Map of the Carolingian Empire, 768-814: Map from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1, 3rd edition.

Maps of Viking attacks in France: left map from Vikings: the North Atlantic Saga, edited by Fitzhugh and Ward; right map from Gwyn

Jones, A History of the Vikings.

Maps of Normandy: maps from Robert Ferguson, The Vikings: a History.

The Vikings in Spain: left map from Barbara Rosenwein, A Short History of the Middle Ages;

right map from Robert Ferguson, The Vikings: a History.

Vikings and Franks: left—an image of a Viking ship from the Life of Saint Aubin, 9th century; right—crucifix discovered in a 9th century grave

from Birka, Sweden. Images from Vikings: the North Atlantic Saga, edited by Fitzhugh and Ward.

Evidence of Vikings in France: left top—Frankish sword mounts; left bottom—ax and spearhead of Viking warrriors;

right—the Hon Hoard. Images from Vikings: the North Atlantic Saga, edited by Fitzhugh and Ward.

Vikings in Normandy: left—statue of Rollo; right—statue of Richard II le Bon (the Good), both sculpted by Louis Rochet, 1851, at Falaise,

France.

Norman coins: left—coin of William I Longsword, reading Wilelmus (top) Rotomagus (bottom); right—coin of Richard I, reading Ricardus (top) Rotomagus (bottom). Rotomagus was the Latin for Rouen. Left images from Jean Renaud, Les Vikings et la Normandie; right images

from www.home.ekard.edu.

Monastery of Mont Sant Michel. Images from Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons.

Monastery of Fécamp. Image from Wikipedia.

Evidence of Viking contact with Islamic culture: left—Arabic coins recovered in Scandinavia; right—Arabic coins,

weights, strike-light, and dress pin found in a Viking grave. Images from Vikings: the North Atlantic Saga, edited by Fitzhugh and Ward.