those suddenly in ated categories

markantnom indiferentnošću prema pitanjima inkor -

poriranja, relativizira kao istinski bitna i sva našadosadašnja kontekstualna razmatranja. 1 Pitanjakonteksta, uklapanja, vizual nog i zičkog slaganjanovoj će se optici, koja sebi prisvaja ekskluzivitetuvida u samu esenciju suvre menog stanja, prikazatikao bespomoćno nekon sek ventna i ma rginalna.Izazovnim i zanimljivim odjednom će se pokazatipromatrati grad ne kao kom paktno i koherentnozičko tkanje, nego kao tek “puko koegzistiran -

je” – kao “niz odnosa među objek tima koji gotovonikad nisu artikulirani u vizualnom i formalnom

smislu, nisu više de nirani arhitek tonskim vezama”,što istodobno upućuje na urbane odnose koji nisutemeljeni na vizualnim kontinuite tima, nego na “pre -

kidima, nepovezanostima, kom plementarnostima,kontrastu, rupturama”. 2

Bez preranog negodovanja zbog uznemirujućihposlje dica takvog artificijelnog “posturbanog”stanja, koje radikalno podriva sva naša iskustvatradicionalnog, povijesnog grada, pa i ustežući se– zasad – od kritika ovih alarmantnih projekcija tezauzimanja rezolutnog obrambenog odmaka, koris-nijim se ovdje čini promotriti što ta nova zapažanjamogu značiti za naše razumijevanje “urbanog iden -

titeta” i “karaktera” grada. Kako ta zapažanja moguproširiti i obogatiti naše tumačenje i shva ća njetih ugroženih kategorija? Drugim riječima: osim uuobičajenom, formalnom smislu – u dimenzijama ur -

banih i arhitektonskih oblika, obrisa, odnosa i struk -tura – može li se identitet grada i njegovih poje dinihurbanih cjelina održati u nekim drugim, podjednako važnim i vitalnim vidovima? I kako, konačno, u tojreviziji pojma identiteta može even tualno pripomoćinaše dosad razmatrano iskustvo dijaloga? Pa pritom još i onog između novog i staro g?

such as “urban character” and “urthese new ndings might eventutransform our interpretation of curcategories? In other words, other than in

formal and morphological sense –of urban and architectural forms, structur

tionships – could the identity of a urban settings reveal itself in some other, ne

important and vital aspects and ahow can we here – in this revisionidentity – eventually pro t from thein the practice of dialogue? Espe

between the old and the new?Even if at rst it may not be entirelin our effort to rescue the endangered sing

tity, it might mean to introduce the

to recall that – contrary to our usual und

of the concept of identity as somself-de ning and self-identical, whdepths of a separate singular entityis formed, and is incessantly constructed a

unstable and dynamic category, only in the

with the other , in the clash with the

through dialogue, difference, contThe other and different, distinct thus become valuable platformsintensive re exive processes of selfself-consciousness. So, just as theprevious transhistorical intervie

formed only through creative re ecof the existing and old, so this samdialogue, which proved itself operaform, might – in the moment of undermined

of contextual issues – be eventufrom the plane of morphological ain some other, more promising lev

Novakova ulica,Zagreb,1930.-1940.–pogledskatedralom/Novak street wiewwiththe Cathedral

M.Kauzlarić,S.Gomboš,Gradskakavana iurbanastruktura Dubrovnika,1931.-1933./ Towncafé and urban structurein Dubrovnik (fotogra ja

/ photo by: KrešimirTadić;izvor/ source:Milan Prelog: TekstovioDubrovniku ,str.49)

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razgovora”, sama forma dijaloga za dobrobit bi isho-da trebala ostati sačuvana. Jer isto kao što je dija-loško su-postavljanje bilo dobrodošlo za nasta janjesamosvjesne nove forme (koja tek na prihva ćeniizazov staroga dosiže svoje istinske poten ci jale),tako su ta kreativna sučeljavanja (pa i ona na liniji“novo-staro”) presudna za kristalizaciju stvari nanivou sadržaja. Dopuštena su ovdje, dapa če – a sveu svrhu generiranja neke nove, robusne i održive di -

menzije identiteta – i ona “transgresivna” dijaloš kasučeljavanja: ona forme i sadržaja. Ali više od stvarikoje bi nam određena forma htjela pričati a propos

u sebi udomljenog sadržaja, ovdje nas zani ma štoodređena forma čini u smislu sadržaja koji u sebipotiče i uspostavlja. Kako određena arhi tek tonskaforma omogućuje određene životne prakse i ko -

rištenja? Kako ona formom prostora potiče i prizivaželjene forme života?Time arhitekturu, u našem teorijskom promišljanju,od inicijalne pojačane koncentracije na površinu,nužno rehabilitiramo u čitavom inkluzivnom prostor-nom okviru, što nju samu portretira kao odgovorni“okvir života”, a samog arhitekta kao projektantarazličitih životnih programa i scenarija.S mišlju na taj krajnji efekt svojih prostornih odlukaarhitekt tada – u istraživanju raznih lica i aspekataidentiteta – nužno postavlja i treće konzekventnopitanje. Nakon dijaloški istraženog pitanja “kako”(u želji brušenja najprimjerenije forme), pa istimpristupom propitanog pitanja “što” (u naporu potica-nja željenog sadržaja), kao neizbježno se nameće

i pitanje – “zašto”. “Zašto”, naime, propituje nesamo na koji način određena prostorna forma potičeodre đenu aktivnost koju u se bi obuhvaća nego sepita koji bi to sadržaj i zašto zapravo trebao biti?Koji oblik života? Drugim riječima: na koji način

In other words, and still remaining on the terrain of dia-

logue: Could such productive exchange be transposedfrom the issues of form to the issues of, for instance,

content ? – which at once redirects our discussion from

the question of “how” to the question of “what”. So,if the key to the identity of a city, or its speci c urbansetting, might indeed not lie (exclusively) in the rea lm

of form, then maybe the search for its additional vital

aspects might productively proceed within the sphereof urban practices, programs, urban rituals? That is,precisely those categories that occupy and ll thosearchitectural forms, that “give them life”, and on sub-

sistence of which one then ought to think in the effort

to preserve the dissolving category of urban identity.Be it as it may, even with the “topic of conversation”so drastically changed, the very form of dialogue

should be retained, in view of the benefit of the

nal outcomes. Because, just as the conversationalexchange was bene cial for the construction of theappropriate new form (which reaches its best onlyupon the challenge of the “already present”), so thesecreative juxtapositions (including those between theold and the new) are crucial for the crystallization ofthings even at the level of content. Allowed here areeven – all for the purpose of generating some new,robust and enduring generation of modes of identity –

those “transgressive” encounters: those between form

and content. But more than things that a certain formwould like to tell us about the content it receives, what

interests us here is what a certain form does aproposof the content which it houses and accommodates.

How a certain architectural form enables certainuses and practices. How a form of space induces andencourages the desired forms of life.Viewed in that way, the focus of this whole inquiry

suddenly shifts from the initial concentration on

the surface, down to architecture’s entire inclusive

spatial frame, which in turn reveals architecture as aresponsible “frame of life”, and the architect himselfas a planner of life’s various programs and scenarios.Thinking on the ultimate effect of his spatial deci -

sions, the architect then – in his investigation of the

many faces of identity – necessarily raises the third

consequential question. After the dialogically investi-gated question “how” (with the purpose of reachingthe most adequate form), and the similarly exploredquestion “what” (in the effort of promoting the desiredcontent), there appears the inevitable and decisive

question – “why”. “Why”, that is, examines not onlyin what way a certain spatial form instigates a certainactivity, but asks itself which content , and why , should

that actually be? Which form of life? In other words:

In which way do we think that, today , it would be good

to live? To which activities today is it useful to direct?

Which values to promote? And then, how could an

mislimo da bi danas bilo dobro živjeti? U kakvemodalitete aktivnosti je danas korisno usmjeravati?Koje vrijednosti danas promovirati? I kako bi to svearhitek tonski okvir mogao ostvariti?Zanimljivo u vezi ovog posljednjeg pitanja, a u okvirunaslovljene teme, je dragocjeni uvid da se odgovoričak i na ova pitanja – usmjeravanja i orijentiranjaarhitekturi povjerenog života – mogu dokučiti upra -

vo kroz višest ruko koristan dijalog novog i staro g.Jer povijesne se primjere, prema kojima se novaarhitektura formira, može promatrati i kroz aspektnjiho vih vlas titih ambicija u usmjeravanju životapripa dajućeg im vremena. Analiza u tom slučajuistražuje sljedeća pitanja: Koje je potencijale svogprostornog medija u tom smislu povijesna s trukturakoristila? Kojem ih je cilju, unutar problema svoga vremena, posvetila? Te koliko je u tom pogledu bilauspješna i koje je efekte na planu aktualnog životastvarno polučila?Uspješnost i kvaliteta interpoliranog “odgovora”na tako shvaćeno “pitanje” od strane povijesnogokvira ne bi se tada mjerila postignutom ravnotežomi skladom formalnih elemenata, nego podjednakosnaž nom ambicijom i angažmanom u zadaći orijen-tiranja pripadajućih im društvenih sredina. Uspješ-nost obiju arhitektonskih okvira, drugim riječima,bila bi – da posudimo kriterij od Nietzschea – “od-mjerena s obzirom na vrijednost za život” 3 njihovihodnosnih povijesnih situacija, a uspješnost njihovatranshistorijskog dijaloga prema ekviva lentno ostva-renim efektima kao odgovornim “okvi rima života”.

Da je novo u tom smislu zaista moglo imati uzor iizazov u starome, to jest da je arhitektura zaista vjerovala u tako konsekventne potencijale svogamedija i upravo ga na taj način i promišljala i prakti-cirala, posvjedočit će ovdje tek dva opće poznataprimjera iz recentnije arhitektonske povijesti. Popita nju primarne zadaće arhitekture Loos je takoustvrdio: “Prvenstveni problem trebao bi biti jasnoizraziti trodimenzionalni karakter arhitekture, i to nataj način da korisnicima građevine bude omo gućenoda uspješno žive kulturni život svoje genera cije ”4 .

Briga za uspješni život generacije rukovodila ga jetada u promišljanju nove arhitekture i nastoja nju dastvara “građevine u kojima se moderni život može

prirodno razvijati .”5 U službi pak svojih društve-nih utopija i utopijskih aspiracija svog socijalnosenzibilnog doba, a ponovno u vjeri da je upravo

arhitektura pravo sredstvo do tog ambicioznog cilja,Le Corbusier će porukom “Arhitektura ili revolucija”postaviti kako dijagnozu (društvenog) problematako i indikaciju mogućeg (arhitektonskog) lijeka,te svojim prostornim medijem istinski pokušatispriječiti prognozirana društvena previranja. 6

Na ovakve izazove povijesnih primjera i mani fes-

architectural frame enable and proInteresting thing apropos of the lacially within the sphere of the adthe useful insight that the answers to these

– questions of the orientation and direc

entrusted to architecture – could beprecisely through the multiply protween the old and the new. Becauples could also be viewed in termsin the direction of life of their ownwould in that case ask the following questi

potentials of its three-dimensionahistorical structure use? To which aim,

demands of its own age, did it activate a

them? And, to what extent was it thereby

and which effects did it actually achieve?

The success of an interpolated n“question” posed by the historicaterpreted in this way, would be mestablished balance and harmony of formal

but by equally strong ambitions and e

in the task of orienting their resproundings. The success of each ain other words, would be – to borrow t

from Nietzsche – “measured accofor life” 3 of its respective historicsuccess of their transhistorical dialogue – ac

the equivalently accomplished eff“frames of life”.That the new could indeed have a model

even considering that specific

words, that the architecture of thtrust in such consequential potentspatial medium and practiced it pr– might recall here at least two wefrom recent architectural history. the task of architecture, Loos declproblem of architecture should bthree-dimensional character of architecture

such a way that the inhabitants of a build

be able to live the cultural life of their

successfully .”4 Thus it is a concern for

life of his generation that guided hhis new architecture and in his effort to “cr

ings in which a modern way of living cou

develop”.5 In the service of his and utopian aspirations of his soc– and again convinced that it is pre

that is the most suitable vehicle to thatgoal – Le Corbusier, on the other hand, w

“Architecture or Revolution” de nsis of the (social) problem and thpossible (architectural) cure, turnispatial medium in the effort to presocial turmoil.6

VladimirTurina,Centarmajka idijete

/ Mother and ChildCenter, Zagreb,1956.(Izvor/ source: Werk,Bauen+Wohnen –Zagreb,9/2001.)

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koju nova generacija tako entuzijastično uranja,zapravo puno manje stvarna nego što se to isprvapričinja; da stvarnost, naime, nije nešto ksno,čvrsto i nepromjenjivo, što nam kao takvo prethodii u što nam naprosto preostaje ući i bez ostatkaprihvatiti, već je to osjetljivi dinamični entitet kojimi sami , našim vlastitim aktivnostima i svako dnev-nim praktičnim odnošenjima (pa, između ostalog, iprostornim i arhitektonskim odlukama), pomažemokonstruirati i graditi. Konstruirati i graditi, pa akotreba i korigirati i mijenjati.U svakom slučaju, odbijanjem uspostavljanjapodjednako intenzivnog odgovora na ovoj razinitranshis to rijskog razgovora suvremena epohanije puno pro tirala. Doduše, nije da jedna vrstaintenzivnog dijaloga ovdje nije bila uspostavljena: sneskrivenim je interesom prakticirana komunikacijanove arhi tek ture i njezina vlastita, novog vremena.Tek nije posve sigurno je li to novo vrijeme biloistinski do kraja saslušano, u svim njegovim potre -

bama i zahtje vima, ili su pojedine njegove istinskemanifestacije promptno iskorištene za dosizanjenove estetičke kategorije. Jer, diskusija problemaakutne dezorijen tacije današnjega doba, u pogledunjegova smisla i usmjerenja, evidentno je izostala. Itako je izostao i sukladni poticaj povijesnog is kus-tva, koje na pod jednako kaotično stanje vlasti togadoba još uvijek ima hrabrosti riskirati i pokušati suvjerenjem reći: Ovako bi bilo dobro živjeti! I ondaponuditi arhi tek tonski okvir koji bi upravo takavživot mogao i omogućiti.

...Ono što nas u ovim mnogostrukim dijaloškim odno-sima još posebno zanima je pitanje što to iskustvorazgovora može značiti za naš speci čni, hrvatskispektar problema i izazova. Kako hrvatska arhitek-tonska kultura iskorištava potencijale kulturedijaloga?Kao speci čna niša u s truji globalnih zbivanja, djelo -

mično još izuzeta iz njenih najjačih tokova, ali ko -

jima se s neskrivenom znatiželjom ubrzano otvara,Hrvatska je zapravo u prilici pro tirati iz zanimljivepozicije na periferiji. Njezina pak arhitektonska sce -

na nerijetko se u tom koketiranju poigrava promp-tno preuzetim novim formama – arhitek tonskimoznačiteljima novih globalnih procesa – prije negošto su ti isti procesi do nas uopće istinski stigli,kao da njihov sadržaj želi unaprijed priprem ljenim

formama ubrzano prizvati. Bolje od takvog neopra - vdanog prisvajanja i neselektivnog ot varanja nudise, ponovno, korisna vještina pregovaranja i sjajnamogućnost koju Hrvatska ima da, paradok salno,upravo zbog distance i odgađanja, svoj položaj(naizgled) gubitka i kašnjenja preokrene u pozicijuprednosti i dobitka.Pa ako je cijela dosadašnja rasprava pokušala

some of its truthful manifestations were swiftly

turned into a new aesthetic category. Because, whathas evidently failed to occur was any discussion of

the acute disorientation of the present age, in termsof its goals, directions and sense. And so the corre -

sponding impetus of the historical experience wasalso overlooked, an experience that – confrontedwith the similarly chaotic state of its own historical

moment – still had a courage to take a risk and say:

“This would be a good way to live!”. And then to offeran adequate architectural frame that would enable

and instigate just that....

What is still of interest to us in these multiform dia-

logical relations, is the question of what this whole

experience might mean for our speci c, Croatian spec -

trum of problems and challenges. In other words: Howdoes Croatian architectural culture use the potentialsof the culture of dialogue?

As a speci c niche in the stream of global events, par -

tially still removed from its most destructive currents

but to which it is opening up with conspicuous interest,Croatia in fact possesses a unique opportunity topro t from its interesting position on the periphery.The Croatian architectural scene, on the other hand,

while irting with the global tendencies, all too oftenborrows the swiftly appropriated new forms – architec -

tural signi ers of the new global processes – beforethe global signi ed has actually arrived in these parts,as if it wants to accelerate and advocate its arrival.Better than such indiscriminate openings and unjus -

ti ed takeovers, what is offered here is the wise art ofnegotiation, and the indeed promising possibility thatCroatia has, – precisely because of its distance anddeferral – to turn its position of (apparent) loss anddelay into a position of advantage and gain.So if our whole discussion so far has been devoted

to investigation of the advantages of dialogue, par -

ticularly the advantages of successful and balanced

historical discourse, then the arguments of these new

negotiations and the platform on which the Croatianarchitectural scene might justi ably rely in generationof its new answers, is precisely its strong architecturalhistory and tradition.The Croatian architectural legacy, then, is offered for

use in several directions and ways. For instance, theexperience of historical cities. The very fact that vitaland vigorous historical cities exist, with their nely

woven spatio-temporal fabric and synchronized layersof centuries-old urban and architectural culture, for-

bids us to submit them to those indifferent post-urbanstreams and allow their dissolution to the apathetic“space of ows”. Disconnection, ruptures, discon -

tinuities, fragmentation, disruptions and arrogant,disregarding monologues are essentially foreign and

extraneous to the local culture of urban con

adjustments, harmonization, conmanence. And it is precisely this obliges its posterity and invites thits inherited ne mechanisms – meccontrolled and contextually consideing desired programs and scenariothose forms, which in turn gives riscreation of new urban layers. It isthen, and the logic of behavior inh

(and not some beautiful museum-like c

preserved urban forms) that becdynamic platform on which to grouof the endangered category of urbidentity is revealed, in other words, in

of conduct and not in speci c isothen, it is precisely its difference

indeterminate and indifferent “spnot its hasty acceptance) that guaraof the concept of identity withineld of global circumstances. Andlegitimizes precisely architecture as one of those truly reliable vehicles of c

national identity, whose supposed ues to provoke incessant laments And yet, one thing that really encourage

of certain knowledge and acquired good m

the realization that the Croatian aalready possesses not just a valuahistory with which to enact those fruitful

rical dialogues but also a whole tradition o

ing such productive conferenceestablished culture of learning from its

processes. Croatian architecture, insesses an established series of relevolving such demanding transhistorical t

are con rmed in a series of convincinterpolation examples.Apropos of protocols, Šegvić suto the main lines of their progress He proposed a triad: “cultural herambience” and “contemporary mands”. Two modes of learning frdistinguished here, both as tokens of true be

the present reality. “Cultural heritanamely, a diachronic line of learnindepict it convincingly with the conly quali ed method of studying

would then proceed to explain its lsonal insight and example: “And hethat I was told by Albini, and he byturn got it from Felbinger and before, and

going to give to you, and you later In that way, when just the coordina

the lines and logic of development

istražiti prednosti razgovora i to prvenstveno pred-nosti uspješnog i ujednačenog povijesnog dijaloga,tada se kao argumenti novih pregovora i kao plat-forma na koju se recentna hrvatska arhitek tonskascena s opravdanjem oslanja u generiranju svojihodgovora može predložiti upravo njena snažna ar -

hitektonska povijest i tradicija.Arhitektonska se baština nudi tada na korištenje u više smisla i načina. Na primjer, iskustvo povijesnihgradova. Sama činjenica vitalnih povijesnih gradova,s gusto satkanim prostorno-vremenskim tkivom i

brižno sinkroniziranim slojevima stoljetne urbane kul-ture, naprosto ne dopušta njihovo puko prepu štanjeindiferentnim posturbanim tokovima i rasta kanje naanemični “prostor struja”. Diskonekcija, ruptura,diskontinuiteti, fragmentacija, prekidi i monološkaarogancija duboko su i sržno kontra diktorni ovdaš-njoj kulturi urbanih konekcija, prila gođavanja,konti nuiteta, usklađivanja i nastavljanja. Ta pakurbana tradicija svoje baštinike obvezuje i poziva danasli jeđene ne mehanizme – mehanizme stvaranjakontrolirane i kontekstualno obzirne forme, formompotak nutih životnih sadržaja te njima zauzvrat polu-čujućim opravdanim novim oblicima – s dobit komkoristi i opravdano dalje nastavlja. Time taj samživi proces i od povijesti naslijeđena logika pona-

ša nja (a ne tek lijepa kolekcija arhiviranih urbanihoblika) postaju ona dinamična platforma na kojuse oslanja konstrukcija urbanog identiteta. Urbaniidentitet otkriva se u logici ponašanja, a ne u poje-dinim izoliranim formama. I onda upravo njegova

raz ličitost od onog neutralnog, istovjetnog i indife-rent nog “prostora struja” (a ne njihovo poisto vjeći- vanje) postaje faktor preživlja vanja dimenzije iden-titeta u homogenizirajućem polju globalnih uvjeta.Što nadalje a rmira upravo arhitekturu i urbanukulturu kao jedne od istinski pouzdanih nosi teljacjelokupnog društvenog i nacio nalnog iden titeta,oko čije se akutne ugroženosti vodi tako žustra inesmiljena diskusija.No, ono što zaista ohrabruje u smislu određenog zna -nja i usvojenih dobrih navika je spoznaja da hr vatskaarhitektonska scena posjeduje ne samo vri jednu iinspirativnu povijest kojom pozvano zapo činje te plo-donosne razgovore nego i čitavu tradiciju i kulturu vođenja takvog dijaloga i učenja iz njegovih slojevai procesa. Hrvatska arhitektura, drugim rije čima,posje duje već propitan niz pouzdanih proto kola u

odvijanju zahtjevnih transhistorijskih razgo vora,potvrđenih nizovima uvjerljivih interpolacijskihrezultata.U pogledu protokola Šegvić je sažeto upozorio naglavne linije njihova razvoja, postavljajući trijadu:“kulturno naslijeđe”, “autohtoni ambijent”, “zahtjevisuvremenosti”. Iz nje se mogu iščitati dva smjerai načina učenja iz povijesti, oba kao zalog istinske

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pripadnosti sadašnjosti. “Kulturno naslijeđe” suge-riralo bi dijakronijski smjer učenja. Šegvić bi gaslikovito predstavio tvrdnjom: “Povijest je jedinakvali cirana metoda za shvaćanje arhitekture”. 8 A

njegovu bi logiku zorno opisao vlastitim primjerom:“I tu je sada tajna koju je meni prenio Albini, a njemu ju je kazao Kovačić, a do ovoga je opet došla odFelbingera i još od prije, a ja ću vama, a vi nekome

dalje.”9

Na taj način, destilirajući iz povijesti tekkoordinate razvoja, linije i logiku procesa, i uvjeto va-nosti njegovih nužnih modi kacija, povijest postajestvaralačka i živa kategorija koja uspos tav ljakontinuitet do današnjeg dana i time – tek naokoparadoksalno – i pojedine najavangardnije primjereotkriva kao krajnje ishode tradicije, a ne kao diskon -

tinuirane revolucionarne pomake. Upravo je takve“održive” linije i nizove, kao garancije kon tinuitetai kvalitete Šegvić izvlačio iz povijesti za dobrobit ikorist hrvatske suvremene arhitek tonske scene.“Autohtonost ambijenta” upućuje na drugi, sinkro-nijski smjer učenja. On upozorava na obvezu ukla-panja, usklađivanja, interpoliranja, poštivanja zate-čenog urbanog okvira i odgovora na očitani karakterambijenta. Ponovo povijesno (i lokalno) dobivenalekcija: lekcija Splita, Dubrovnika, Zadra; lekcija

kompaktne “kuće-grada” – gdje odluke u jednommjerilu nužno povlače implikacije u drugom i navodeda se oba mjerila nužno simultano sagledavaju.“Dubrovačka arhitektura” – baš kao i ona ostalihkompaktnih jadranskih, mediteranskih gradova– “proizlazi iz urbanističke formacije”, “formalniprincipi i odluke proizlaze iz urbanog konteksta i ok -

vira” – iz čega se razvija znana “urbo-arhitek tonska

factors of their necessary modi cations – are extract -

ed from history, history becomes a creative and living

category, which establishes succession and continuity

up until the present day. And this at the same timereveals some of the most avant-garde examples asultimate outcomes of a continuing tradition, and not

as some accidental cases of unrelated revolutionary

shifts. It is precisely such vital “threads of tradition”and “sustainable sequences” that Šegvić was extract -

ing from history, for the use and bene t of th e Croatiancontemporary architectural scene.“Indigenous ambience”, on the other hand, would

indicate that other, synchronic line of learning and

development. It points to the need for interpolation,adjustment, harmonization; to respect for the existinghistorical frame and consideration of the registered

urban character. Again, a historically (and locally)determined lesson: the lesson of Split, Dubrovnik,Zadar; the lesson of the compact “house-city” –where decisions in one scale necessarily induce

implications in the other, and where the two scalesneed necessarily be considered simultaneously. “Thearchitecture of Dubrovnik” – just as that of any other

compact Adriatic, Mediterranean city – “comes outof the concrete urban formation”; “formal decisionsand principles come as consequences of the speci curban context” – are insights from which Šegvić’sdervies his well-known compound “urban-architecturalmethod”.10 As inherited and historically granted, and

not just given and arbitrarily postulated, this methodproves itself a legitimate bearer of identity. Of truly

accepted and lived identity, what is more, testi ed toby many cases of exquisite examples: among othersthe interwar Zagreb– , the postwar Zadar– , andeven (at its best) the contemporary Croatian cultureof interpolation.And nally, to render this whole diachronically andsynchronically founded architectural production real-ly relevant and appropriate, it is the “contemporarydemands” that should be taken into account. Onlywhen, historically informed, it devotes itself to issues

of the current reality; and only when, contextuallyformed, it dedicates itself to planning the forms of life,does this whole architectural procedure become trulyconsequential and relevant. With the additional dutyof conferring on such architecturally motivated forms

of life an indication of possible direction and sense.In order not to leave this last, notoriously abstract

demand utterly speculative and unde ned, let us just indi cate a couple of potentially credible ways ofaction and approach. For instance, in view of preferredcontents and programs - in the current realm of the“super-private” and the homogenized eld of mutuallyindifferent hyper-individual differences, it is useful toremember Šegvić’s belief in the essential “social and

metoda”. 10 Kao naslijeđena i poviješću oprav dana, ane tek zadana ili apriorno odabrana, potvrđuje se tametoda kao legitimni nositelj identiteta. I to istinskiprihvaćenog identiteta, što dokazuju, među ostalim,zagrebačka međuratna, zadarska poslijeratna, pa(u njenom najboljem) i suvremena hrvatska kulturainterpolacija.I konačno, da ta dijakronijski i sinkronijski uteme-

ljena arhitektonska produkcija bude još i istinskirelevantna, u igru se uključuju i “zahtjevi suvreme-nosti”. Tek kad se, poviješću informirana, posvetipitanjima suvremenog života i tek kad se, kontek-stom oblikovana, posveti modeliranju oblika života,postaje čitava ova višestruka diskusija istinskismisle na i suvisla. Uz dodatnu još obvezu da searhitekturom potaknutim životnim scenarijima dadei naznaka određenog predznaka i smjera.Pa da ni ta notorno apstraktna razina ne ostaneposve neodređena, neka budu naznačeni tek nekiod mogućih smjerova razmišljanja. Na primjer, upogledu preferiranih sadržaja: u kraljevanju “super-pri vatnog” i ravnodušnos ti homogeniziranog poljahiperindividualnih razlika dobro će doći Šegvićevpodsjetnik na duboki “društveni i poetski smisaoarhitekture” i njegova preporuka promišljanja pros-

tornog okvira kao mjesta okupljanja, interakcije,socijalne integracije, zajedničkog djelovanja, po-buđivanja kolektivnih inte resa i dosizanja suprai n-dividualnih projekcija i ciljeva. 11

U pogledu pak nekih od preferiranih e fekata istinskiangažiranih arhitektonskih okvira druga korisnanatuknica: u brizi za stvarnu strast i ispunjenost

poetic meaning of architecture”, adation to think and practice architsocial space: as a space of gathsocial integration, promotion of cand effecting supra-individual projWith respect to some of the prefertruly engaged architectural frames, on the o

– another useful reminder: in a time of an

culture industry and the ultimatof popular culture, when the cocondemned to the act of passithose concerned for the real passof their generation might value acommentaries – that respecting of sharing fantasy. Speaking of in the case of his House with six iden

he remarked that the architect thea xed but neutral spatial frame, “... an unfettered scheme of life, inhabitant to participate in the The architect here becomes an invisibl

the substance of life, bestowing on its us

life: his own creation .”12 In its ver

remarkably close to another, similarly altrui

that would appear in the archite

years later, as one of the guiding pwork: “Astonishingly absurd, astBeyond all exploitation, there is alOMA – machine to fabricate fantasy – is st

others to have the eurekas.” 13 By

make the discoveries and in that way to su

own fantasies, a considerate architecture t

that – despite the sedating, anesth

Ivan Vitić,Stambenazgrada u Laginjnoj ulici

/ Residential buildinginLaginja street, Zagreb,1958.-1962.(izvor/source: Arhitektura196-199/1986.)

BrunoMilić,Zadar,1965.(izvor/ source: Vodič Zadarpoluotok / Zadar Guide, UHA,2004.,str.183)

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inhabitants should successfully survive in all their

fullness and unity....

The permanently intriguing encounter of the old andthe new has thus instigated a discussion on the layers

of dialogue. And suggested: the question of “what” isimportant, as it addresses the problem of that sensi -

tive vital core that lls and occupies the architecturalspace, and to which all our architectural efforts areultimately devoted. The question of “how” is of no lessconsequence, as it examines the problem of the formof the space that will enable and accommodate thisdesired life. The answers to both of these questionscould be properly checked, if not entirely generated,through creative juxtapositions and productive ex -

changes with experiences and challenges of history.In this fruitful historical conference, all possible linesof dialogue, and all directions of exchange, are openand allowed, all with th e purpose of reaching the mostappropriate results.A special appeal, however, is directed to the questionof the “why” of contemporary life – a question which,because of its demands and the risks that it implies,tends to remain systematically ignored. It seems, how -

ever, that it is precisely the question of the aim anddirection of all these enormous creative and intellectual

endeavors, that remains the real obligation of this time,

which – precisely because of its general resignation and

suvremene generacije, koja u poplavi hiper produk-cije popularne kulture i naletu masovne kulturneindustrije biva osuđena tek na čin pasivne konzu ma-cije, dobro dolazi Šegvićeva primjedba o nesebič no-sti dijeljenja fantazije. Šegvić, naime, cijeni naporarhitekta da suspregne potpunu manifestaciju vlastitih imaginativnih snaga u korist pobuđivanjaaktivnog kreativnog odgovora od strane samogkorisnika. Govoreći o Crnkovićevoj gesti u slučajuKuće sa šest jednakih soba, primjećuje da arhitektovdje razvija: “... životnu nesputanu shemu, gdjekorisnik sam sudjeluje u stvaralačkom procesu.Autor ostaje nevidljivi tvorac životne supstance, akorisniku osigurava njegovo življenje: kreaciju ”.12

U svojoj ideji misao neobično bliska tri godinekasnijem, analogno altruistički obojenom uvidukao jednoj od deviza OMA-ina rada: “Začuđujućeapsurd no, začuđujuće lijepo. Po strani od bilokakvog iskorištavanja, na djelu je altruizam. OMA,stroj za proizvodnju mašte, strukturirana je tako dadrugi mogu doći do otkrića.” 13 Potičući maštu svojihkorisnika, obzirna se arhitektura pobrinula da njensuvremenik – anestezirajućem vremenu usprkos – usvojoj pravoj punini uspješno i preživi.

...

Uvijek intrigantni susret starog i novog potaknuo je tako prodor u slojeve i nijanse razgovora. I suge-rirao pitanje “što” je važno, jer oslovljava pitanje

1 See Manuel Castells, The Informational City : Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process , OBlackwell, 1989.

2 Rem Koolhaas, in Alejandro Zaera, “Finding Freedoms: Coversations with Rem Koolhaas “, El Croquis 53, 1992, p. 22.3 Friedrich Nietzsche, discussing the issue of the purpose of art, de nes the criteria of its success as “measured according to the valu

the “art, measured according to the valu e for life, is worth more than truth”. For this whole discussion see Damir Barbarić, “Lišenososnovama bečkog n de sièclea”, in Fin de siècle Zagreb-Beč, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1997, pp. 11-35.

4 Adolf Loos, according to Heinrich Kulka. See H. Kulka, Architect’s Yearbook , No. 9, 1960, p. 10. Emphasis added..5 Ibid., p. 13. Emphasis added.6 “Architecture or Revolution” is the title of the last chapter of Le Corbusier’s bookTowards a New Architecture from 1923.7 In the background of these confronted views of possible ways of architectural intervention today – “engaged” vs. “performative”

“projective” – and the role of theory in informing the current architectural production, there is an extensive and intense on-goingto following essays: Robert Somol and Sarah Whiting, “Notes Around the Doppler Effect and Other Moods of Modernism”,Perspecta

Journal , 2002; Michael Speaks, “Design Intelligence an d the New Economy”, Architectural Record , January 2002, pp. 72-79; the who2004: Nine Questions About the Present and Future of Design”, Harvard Design Magazine 20, Spring/Summer 2004, pp. 5-52; GeIts Discontents”, Harvard Design Magazine 21, Fall/Winter 2004, pp. 16-21; Reinhold Martin, “Critical of What? Toward a UtopMagazine 22, Spring/Summer 2005, pp. 104-109.

8 Neven Šegvić, noted in the essay by Mladen Bošnjak, “Čitajte Šegvića”, Arhitektura – Neven Šegvić, Zagreb, No. 211, 2002, p. 41.9 Ibid., p. 40.10 Neven Šegvić, “Arhitektonska ’moderna’ u Hrvatskoj”,Republika , Zagreb, No. 3, 1952.11 Neven Šegvić, “O muzeju narodne revolucije u Rijeci” (interview),Dometi , Rijeka, No. 10, 1975, pp. 4-22.12 Neven Šegvić, “Bliski susreti s Kovačićem”,Čovjek i prostor , Zagreb, No. 1(394), 1986, p. 16. Emphasis added.13 Rem Koolhaas, “The Strategy of the Void: Très Grande Bibliotheque”, in Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau,S, M, L, XL , Rotterdam: 010 P

passive surrender to the streams ocritique and resistance more releva

one nježne žive jezgre što ispunja arhitektonskeprostore i kojoj su, u krajnjoj instanci, usmjerenisvi naši arhitektonski napori. Pitanje “kako” po važnosti ne z aostaje, jer promišlja pitanje formeprostora i arhitektonskih oblika kojim se planiraniživot potiče i omogućava. Odgovore na oba pitanjamože se provjeriti, pa čak i ist inski tek formirati – asve u svrhu brušenja najboljih rješenja – kreativnimodbi janjem o ravninu izazova i iskustva povijesti, pričemu su otvorene sve dijaloške linije i dopuštenasučeljavanja u svim smjerovima i stranama.Posebni pak apel upućen je pitanju “zašto” – pitanjukoje, zbog težine problema i rizika posljedica, ostajeprešutno ignorirano. No, upravo pitanje smjera i ciljasvih tih ogromnih kreativnih i intelektualnih naporapostaje pravom obvezom ovoga vremena, u kojem suzbog generalnog rezigniranja i pasivnog prepuš tanjamatici zbivanja otpor i kritika potrebniji nego ikada.

1 Vidi Manuel Castells,The Informational City : Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process , Oxford, UK; Cambridge,MA; Blackwell, 1989.

2 Rem Koolhaas, u Alejandro Zaera, “Finding Freedoms: Coversations with Rem Koolhaas“, El Croquis 53, 1992, str. 22.

3 Friedrich Nietzsche, govoreći o zadaćama umjetnosti, postavlja presudne kriterije njena uspjeha: “odmjerene s obzirom na vrijednost za život” i usta -

novljava da “umjetnost, odmjerena s obzirom na vrijednost za život, vrijedi više od istine”. Vidi Damir Barbarić, “Lišenost i zamuknuće: O lozo jskimosnovama bečkog n de sieclea”, u Fin de siecle Zagreb-Beč , Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1997., str. 11-35.

4 Adolf Loos, prema Heinrichu Kulki. Vidi H. Kulka, Architect’s Yearbook , br. 9, 1960., str. 10. Kurziv autora.

5 Ibid., str. 13. Kurziv autora.6 “Arhitektura ili revolucija” naslov je zadnjeg poglavlja Le Corbusierove knjige K pravoj arhitekturi iz 1923. godine.7 U potki ovih suprotstavljenih pôlova mogućih vidova arhitektonskog djelovanja – “angažirana” vs. “performativna” arhitektura, ili “kri tička” vs. “projektiv-

na” – te razmišljanja o ulozi teorije u usmje ravanju današnje arhitektonske produkcije nalazi se obimna i inten zivna aktualna diskusija, za koju upućujemna tekstove: Robert So mol i Sarah Whiting, “Notes Around the Doppler Effect and Other Moods of Modernism”,Perspecta 33, The Yale Architectural

Journal , 2002.; Michael Speaks, “Design Intelligence and the New Economy”, Architectural Record , siječanj 2002., str. 72-79; disku si ju “Stocktaking2004: Nine Questions About the Present and Future of Design”, Harvard Design Magazine 20, proljeće/ljeto 2004., str. 5-52; George Baird, “Criticalityand Its Discontents”, Harvard Design Magazine 21, j esen/zima 2004., str. 16-21; Reinhold Martin, “Critical of What? Toward a Utopian Realism”, Harvard

Design Magazine 22, proljeće/ljeto 2005., str. 104-109.8 Neven Šegvić, zabilježeno u članku Mladena Bošnjaka, “Čitajte Šeg vića”, Arhitektura – Neven Šegvić, Zagreb, br. 211, 2002., str. 41.

9 Ibid., str. 40.10 Neven Šegvić, “Arhitektonska ’moderna’ u Hrvatskoj”,Republika , Zagreb, br. 3, 1952.

11 Neven Šegvić, “O muzeju narodne revolucije u Rijeci” (razgovor),Dometi , Rijeka, br. 10, 1975., str. 4-22.12 Neven Šegvić, “Bliski susreti s Kovačićem”, Čovjek i prostor , Zagreb, br. 1(394), 1986., str. 16. Kurziv autora.

13 Rem Koolhaas, “The Strategy of the Void: Très Grande Bibliotheque”, u Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, S, M, L, XL , Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1995., str. 644.


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