At the conclusion of this training, students should be able to:List materials where crystalline silica may be contained.
List processes and tasks that may cause silica to become airborne.
Describe health risks that arise from exposure to respirable silica.
Demonstrate ways to perform tasks to prevent exposure to silica.
Photo: ARTBA/Brad Sant
CourseObjectives
At the conclusion of this training, students should be able to (continued):
Locate OSHA’s Table-1 online.
Explain how to read and interpret Table-1.
Relate OSHA’s hierarchy of controls to typical job tasks.
Explain the basic elements of an Exposure control plan.
Photo: ARTBA/Brad Sant
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Your Rights and ResponsibilitiesProtections Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act
• Federal Employees - 29 CFR 1960.10(c)
• Private Sector Employees covered by Federal OSHA - Section 11(C) of the OSH Act
• Employees covered by an approved OSHA State Plan – Contact your State Plan
Photo: ARTBA/Brad Sant
You Have Rights to . . . a safe and healthful workplace;
know about hazardous chemicals;
information about injuries and illnesses;
request corrections from your employer;
training about your job;
examine exposure and medical records;
file an OSHA complaint; and
participate in an OSHA inspection
Photo: ARTBA
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Whistle Blower Rights
Photo: ARTBA/Brad Sant
You may file a complaint with OSHA if your employer retaliates against you by taking unfavorable action because you engaged in protected activity relating to workplace safety or health.
Protection from Retaliation Firing
Demoting
Denying benefits
Intimidation
Reducing hours
Reducing pay
Threating
Blacklisting
Workers have 30 days (from the day of retaliation) to file a whistleblower complaint with OSHA.
Photo: ARTBA
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Contacting OSHAFiling a Complaint
1. Visit Your Nearest OSHA Area Office
2. File a Complaint Online: https://www.osha.gov/pls/osha7/eComplaintForm.htm;
3. Fax a Complaint to Your Local or Area Office;
4. Mail a Letter to Your Local or Area Office;
5. Call OSHA 1-800-321-OSHA
How to File a Complaint
In your handouts is a copy of an OSHA Complaint form and instruction sheet.
You can file a complaint using this form, writing OSHA a letter, or filing a compliant online at https://www.osha.gov/workers/file_complaint.html
Sample Completion of the OSHA Hazard Description/Location Block
Three masonry employees work 8-hours a day from 6 AM to 2:30 PM dry cutting CMU masonry block with a stationary masonry saw. The stationary saw produces uncontrolled visible dust within the breathing zone of the workers who do not wear any respiratory protection. The dust also covers the employees work cloths. Employees are concerned that they may be overexposed to respirable silica dust. The work is being conducted on I-80 at Mile Marker 76, Anywhere, USA.
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How Does Silica Affect Your Body?
Photo: NIOSH
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Do You Know of any Case Where a Worker has Died or Gotten Sick as a Result of Silica Exposures?
Are Workers Dying Today From Silica Exposures?
Photo: ARTBA/Brad Sant
Health Hazards of Silica?
List Silica
Health Hazards.
Photo: OSHA
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Health Hazards of Silica•Silicosis
•Lung cancer
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
•Kidney diseases
•Autoimmune diseases
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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
Surveillance for Silicosis Deaths Among Persons Aged 15–44 Years — United States, 1999–2015
Symptoms of Lung Disease Sometimes there are no symptoms in early stage of the disease
Coughing and shortness of breath
Fever, weight loss, exhaustion, and coughing up blood
Photo & Quote: OSHA
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Over 500 construction workers are believed to die from exposure to silica dust every year
The largest amount of silica someone should be breathing in a day after using the right controls is shown next to the penny. Source - www.elcosh.org - Silica
Assessing Work MaterialsDetermining the presence of silica in your workplace.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)(2)
Photo: Granite Construction
How To Determine If Silica Is Present In The Workplace?
Consider your:
Industry Occupation Material
Photos: ARTBA - Brenchley
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How Construction Workers are Exposed to Silica?If you do:
abrasive blasting
asphalt pavement manufacturing
cement manufacturing
concrete mixing
concrete tunneling
road construction
demolition
tunneling operations
jack hammer operations
masonry
and many more…
. . . respirable silica
may be present). Photo: ARTBA
Common Activities in Construction that Silica Exposure Can Occur Drilling, cutting, grinding, chipping or hammering concrete, stone or masonry.
Abrasive sandblasting.
Crushing rock and concrete; mixing concrete. Photo: CRH Staker-Parsons
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Common Activities in Construction thatCan Have Silica Exposure
Loading, dumping and hauling rock and concrete.
Tunneling operations.
Milling concrete and asphalt.
Dry sweeping or using compressed air to move dust, sand or rock.
Photo: ARTBA/Brad Sant
Occupation Workers that have these occupations are at risk of silica exposure.• Construction laborer (Road construction, transportation,
homes, etc.)
• Crushing and grinding machine operator
• Mining machine operator
• Rock driller
• Sandblaster
• Material moving equipment operator
• Etc. Photo: ARTBA
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Examples of Materials Containing Silica:
Asphalt Brick Cement
ConcreteConcrete
block
Rock Sand Soil
Stone
Tile
Fiber Cement products
Grout
Mortar
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
Ways to Determine if a Material Contains Silica
1
•Check the label
2
•Check the Safety Data Sheet
3
•Review the published data
4
•Analyze a sample of the material
Photos: ARTBA/Brad Sant Asphalt Rock Concrete Sand
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Important To Note
There may be materials and tasks where
silica is present; however, exposure is
anticipated to be below the action level of
25 Micrograms per Cubic Meter of Air
(µg/m3). Examples of these activities:
Mixing concrete for post holes;
Pouring concrete footers, slab foundation,
and foundation walls; and
Removing concrete formwork.
Photo: ARTBA – Anita Brenchley
See Construction Small Entity Compliance Guide – Page 3
Important To Note
There is potential for danger when crystalline silica particles are in the air.
(It is important to note that there may be silica particles in the air even though you don’t see any dust).
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Check the Label A product that contains silica should have a label on it.
Machines may also be labeled with warning signs indicating that silica may be released.
Manufacturer's responsibility: attach a label to all products that contain more than 0.1% silica that may be hazardous when used.
Employer's responsibility: ensure that the label is not removed or defaced.
Graphic: ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1910.1200
Safety Data SheetIf a material contains greater than 0.1% crystalline silica, there must be a safety data sheet for it.
The manufacturer must develop a safety data sheet for each hazardous chemical they produce or import.
It is the employer's responsibility to provide safety data sheets for all hazardous materials at the workplace. SDS: U.S. Silica Company
See 29 CFR 1910.1200(g)
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Safety Data Sheet (Key Sections For Determining Silica Content)
Section 1 – Identification
Section 2 – Hazard(s) Identification
Section 3 – Composition/Information on Ingredients
Section 8 – Exposure Controls/Personal protection
Section 9 – Physical and Chemical Properties
Section 15 – Regulatory Information (non-mandatory)
SDS: U.S. Silica Company
See 29 CFR 1910.1200(g)(2)(i) through (xvi)
Review the Published Data
Source: Great Britain’s Health and Safety Executive, which is responsible for “securing the health, safety and welfare of people at work” and protecting “others from risks to health and safety from work activity,” compiled the figures for silica-containing materials.
Source: Workplace Health and Safety Queensland, Department of Justice and Attorney-General Silicosis and the lung.
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Analyze a Sample of the MaterialFind a laboratory with the qualifications to analyze a bulk sample for silica content.
• The American Industrial Hygiene Accreditation Laboratory Program’s website includes a list of accredited laboratories.
• MiningUSA.com includes a list of consultants and the type of testing services provided by each company.
Photo: ARTBA - Brad Sant
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)(2)(v)
Types of Questions to Ask a Laboratory Based on Recommendations by CPWR
Does your company participate in the American Industrial Hygiene Association’s Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Accreditation Program?
Does your company have experience working with construction contractors?
Who will collect the samples? If the laboratory expects the contractor to collect the sample: Will your company provide guidance on how to make the collections?
What is the cost for conducting a sample and what does it cover? Photo: ARTBA
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Types of Questions to Ask a Laboratory Based on Recommendations by CPWR
Are you equipped to analyze bulk samples of materials for their silica content? If yes:
How much experience does your staff have analyzing crystalline silica
What sampling method does your laboratory use?
Does this method comply with accepted government requirements? If yes, which ones?
Will I receive a written report?
Will there be a non-technical explanation?Photo: ARTBA
Photo: ARTBA/Anita Brenchley Photo: ARTBA/Brad SantPhoto: Zachry Construction
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(c)(1)
Wet Methods
Involve the use of water or a foam to keep dust down and out of the air.
Photo: ARTBA/Anita Brenchley
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(c)(2)(ii)
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Wet MethodsManual Spraying: One
option for applying water
is to have a worker direct
a stream or spray of
water at the impact
point.
A portable sprayer with a
nozzle can be used.
Wet Methods: Water-Spray Systems
Tools that have an integrated spray nozzle aimed at the tip of tool can lower silica exposures.
Photo: NIOSH
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Disposal of Slurry from Wet Methods
Any slurry formed as a
result of using
engineering controls (wet
methods) to suppress dust
should be cleaned to limit
secondary exposure to
silica dust. Photo: Texas Cutting and Coring/
Used with Permission
Vacuum Dust Collection Systems (VDCS)
Remove dust at the point where it is made.
A dust collection system can significantly reduce the amount of dust in the air.
Photo: NIOSH
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(c)(1) – Table 1
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VDCS Operation and Maintenance Keep the vacuum hose clear and free of debris, kinks and tight bends.
Change vacuum-collection bags as needed or at least as often as the manufacturer recommends. Do not over fill the bag.
Photo: Texas Cutting and Coring/
Used with Permission
Identify the Hazard
What is being done incorrectly in this photo?
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VDCS Operation and Maintenance Set a regular schedule for maintenance and filter cleaning of the VDCS.
Avoid exposure to dust when changing vacuum bags and cleaning or replacing air filters.
Place filters into sealed bags to prevent re-releasing silica dust.
Change, discard or clean filters per manufactures’ recommendation
Photo: NIOSH
How to Dispose of the DustCollected in the Filter and Vacuum
Slurry generated by wet methods should
be cleaned up before it dries using a wet
vacuum. When emptying the vacuum,
the slurry will be transferred into a
plastic bag and placed inside a
container for disposal. The container will
be sealed to prevent the release of dust
back into the work space.
Never sweep or used compressed air on
dried slurry, if slurry dries, immediately
wet it down and clean it up with the wet
vacuum. Photos: ARTBA - Sant
Vacuum with HEPA
Filters for Silica
Containment
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Isolation Isolation separates the employee from the silica dust.
This type of control is effective for operators in the cab, but does not protect employees working outside the cab.
Photo: ARTBA/Brad Sant
Workers should be kept a
safe distance from silica-
generating operations.
Cab doors should be
closed and air intakes
equipped with HEPA filters.
See Construction Small Entity Compliance Guide – Page 3 and 38
Work Practice Controls
These controls are made by establishing polices and procedures to lower the risks:
•Job scheduling to limit exposure
•Posting hazard signs
•Restricting access
•Training
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Respirators
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(e)(2) and 1910.134
Why is PPE found at the bottom of the hierarchy ofhazard controls?
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Respirators
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(e)(2) and 1910.134
PPE is at the bottom of the hierarchy of hazard controls because it is designed to protect the employee once the hazard comes into contract with them, no to prevent thehazard from happening.
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Activity – Describe controls that could be done to reduce exposure in each category:
Source: ARTBA Illustration
Remove the hazard: ______________
Replace the hazard: ________________
Isolate people from the hazard: _________
Change work practices: __________________
Types of PPE: ________________________
PPE Is the LAST Resort
The use of respirators is needed when engineering controls and work practices are not enough to control exposures down to a safe level.
Photo: ARTBA/Sant
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10 Minute Break
Photo: NIOSH
Employee Information and Training RequirementsRESPIRABLE CRYSTALLINE SILICA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(i)(2)
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
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Employee Information
“The standard requires
employers to ensure that each
employee who is covered by the
silica standard can
demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the health
hazards associated with
exposure to silica”.
Photo: ARTBA/Anita Brenchley
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(i)(2)(i)
Training Requirements
The employer must ensure that employees trained under the silica standard can demonstrate knowledge and understanding.
Photo: ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(i)(2)(i)
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Training Requirements
Employees must be trained on
the health hazards associated
with respirable crystalline silica
exposure. Over exposure can
place the employee at risk for
cancer, irreversible lung damage,
compromised immune system,
and kidney damage. Photo: ARTBA/Anita Brenchley
Training Requirements
Employees must be trained on
the specific workplace tasks
that could expose them to
respirable crystalline silica.
Eighteen (18) examples are
listed in Table 1, such milling
asphalt and cutting concrete.Photo: Anita Brenchley/ARTBA
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Training Requirements
Employers must train employees on workplace–specific:
It is important to provide training to employees on how to properly use respirators.
Photos: ARTBA - Sant
When Are Respirators Required? During Table-1 tasks that require respirator use.
When the exposure exceeds, or is expected to exceed, the PEL.
Where an exposure assessment has not been documented.
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
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When Are Respirators Required?
If an employee is required to wear a respirator at any time during a work shift, this counts as one day toward the 30-day requirement.
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
What Respirators Can Be Used for Silica?
All NIOSH tested and certified particulate or supplied-air respirators may be used for silica protection.
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
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10 Minute Break
Photo: NIOSH
Roadmap to Silica ComplianceUSING OSHA’S SILICA STANDARD FOR EXPOSURE CONTROL METHODS
Photo: NIOSHPhoto: NIOSH
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Roadmap of Exposure Control Methods
Two Choices
Table 1 Fully Implemented
Do not need to follow PEL Guideline; No
additional monitoring
Alternative Exposure Control
Method
Performance Monitoring Option
Scheduled Monitoring Option Worker Assessment
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(c) and (d)
Assumed Employee Exposure(when using Table-1)
When a respirator is not required by Table 1, the employee exposure is above the Action Level and below the PEL. However, when a respirator is required it is assumed the employee exposure is above the PEL.
Photo: NIOSH
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(c)(1)
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Written Exposure Control Plan
The OSHA standard requires employers to develop and implement a written exposure control plan.
This plan describes both work tasks and work place areas where exposures occur. The plan also outlines what actions are going to take place to eliminate and reduce exposure.
The plan must include all work tasks where exposure is anticipated along with equipment and materials used. Users must follow manufacturers’ recommendations.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)
Exposure Control Plans Must Include:
1. A description of the tasks in the workplace that involve exposures to respirable crystalline silica.
Photo: NIOSH
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(i)
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Exposure Control Plans Must Include:
2. A description of the engineering controls, work practices, and respiratory protection used to limit employee exposure to respirable crystalline silica for each task.
Photo: Brenchley - ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(ii)
Exposure Control Plans Must Include:
3. A description of the housekeeping measures used to limit employee exposure to respirable crystalline silica.
Photo: ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(iii)
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Exposure Control Plans Must Include:4. A description of the procedures
used to restrict access to work areas, when necessary, to minimize the number of employees exposed to respirable crystalline silica and their level of exposure, including exposures generated by other employers or sole proprietors.
5. Make sure the exposure control plan is available.
Photo: ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(iv) and (g)(3)
Additional Requirements
OSHA requires that “the employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of the written exposure control plan at least annually and update it as necessary.”
“The employer shall designate a competent person to make frequent and regular inspections of job sites, materials, and equipment to implement the written exposure control plan.”
Photo: Brenchley - ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(2) and (4)
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Competent Person
An individual who is:
1. Capable of identifying existing and
foreseeable respirable crystalline silica;
2. Authorized to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate or minimize them;
3. Has the knowledge and ability to
implement the written exposure control
plan.Photo: Brenchley - ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(4)
What Resources are Available for Silica Competent Person Training?
The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has developed a guideline:
“Recommended Skills and Capabilities for Silica Competent Persons”
Where Can We Find Exposure Control Plan Resources?
CPWR (The Center for Construction Research and Training) has developed tools to provide guidance on developing site-specific written exposure control plan.
Photo: ARTBA
https://plan.silica-safe.org/
Table - 1Equipment Names and Best Practice Tips
Photo: Brenchley - ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(c)(1) and CPWR’s Best Practices for Table 1 Activities
Table-1 is a tool provided in the OSHA silica construction standard that outlines 18 specific tasks common to the construction industry. This tool presents ways to control employee exposure to silica.
Graphic: ARTBA
ActivityUsing your mobile device, tablet or computer, locate and understand OSHA’s Table-1 for Silica Compliance:
What About Unique Tasks that Arise and Are Not Listed in Table-1?
When work tasks are not listed in Table-1 it is important to use initial full shift exposure monitoring. The employer must provide all required PPE and appropriate level of respiratory protection assuming the workers exposure is above the PEL. The qualified person must be able to determine the appropriate level of respiratory protection.
What About Unique Tasks that Arise and Are Not Listed in Table-1?
It is essential that a qualified
person conducts initial monitoring as
soon as work begins so that the
employer and employees are aware
of the exposure levels. Initial control
measures must assume the workers’
exposure is above the PEL until the
results of the initial monitoring has
been analyzed.
Photo: ARTBA - Brenchley
What About Unique Tasks that Arise and Are Not Listed in Table-1?
OSHA intends for employers
using the scheduled monitoring
option to conduct initial
monitoring as soon as work
begins so that they are aware of
exposure levels and where control
measures are needed. Photo: ARTBA - Brenchley
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Alternative Exposure Control MethodsFOR TASKS NOT LISTED IN TABLE-1 OR WHERE ENGINEERING CONTROLS AND WORK PRACTICES DESCRIBED ARE NOT FULLY IMPLEMENTED
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)
Photo: Granite Construction
Alternative Exposure Control Methods Apply When . . .
1. The task is not listed in
Table-1.
2. The employer does not use
Table-1.
3. Objective data is not
available.
4. When initial air monitoring
results exceed the action
level. Photo: ARTBA - Sant
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)
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When Is Air Sampling Required?
Air sampling, also known as exposure assessment, is required if the employer cannot or chooses not to use the control measures found in Table-1. It is also used when objective data is not available or used.
If the task is not shown in Table-1, air sampling (exposure assessment) is required when employees may be exposed to respirable crystalline silica.
Professional assistance may be required for this sampling.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)(2)(iii)(A)
Roadmap to Alternative Exposure Control Methods
Alternative Exposure Control Method
Performance Monitoring
Option
Scheduled Monitoring
Option Worker Assessment
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d(2)(ii) and (iii)
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121
Below the AL+ twice - seven (7) days apart
You are in compliance
Discontinue monitoring until making a change that can reasonably be expected to
increase silica exposure
Above the PEL*
*PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit
+AL = Action Limit
Use required engineering controls and PPE
Repeat every three (3) months
The employer must use engineering and work
practice controls to limit employee exposures to the
PEL and supplement the controls with respiratory
protection.
Performance Monitoring
Between the AL+
and the PEL
You are in compliance
Repeat every six (6) months
Monitoring Results:
This information only applies to the most recent, non-
initial monitoring.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)(2)(ii)
What Is the Performance Option and How Do We Use Objective Data?
The performance option is an exposure assessment method that
uses air sampling data collected by the employer or the use of
objective data compiled from other sources. It is also used when
objective data is not available or used.
Objective data means information, such as air monitoring data
from industry-wide surveys or calculations based on the
composition of a substance, demonstrating employee exposure to
respirable crystalline silica associated with a particular product,
material or a specific process, task, or activity.*
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Types of Data and Exposure Assessment Strategies
Data from industry-wide surveys.
Data provided by trade or professional associations.
Directs employers as to when and how often exposure monitoring must be performed.
Initial exposure monitoring is required for an 8-hour TWA.
Photo: ARTBA – Anita Brenchley
Scheduled Monitoring Options:When the Exposure Level Is Below the Action Level (AL)
When the initial exposure monitoring is below the AL, exposure monitoring can be discontinued for
employees whose exposures are represented
by this assessment.
Reassessment and additional monitoring is required, if a change is made to where silica exposure levels can be expected to be at or above the action level.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)(2)(iii)(E) and (d)(2)(iv)
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Scheduled Monitoring Options:When the Exposure Levels Are Above the Action Level (AL) but Below the PEL
The employer must repeat
the monitoring within six
(6) months.
Establish a written
exposure control plan
Designate a competent
Person
Offer medical
surveillance
Train workers
Keep records
Restrict housekeeping
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)(2)(iii)
Scheduled Monitoring Options:When the Exposure Levels Are Above the PEL
The employer must repeat
the monitoring within three
(3) months.
PPE
Respiratory Protection
Written Employee
Notification within five (5)
days
Establish a written
exposure control plan
Designate a competent
Person
Offer medical surveillance
Train workers
Keep records
Restrict housekeeping
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Reassessment of Exposures
It is important to note that whenever a change in production, process, control, equipment, workers, or work practices; the employer needs to reassess exposure.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(d)(2)(iv)
Written Exposure Control Plan ROADMAP TO A WRITTEN CONTROL PLAN
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)
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Written Exposure Control Plan
The OSHA Standard Requires that an Employer Must Develop and Implement a Written Exposure Control Plan
This plan describes the work tasks and work place areas where exposures occur and what actions are going to take place to eliminate/reduce exposure.
The plan must include all work tasks where exposure is anticipated along with equipment and materials used.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)
Exposure Control Plans Must Include at Least the Following Elements:
A description of the task in the workplace that involve exposures to respirable crystalline silica.
1.
Photo: NIOSH
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(i)
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Exposure Control Plans Must Include at Least the Following Elements:
A description of the engineering controls, work practices, and respiratory protection used to limit employee exposure to respirable crystalline silica for each task.
2.
Photo: CRH
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(ii)
Exposure Control Plans Must Include at Least the Following Elements:
A description of the housekeeping measures used to limit employee exposure to respirable crystalline silica.
3.
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(iii)
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Exposure Control Plans Must Include at Least the Following Elements:
A description of the procedures
used to restrict access to work
areas to minimize the number
of employees exposed to
respirable crystalline silica and
their level of exposure,
including exposures generated
by other employers or sole
proprietors.
4.
Photo: NIOSH
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(1)(iv)
Additional Requirements
OSHA requires that “the employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of the written exposure control plan at least annually and update it as necessary.”
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(2))
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Additional Requirements
Photo: ARTBA - Sant
Upon request, the employer must provide a copy of the written exposure control plan to covered employees, designated representatives and OSHA.
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(3)
Additional Requirements
“The employer shall designate a competent person to make frequent and regular inspections of job sites, materials, and equipment to implement the written exposure control plan.”
Photo: Brenchley - ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(g)(4)
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Competent Person
1. An individual who is capable of identifying existing and foreseeable respirable crystalline silica.
2. An individual that has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate or minimize hazards.
Photo: Brenchley - ARTBA
See 29 CFR 1926.1153(b)
Where Can We Find Exposure Control Plan Resources?
CPWR (The Center for Construction Research and Training) has developed tools to provide guidance on developing site-specific written exposure control plan. Go to https://plan.silica-safe.org/
You will be instructed to follow a three-step process:
1. Will you generate dust containing silica on the job?
