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Open Source Programming

ByProf. A. Vijayarani

SITEVIT

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IntroductionUnit I

Open source Programming PHP, Apache,

MySQL, Postgress, SQL and Perl-Overview of PHP Variables, operators,Constants, control structures arrays,Functions, classes Handling files.

Author: Prof. A. Vijayarani, Asst. Prof., SITE, VIT

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By allowing the open exchange ofinformation, programmers from all over

the world contribute to make a trulypowerful and efficient piece of softwarewithout royalties or fees.

What is Open source

Open Source ProgrammingAuthor: Prof. A. Vijayarani, Asst. Prof., SITE, VIT

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Why OSP ROCKS?

They are cross-platform and

technology-neutral.They must not restrict other software.

They embrace diversity.

They are free.


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OSP Software - OS Linux operating system kernel based on Unix

GNU Project a sufficient body of free software

OpenBSD operating system derived from Unix

FreeBSD operating system derived from Unix

OpenSolaris Unix Operating System from Sun

Microsystems

Symbian real-time mobile operating system


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OSP Software - ServerApache HTTP web server

Tomcat web server web container

Mediawiki wiki server software

Alfresco, TYPO3 content management systemRenovatioCMS content management system

Joomla content management system

Drupal content management system


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WordPress blog softwareMongoDB document-oriented, non-relational

databaseEclipse software development environment

comprising an integrated development environment(IDE)Moodle course management system or virtuallearning environment

openSIS open source Student Information System

OSP Software


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osCommerce ecommercePeaZip File archiver

Mozilla Firefox web browser

Mozilla Thunderbird e-mail client

OpenOffice.org office suite

Stockfish chess engine series, one of the strongestchess programs

7-Zip File Archiever


OSP Software


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OSP Software (Others)

PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

PERL & Python Interpreted Dynamic Language

MySQL Data Base


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Intro to AMP Package

MySQL: It enables PHP and Apache to work

together to access and display data in a readableformat to a browser.


AMP is an acronym formed from the initials ofApache, MySQL and PHP or Python or Perl.

Apache: It acts as Web server. Its main job is toparse any file requested by a browser and display thecorrect results according to the code within that file.

PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting languagethat allows your Web site to be truly dynamic.


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AMP as Restaurant

Apache This is theChef. Whatever people ask

for, prepares it withoutcomplaint. He/She is quick,flexible, and able toprepare a multitude ofdifferent types of foods.


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AMP as RestaurantMySQL This is Stockroom of ingredients.


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Appache is a Web server Responds to clientrequests by providing resources

URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)

Web server and client communicate with platform-independent Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Apache Introduction


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Request methods

get

post

Retrieve and send client form data to Web

server

Post data to a server-side form handler


HTTP request types


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Multi-tier application (n-tier application)

Information tier (data or bottom tier) Maintains data for the application

Stores data in a relational database management system

(RDBMS) Middle tier Implements business logic and presentation logic

Control interactions between application clients andapplication data

Client tier (top tier)

Applications user interface Users interact directly with the application through the

client tier


System Architecture


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Overview of Php PHP Hypertext Preprocessor.

Other Names : Personal Home Page, ProfessionalHome Page

PHP is a server side scripting language.

Capable of generating the HTML pages

HTML generates the web page with the static text and

images.

However the need evolved for dynamic web based

application, mostly involving database usage.


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Features of PHP

Is an open source.

There are no. of server side scripting available likeASP, SSJS, JSP..

PHP involves simplicity in scripting (..generally usingthe database) platform independence.

PHP is primarily designed for web applicationswell optimized for the response times needed forweb applications


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CLIENT

WEBSERVER

HTTP Request

(url)

Gets Page

Hello

Interprets the PHP code

Server response

How it works?

Browser creates

the web page


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PHP with HTML


PHP programs are written using a text editor,such as Notepad or WordPad, just like HTMLpages.

PHP pages, for the most part, end in a .phpextension. This extension signifies to the serverthat it needs to parse the PHP code beforesending the resulting HTML code to the viewersWeb browser.


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PHP with HTML What makes PHP so different is that it not only allowsHTML pages to be created.

It is invisible to your Web site visitors. The only thingthey see the resulting HTML output. This gives you more

security for your PHP code and more flexibility in writing it.

HTML can also be written inside the PHP section of yourpage.

PHP can also be written as a standalone program, with no

HTML


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PHP SyntaxPHP is denoted in the page with opening andclosing tags as follows:


Opening Tag

Closing Tag

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My First PHP Program


PHP ProgramsCode

Result


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PHP ProgramsCode Result


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Data Type

PHP is an untyped language variables type can change on the fly.

Four basic data types:

More data types

1. Integer2. Double3. String

4. Boolean

1. Array2. Object


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..values that never changes.

Constants are defined in PHP by using the

define( ) function.

For e.g.define(NCST, National Centre for

Software Technology)

defined() function says whether theconstant exists or not.

Constants


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Variables The variables in PHP are declared by

appending the $ sign to the variable name.

For e.g

$company = NCST;

$sum = 10.0;

Variables data type is changed by the value

that is assigned to the variable.

Type casting allows to change the data type

explicitly.


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Variables


Rules for Naming Variables:

In PHP, unlike some other programming languages,there is no restriction on the size of a variable name.

Variable names should identified by dollar ($) symbol.

Variable names can begin with an underscore.

Variable names cannot begin with a numericcharacter.

Variable names must be relevant and self-explanatory.


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Variables


Valid Examples In Valid Examples

$prod_desc $9OctSales$Intvar Sales123$_Salesamt $*asgs


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$MyStrVal = "This is an example of a string value";$MyIntVal = 145665; // An integer value$MyBoolval = True; // A Boolean value can either be

True or False$MyFloatVal=2346.45 // A float value$MyArrVal[0] = "My"; //An array containing three

elements$MyArrVal[1] = "First";

$MyArrVal[2] = "Array";

Variables (cont)


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Settype


In PHP, Variable type can be changed by Settype

Syntax:Settype(Variablename, newDataType);

E.g.$pi = 3.14 //floatSettype($pi,string); //now string 3.14

Settype($pi,integer);// now integer - 3

Settype


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Settype & Gettype


Syntax:Gettype(Variablename);

E.g.$pi = 3.14; //float

print gettype($pi);Print ---$pi
;

Settype($pi,string);print gettype($pi);Print ---$pi
;

Settype($pi,integer);print gettype($pi);Print ---$pi
;

In PHP, Variable type and can know by Gettype.


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Operators All the operators such as arithmetic,

assignment, Comparison, and logical

operators are similar to the operators in C

and C++.

In PHP the string concatenation operator is

denoted by .

For e.g.$name = My name is.$myname;


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Quotes ( Vs. )


In a double-quoted string any variable names are expanded

to their values.In a single-quoted string, no variable expansion takes place.

$name = "Phil";$age = 23;echo '$name is $age';

$name = "Phil";$age = 23;echo $name is $age;

Output is$name is $age

Output isPhil is 23


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Operators (cont)Comparison

OperatorLogical

Operator

|| ( highprecedence)

&& ( high

precedence)

Xor

!

Or

And

===

(identical)

>=

$num2){

$max = $num1;}

else{

$max = $num2;}

Syntax E.g.


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2. Ifelse if Statement multiple decision stmt

if (){

//True part Php code}

else if (){//1st False 2nd true part

php code}

else{

// false part PhP code}

if ($num1 > $num2)

{ $max = $num1;}

else if ($num2 > $num3){

$max = $num3;}

else$max = $num2;

Syntax

E.g.

Conditional Statements(Branching)


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3. Switch Statement replacement of if else if stmt.

switch (expression){

case value1: {stmts1;break;}case value2: {stmts2;

break;}

[default: stmts;]}

switch ($day){case 1: {echo its Sunday;break;}case 2: {echo its Monday;break;}case 7: {echo its Saturday;

break;}default: {echo not specifiedvalue;}}

SyntaxE.g.

Conditional Statements(Branching)


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4. For Statement Looping Statement.

for( initial_expression;termination_check;index_updation)

{statement (S);

}

for($i=1; $i < 10; $i++)echo $i;

(or)$i=1;for(;$i

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5. Do While Statement

do{

Statement (S);}while ();

do{

$i=$i+1;echo $i;

} while ($i < 10);

Syntax E.g.

Conditional Statements(Looping)


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5. While Statement

while(){

Statement (S);}

while ($i < 10){

$i=$i+1;echo $i;

}

Syntax E.g.

Conditional Statements(Looping)


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Arrays

In Php, arrays are lists of bits of informationmapped with keys and stored under one variable name.For example, you can store a persons name and

address or a list of states in one variable.


Generally, array is a collection of homogeneouselements.

Lets store a persons name and age under one variable name :

$name = array(firstname=>Albert,lastname=>Einstein,age=>124);


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Arraywit

h

Implicitk

ey

Arraywith

Explicitkey

Arrays


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Multidimensional Arrays


Array of arrays is called as multidimensionalarrays.

$Student = array ("0"=> array ("name"=>"James", "sex"=>"Male", "age"=>"28"),"1"=> array ("name"=>"John", "sex"=>"Male", "age"=>"25"),"2"=> array ("name"=>"Susan", "sex"=>"Female", "age"=>"24"));

$student[1"][name"] returns John


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Functions:

A function is a block of code that is not immediately

executed but can be called by scripts whenever needs.

Functions can be built-in or user-defined. They can require

information to be passed to them and usually return a value.

Functions


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Array Functions

Array ( [a] => Dog [b] => Cat [c] => Horse )

Array(key=>value) Creates an array with keys andvalues

Output:

E.g.:


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Array Functions

array_chunk(array,size,preserve_key ) - splits an arrayinto chunks of new arrays


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Array ([0] => Array ( [0] => Cat [1] => Dog )[1] => Array ( [0] => Horse [1] => Cow ))

Output:

E.g.: 1


Array Functions


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Array ([0] => Array ( [a] => Cat [b] => Dog )[1] => Array ( [c] => Horse [d] => Cow )

)

Output:

E.g.: 2


Array Functions


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array_combine(array1,array2) creates an array by combiningtwo other arrays, where the first array is the keys, and the other arrayis the values.


Array Functions

Array ( [a] => Cat [b] => Dog [c]=> Horse [d] => Cow )

Output:

E.g.:


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array_count_values(array) returns an array,where the keys are the original array's values,and the values is the number of occurrences.

E.g:

Array ( [Cat] => 1 [Dog] => 2[Horse] => 1 )

Output:


Array Functions


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array_diff(arr1,arr2,) function compares two ormore arrays, and returns an array with the keysand values from the first array, only if the valueis not present in any of the other arrays.

E.g:

Array ( [0] => Cat )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_diff_assoc(arr1, arr2,) function

compares two or more arrays, and returns anarray with the keys and values from the firstarray, only if they are not present in any of theother arrays.

E.g:

Array ( [0] => Cat [2] =>Horse )

Output:


Array Functions


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array_fill(start,number,value ) function returns anarray filled with the values you describe

E.g:

Array ( [2] => Dog [3] =>Dog [4] => Dog )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_flip(array ) function returns an arraywith all the original keys as values, and all originalvalues as keys.

E.g:

Array ( [Dog] => 0 [Cat] => 1[Horse] => 2 )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_key_exists(key,arr ) function checksan array for a specified key, and returns true ifthe key exists and false is the key does notexist.

E.g:

Key exists!

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_merge(array1,array2,array3...)function merges one ore more arrays into onearray.

E.g:

Array ( [a] => Horse [b] =>Cat [c] => Cow )

Output:


Array Functions


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E.g:

Array ( [0] => Horse [1] => Dog )

Output:


Array Functions


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array_multisort(array1, sortingorder, sortingtype, array2, array3 ) returns a sorted array. Youcan assign one or more arrays.

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E.g:

Array ( [0] => Cat [1] => Dog [2] => Dog )Array ( [0] => Missy [1] => Pluto [2] => Fido )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_pop(array) function deletes the last element ofan array. Array_shift(array) removes an element at thebeginning of the array

E.g:

Array ( [0] => Dog [1] => Cat )Array ( [0] => Cat )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_push(array,value1,value2...) function insertsone or more elements to the end of an array.

Array_unshift(array) inserts an element at the beginningof the array

E.g:

Array ( [0] => Dog [1] => Cat [2] => Horse [3] => Bird)

Array ( [0] => fish [1]=>Dog [2] => Cat [3] => Horse[4] => Bird )

Output:


Array Functions


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E.g:

Array ( [a] => Dog [b] => Cat [0]=> Horse [1] => Bird )

Output:

Output ????????


Array Functions


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array_rand(array,num) function returns a random key froman array, or it returns an array of random keys if you specify thatthe function should return more than one key.

E.g:

b

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_reverse(array,preserve) function returns anarray in the reverse order.

E.g:

Array ( [c] => Horse [b] => Cat[a] => Dog )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_search(value,array,strict ) function search anarray for a value and returns the key.

E.g:

a

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_slice(array, start, length, preserve) functionreturns selected parts of an array.

E.g:

Array ( [0] => Cat [1] => Horse )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_splice(array,start,length,array) functionremoves selected elements from an array and replaces it withnew elements. The function also returns an array with theremoved elements.

E.g:

Array ( [0] => Tiger [1] => Lion[2] => Horse [3] => Bird )

Output:


Array Functions


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The array_sum(array) function returns the sum of all thevalues in the array.

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The arsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by thevalues in reverse order. The values keep their original keys.

E.g:

Array([c] => Horse[a] => Dog[b] => Cat)

Output:


Array Functions


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The asort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by thevalues. The values keep their original keys

E.g:Array([b] => Cat[a] => Dog[c] => Horse

)

Output:


Array Functions


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The krsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by thekeys in reverse order. The values keep their original keys.

E.g:Array([c] => Horse[b] => Cat[a] => Dog

)

Output:


Array Functions


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The ksort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by thekeys. The values keep their original keys.

E.g:Array([a] => Dog[b] => Cat[c] => Horse

)

Output:


Array Functions


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The rsort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array bythe values in reverse order. This function assigns new keys forthe elements in the array. Existing keys will be removed. Thisfunction returns TRUE on success, or FALSE on failure.

E.g:Array([0] => Horse[1] => Dog[2] => Cat

)

Output:


Array Functions


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The sort(array,sorttype) function sorts an array by thevalues. This function assigns new keys for the elements in thearray. Existing keys will be removed. This function returns TRUEon success, or FALSE on failure

E.g:

Array([0] => Cat[1] => Dog

[2] => Horse)

Output:


Array Functions


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Other Array Functions:

Array array range(low,high,step) Populates the array from lowvalue to high value with the interval of step.$a = array(1,10,1) // 1,2,310$odd = array(1,10,2) //1,3,5,,,9

boolean is_array(variable name) Used to check for an arrayArray Array_keys(arrayname) retrieves keys from the array.Array array_values(array) retrieves valuesInt count(arrayname[,mode]) counts values in an array. Mode 1counts recursively (ie for 2dim array)

Sizeof


Array Functions


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Asort Ascending-values & keeps keys

Arsort - Descending-values & keeps keys

Ksort - Ascending-keys & keeps keys

Krsort - Descending-keys & keeps keys

Sort - Ascending-values & new keys

Rsort Descending values & new keys

Sorttype?

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COUNT_RECURSIVE

COUNT_NORMAL

SORT_LOCALE_STRING

SORT_STRING

SORT_NUMERIC

SORT_REGULAR

SORT_DESC

SORT_ASC

CASE_UPPER

CASE_LOWER


Array Constants

EXTR_REFS

EXTR_IF_EXISTS

EXTR_PREFIX_IF_EXISTS

EXTR_PREFIX_INVALID

EXTR_PREFIX_ALL

EXTR_PREFIX_SAME

EXTR_SKIP

EXTR_OVERWRITE


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The count_chars(string,mode ) function returns how manytimes an ASCII character occurs within a string and returns theinformation.


String Functions

Array

([32] => 1[33] => 1[72] => 1[87] => 1[100] => 1[101] => 1

[108] => 3[111] => 2[114] => 1)

Output:

E.g:


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The different return modes are:

0 - an array with the ASCII value as key and number ofoccurrences as value

1 - an array with the ASCII value as key and number ofoccurrences as value, only lists occurrences greater than zero

2 - an array with the ASCII value as key and number ofoccurrences as value, only lists occurrences equal to zero arelisted

3 - a string with all the different characters used

4 - a string with all the unused characters


String Functions


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The explode(separator, string, limit) function breaks astring into an array.


String Functions

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The implode(separator,array ) &join(separator,array )function returns a string from the elements of an array.


String Functions

E.g:

Hello World! Beautiful Day!

Output:


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The ltrim(string,charlist) & rtrim(string,charlist) function will

remove whitespaces or other predefined character from the left andright side of a string respectively.

The soundex(string) function calculates the soundex key of astring.

The str_shuffle(string) function randomly shuffles all thecharacters of a string.


String Functions


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The strlen(string) function returns the length of a string.


String Functions

E.g:

Length = 12

Output:


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The strrev(string) reverses the given string.


String Functions

E.g:

Reverse of hello World! is!dlroW olleh

Output:


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The strtoupper(string) converts to upper case characterThe strtolower(string) converts to lower case character


String Functions

E.g:

Upper of hello World! isHELLO WORLD!Lower of hello World! is helloworld

Output:


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The strpos(string,exp) returns the numerical position of

first appearance of exp.The strrpos(string,exp) returns the numerical position oflast appearance of exp.


String Functions

E.g:

210

Output:


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The substr(string,start,length) function returns a sub stringof the size length from the position of start.


String Functions

E.g:

lo

Output:


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The substr_count(string,substr) counts number of times asub string occurred in given string.


String Functions

E.g:

2

Output:


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The substr_replace(string,replacement,start,len)replaces a portion of a string with a replacement string, beginningthe substitution at a specified starting position and ending at apredefined replacement length.


String Functions

E.g:

heaaorld!

Output:


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The ucfirst(string) converts the first character to upper case.The ucwords(string) converts the first character of each wordto upper case.


String Functions

E.g:

Hello world!Hello World!

Output:


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The parse_str(string,arr) function parses a query string intovariables.


String Functions

E.g:

23Kai Jim

Output:


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The str_replace(find,replace,string,count ) functionreplaces some characters with some other characters in a string.

Note: str_ireplace() for case sensitive


String Functions

E.g:Array([0] => blue[1] => pink

[2] => green[3] => yellow)Replacements: 1

Output:


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The str_pad(string,length,padchar,padtype) functionpads a string to a new length.


String Functions

E.g:

.........Hello World

Output:


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The str_split(string,length ) function splits a string into an array.Default length is 1.


String Functions

E.g:

Array(

[0] => Hel[1] => lo)

Output:


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The str_word_count(string) function counts the number of wordsin a string.


String Functions

E.g:

2

Output:


String Functions

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The strcasecmp(string1,string2) function compares two strings ascase insensitive. Strcmp(string1,string2) compares as case sensitive.This function returns:

0 - if the two strings are equal< 0 - if string1 is less than string2> 0 - if string1 is greater than string2


E.g:

01

Output:


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String Functions

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The stristr(string,exp) function searches for the first occurrence ofa string inside another string.This function returns the rest of the string (from the matching point), orFALSE, if the string to search for is not found


E.g:

World! Have a niceday

Output:


Date Functions

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Boolean Checkdate(month,day,year) used to check the givenparameters are a valid date.

Date(formatstring) - The date() function returns a stringrepresentation of the current date and/or time formatted according tothe instructions specified by a predefined format.

Array Getdate(int timestamp) returns array of datetimecomponents

Time() returns time stamp

Mktime(int h,int min, int sec, int day, int mnth, int yr) create a date and time


Math Functions

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Some mathematical functions are listed:

1. sin(X) , cos(x), tan(x), asin(x), acos(x), atan(x), exp(x), log(x) are trigonometric functions returns the respected values.

2. Ceil(x), floor(x) used to round the numbers.

3. Abs(x) returns absolute value for the given number.

4. Fmod(x,y) returns the reminder of the division x /y.

5. Min(x,y) & Max(x,y) returns the min and max values respectively.

6. Bindec(x), binoct(x),binhex(x) converts the given binary value intodecimal, octal and hexadecimal.

7. decbin(x), decoct(x), dechex(x) converts the given decimal valueinto binary, octal and hexadecimal.

8. Base_convert(val,bastype, convtype) converts the given value ofbasetype has to be converted to the convtype.

Date post:	06-Apr-2018
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OSP Notes1

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