Osprey, Men-At-Arms #039 the British Army in North America 1775-1783 (1998) (-) OCR 8.12

7/29/2019 Osprey, Men-At-Arms #039 the British Army in North America 1775-1783 (1998) (-) OCR 8.12

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R O B I ~ ~ 1 : \ Y GERRY D l B L E T O ~


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SERIES EDITOR: LEE JOHNSON

THE BRITISH ARMY INNORTH AMERICA17751783I ..

TeXT BYROBIN MAY AND

GERRY EMBLETONNEW COLOUR PLATES AND

TEXT REVISION BYGERRY EMBLETON

t!mmMILITARY

( )


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Gene....Burgoyne - 'Gentleman

- ptaywright, politician' tne soldiers' friend',

THE BRITISH ARMY INNORTH AMERICA 17751783

INTRODUCTIONhe British have rarely disliked a war more than the AmericanRevolution and ha\'c nc\"cr been less eager to serve in the armedforces of the CroWll. If it had not been for Scotsmen, who joined

the ann)' in considerable !lumbers. rccmiling would have been an e\'cnbigger fiasco than i l was.

The Whig Opposition W"dS againsl th e war to the ex:tCI1l of sometimesglol")ing publici), in British defeats, and. as history was mostl)' ",,'nnen b}'Whig his.arians in the following cenllU)'. the nOlable achievements ofthe redcoats in AmeriGt were played down. When b;ul1e honours weredistributed none al all were aW"drded for the Revolution, a sh'lIllcfulomission. )'el the mal"'..el is nOI tllal the troops foughl so badl)'. bm sowell. Al American textbook Ic\"cl. the redeo.us h;I\'c been made illloogres. lhough to balance this. many of the more s)'mpalhctic commClllSon thcm ha\'c becn \\'rillcn by AmeriC::llls,

Courage \\':LS nC\'cr in shon suppl)" For shccr gulS, the r(:


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Si r Hen ..... Clinton, Howe"succeuor Commandaf'lnChlet1nAmeric.a.

or always loyal, always dependable regimentS Sland in magnificencontrast to a meall, bickering Congress. alld part-time soldieralmost coming and going as they pleased. The standard gcnerals


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meant that the rest of the empirc was pitifull}' under,policed. llatl'edarmies at home and abroad could hardly be laken fllnher.

he e v e t 1 L ~ leading up to Ihe American Revolution are not theof this book, bIll s c n ~ r a l points must be stressed where thewcre concerned. Firstly, though many Britons were not con

that Canada was wonh possessing, none doubted the importancethe American colonies


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A priva" 01 t ta Pleket Company01 th e 13th Foot, In thatregiment's yellow-Iaeed eoa t; theeap ornament" br a.., and th eeapltaellapartlculare.empleolthe wide lIarletyol Impl"OIIiHdlight Inf.ntfyeepa. (Repro6l>c:edby grKkH.t. pennl lo n 01 H.M.TheQueenJ

Six rears aflcr this, I\'hcll the military ......ar was ow:1" ill/\Illcrica cxn'pfor skirmishcs and Ihc formalilies, Ihe ann ... had reachcd the 110,000mar"- )7.000 of Ihem stalioll(.d in AmeriC;I and the We" Indies. ThisdOl'" llOt include the 70 or SO Loyalist regilllelll'l ; \ lU\ formations, the;lO,OOO German mercenaries and the fluctuating !lumber of Indians \I'hofought on Ihe British sidc,

Rt.'(Tuiting had never been morr difficult Lhan for this war. Aparfrom the unpopularity of the conflict, the 1770s were tht' last \'earsbefore till' lndu.:>trial Rt.'\'ohllion imrodllced a l;lI-ge numl)('I' of Iheworking d : L ~ ' i ( " S to a fate \\orse than taking the King'., Shilling - thenightman: world of prbon-lil.e facton n,e" \ lere the last H:ars whenBr;tilill \\,15 lIlore an agricultur.tl than an indusu;al mllion, "hen {'\'cnthe poorest coumn'men could expect to rat well, and \ lhen {'nc1osurcshad not \'t"I wrecked the rural \\";\\ of life.

So 11ll' temptation to join up \I


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Io....;ng r l ...ealing repon ;:lbOlIl equipment. dated 15June 1784, soon anerl h wd.r was o\'er. shows that notice was taken of complaints if seniorofficers made them. It is a Report of me Procecdings ofa Committeeof Gcner.tl Officers Rt.garding the Equipment of Soldiers. and theli.stl"t! recommendations received approval:

1 Ordnance Cartridge Box at present in use found to beinconvenient.2 Powder-Horns and Bullet-Bags of Light Infantry were neverused during the late war.3 Matches & Match-Cases of Grenadiers are becoming obsolete.

4 Grenadiers' swords were never used during the last war.(It was proposed that all these articles be abandoned.)5 The whole battalion to be accoutred alike, with the addition oftwo articles for the Light Infantry, e.g., Hatchel & Priming Hom,which may be carried either with the knapsack or as theCommanding Officer shall think most convenient.6 Shoulder-belts to be of equal breadth, and to have the Ammunitiondivided; to cany the Pouch on the right side, and the Magazine on the feft.7 Pouch & Bayonet-Belts 10 be of Buff leather & both to be 2 inchesbroad, the Bayonet-Carriage [frog] to slip on & off the belt with twoloops.

8 A leather cap worn by some of the Light Infantry during the late war isstrongly recommended.

9 Propose a black woollen cloth gaiter with white metal buttons & withoutstiff tops in place of the black linen gaiters at present in use.

So somclhing had been learnt from the campaign ill America. Backin [775, it must have seemed 10 sollle thaI there would be no campaignsfrom which to learn. for recruiting was practically stationary. InDecember. Ed\\';.ud II;:u"\'ey. the A{ljll\am-Gcncral. lamentcd: 'Sad wo,'knenwhcre in recruiting. In these damned limes we must esert zeal.'

Ill' was right, for apa.n from the many reasons fOT not joining lhe anny,mere were other disa

Vol unreel's joincd up for lhree rears or lhe dur.nion, OUI. except forin Scolland, Ihere were pilifully few of lhem in 1776. Some re


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f-:; .. P, .. i l . ~ .. I, .. ,' ...'ul tI"t- j ' ,t .. ,, ,r n ~ t c " , i .. .I .. " L ~ .. " l i . ( f , .. "Iv .... l t . 1,lttel",,;). 17(,',. J

Until I i:":-.. \dum rfieiH'd one-and-ahalfguineas. but 0l.!I there ""tre far tOO few of them.pardoned crimUla] and deserters werewelcomed. tn t fL . I f l . "'i.S the required height.though '''OlIn .0 0 looked as if they miglllgrow .....e re enli'led, .... he..eas the lame, theruptu..ro and tho prone 10 fitS .....e ..e not.After 171 ..... hen ~ l o g a b..oughlthe French

into Ihe .....ar, ..ecruiling became mOi'e urgent.Volllllteel"S gOl thrt t pounds and. as in 1775, a discharge in t h r e e ) ~ or al the end of ihe war: andin Scotland and the London area. thc 'ablel>o


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An aerial view of Fort Niagara,which eould kIIrdly be less likethe log ' Iockade of Hollywoodlegend. . . . , tlning history, t rekhe, from t1579 to t8 t5 ,when It wa, handed back to th eUSA - I t had been taken from theFrench In 1759. The redoubtsoatefrom tnG-1 ,whikthe, t_ bIockhou. . . . eachmounting tw o c:annon on th egun-deek, "'.. . wall, five feetthick.. In th e foregr'O\l'f>d ar e th e~ and t he south blockhouse;on th e righl b the north b1ockhovH; In t he f a, blIckground Isthe 'cas lle ' with Ita bakehouH;Isolated on the left I . th emagazl. . .; and to th e left of th eblocktlQu'. in th e foreground isa range of , lore buildings. (OldFort Niagara AssociationIncorporated)

Fort Nlapra - th e southblockhouse I . shown - was no tvery .trongly built . but was

important. Duringe Aevolution It we. the mainfo r Loyalist an d Indian

. . notablyand t he lroquoi ' led by

eph Brant . (Old Fort NiagaraIncorporaled and

ve McClellan)

muskct. with a carbine for thc Gl\'alry. while fusiliers carried a fusil. Thefinest Ikilish firearm of the war. thc Ferguson b r e e c h ~ l o a d e r invcllled IJ}'thc dashing ~ 1 ~ o r ratrick Fcrguson. was only used by 100 or SO pickedmarksmen in America.

Rcgimental doctors. as recruits found. \'aried from good to ghastl\'.And as for the consolations of religion. it was an irreligiolls age, andthough each r


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'ears' War, in which so many of them had pre\;ollsly fougln. This is nOl the book to argue thefew pros and m.m)' cons of the purchase S)'Stemof commissions which restricled so manyofficers ....ithOul primle means to junior ranksand allowed mere YOllths to command them.There was no general in the Rcvolution quitcso ineffcctivc as Abercromby of FonTiconderoga (I i58), but nor was there a \\'olfe.And Sir William Ilo\\'c, regardless of his feelings about the war, ....~ d notthe equal of his incompal,lble elder brother, Lord George AugustusI [owe, ki[led at Ticonderogajllst before Abercromby did his worst, whichincluded allowing the B[ack Watch to be massacred. [ronically, Howe,BurHoyne and Clinton were all r-.lernbers of Parliament and it W'


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Insldeofa reconstructklnofalate 18th-century Brit ish Armyknapsack. The l ight tan blanket,with two brown str ipes woven Inoneslde,andabroadarTOwandroyal cipher stamp, Is copiedfrom an orlglna l f rom HMSJersey of 1783 vintage, now Inthe New WindllOr, N.Y.,Cantonment Collection. (P. R. N.KatcherCollectkln)

The following spcech was then made by i\ol'!.iorRochc to thc Populace.

'Gentlemen and Fellow Countrymen-'Being appdnted, through the Favour of our most excellentGovernor, to raise a Body of Men for the Selvice of his Majesty, Ithink it the most happy Cin::lMnstalce of my Ufe to be theTnstnJment of leading you forth to Honour and Renown.

'The Laurels fought for and obtained in all Par ts of the Globelast War, ha ....e procured us a Fame so glorious as not to be equalledby any Peopie i"l any Age ( a FOO'Ie not to sullied by the A$auttsofPrejudice nor the Effects of Tme. Not an .bdion i"l which we werenot victorious, not a SIege i"l which we were no t honoured. Will you,my dearCountrymen, permit those Laurels to fade or those kt ions

to be forgotten? No, forbid it Hea....eo.let us nowthat we have it i"l OUI" Power, to latestPosterity a Renewal of our Fidelity, and a Confirmation of OUI" Loyalty. A more critical PeriodnelJer presented itself, no r had we e\IeI" a fairer Opportunity of shewing OUf Attad1mef1t to theillustrious House of Hano ....er, than the present, as his Majesty's deluded subjects inAmericaare in open Rebellion, and, like unnatural children, would destroy their ever indulgent Parent,forgetting the Torrents of Blood spilt, and Heaps of Treasure extended for their Presef'\lation,

'His sacred Majesty now calls us, and our Fidelity obHges us, and I hope your Inclinationprompts you, to obey the diclates of so good and Ienieot a Master. le t us then, my bra....e andloyal countrymefl, join Hearts and Hands, and cheerfully step forth in the glorious Cause ofour Creator, our King, and our Country. 'We have it in ou r Power by Unanimity and inex-haustible Resources, to reduce those daring Rebels to a due Obedience to their Sovereign,and Submission to the Laws of their Country, which wil l g ive a fresh COO\Iic1ion to all Europethat Hibernian Laurels ha\19 not faded by Time, but on the contrary are increasing in BOOmand Verdure.'

Barrels oroccr and grandiose specches might suit the Irish, but IlOl thcBlack \-\latch, whose 2nd ba.ualion I'Wi raised again in 1779 arlcr having bccndisbanded for somc rears. Stern Highlandcrs expcctcd, and got , sternrecruiting poslers. llere is ,Ill cxcerplclcarly aill'led at men ol"iron: -You who,uncorrupted by the univcrsal depr.wilY ofyollr soulheJ1J coulltrymcn;havc, , ~ t h s t ( ) ( ) d , ullmoveablc ~ L a rock, alllhc as.


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LEFT A Roy.1 Artillery c.rtr ldgepouch; the I.rge pouch conce.l wood.... block drilled fo r nlMCIlrtri6ge . The frog . t th e frontof the be" held fISt th e coni of prlmlng '11Ik .nd m.y h.ve heldHf'It prlcke. . . (Chlr1estonMuHYm)

RIGHT The blldge Of ! th e Roy ArtIllery powch l I Iultrated lett ismlde of b.....nd bM:ked withre d Ie.ther. M.ny Inf.ntry reg..!menU: h id specl.1 bIdgeI oftheir own. (Cherieston Museum)

chased. When it is rcali.)Cd that an infanu-y m ~ ~ r gO{ a mere 17 shillingsa da}' less hea\"}' stoppagcs. and how much it cost him to buy his com-mission, it am be sc..-en how important pri\'ate means were. 111e wholepurchase s}'Stelll was a highly org;mised and profitable business, the kc)figure being the colonel of a rcgimcnt who, ha\lng oought or o b L . ~ i l l c dhis cOlllmand, could do what he liked with it. recouping his expcnSt."S byselling c O l I \ r n i ~ i o l l s , and llsing his annual allotment of funds to thebenefit of his mcn or 1.0 l ine his own pockets. The nation acceptcd thepurchase !'Sicm. n o t j u ~ I I x . - c a u s e it was a cormpi age, but because il wasfell that well-heeled oOicers ,,'ould havc a sLakc in thc slatus (IUO and IlOtbe ~ menace to the sl:lte.

FIRST AND SECOND TROOPS OF HORSE-GUARDS

Fl'Sl: LioutElOll'l!-CoIore 5.5008eco'ldLiouten!ll1tCoIore 5,100Comet 8lld Ma,or 4,300Go.Id:nlndMa,or 1:4.100Exerr4lt 8lld Captoo 1:2.700BogadIef8lldl..ieoJtEllla1tOf'AdjutantIndLioutenant CI,mSo.b.8rigadief8lld Cornet 1:1,200

MARCHING REGIMENTS OF FOOT

U e v t O l W l l - ~-llptainCaptan-l.JeoJlenant"""""'"' - C3,m1:2,600C1,5OOllOOC500"00THE REDCOATS' WAR

When thc 'shot heard rOllnd the world' .-angolll 011 LesingLOIl Green on19 April I i75. some redcoats at IC


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Snowshoes, dating from c:. 1780-theessentlat requirement fo rall troops In tne North Americ:anwinlef'. (Court"I / ,CltyoflJerpooI Museum.)

Thomas Bootnbll Par1l


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The tr;mspon sim.lliOIl in America was !>Iightlv beller than in theFrench and Indian War when Bmddock and other Ilrilish commanderssometimes despaired of getting hold of wagons. Everything from fourhorse wagous to sledges were Llsually hired during Ihe Revolution.Special vchicles were lI'iCd as ammunition carls. others as hospitalwagons and forge carts 'compleat with :unils and beIlOl\'s'. Ilorses. too,were bought 01" captured. rhe drivers of the \"I'.'hicles w'ere hired ci\'ilians.A single statistic will shm\ the scope of the problem: from December1776 to March 1780, I-Iowc and Clinton continually lI'>Cd an average of739 ,,'agons, 1,958 horses and 7f'lO dri\crs.

Rivers and lakes were a vital fonll of tr;mspon in the W , I I ~ cspeciall) asgood roadswcre in almost ; l short sllppl) as Ihe)' had been ill Wolfe'sda)',and fleets of llatboats, IXllmux, sloops and other \'cSSl'I" were in conSI;U1lIISC, some from B r i t ~ l i n . lIlan)' lIlore bought. hired or Sl'i/ed locally.

The organisation, 3,000 miles from hOllle, needed fur !ouch emcrpriseswas so vast that the wonder is that the w ~ t e m worked as well as it did.There was so Illllch incompetence In the administration of the anl1\ athome Lhat hOIlt.'SL. efficient llIen often desp


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ABOVE, LEFT T1Ml regulationbellrskln u p ofth8 per iod, T1Mlp111tll I ...nltll met8l. five inchonhlgh,wIttlth8bKkgroundIllP8nn! bUIck to ~ k l l the motif. tand 0\It. T1Mlcap Is t2 inchfl:hl.gh w 1 ~ 1 th8 fur. Sometime.ttNt bllCk. w ornamented withcord. and ta I. , T1Ml plat . Wll.mo .. . or I... tM urne design forboth dNmm., . . and glllnadi. , .. ,th e dNmm.,. . ' being .mbellishedwith dNm, lind trophit!s of fla9S,(National Anny MUlHlum)ABOVE, RIGHT BlICk vl.w of agrenadl.r" cap of th . 97th Foot,179.. 8 ,On th . backwasanova lred patch u.u.lly bearing th ereglrnent81 numbei" nd badge ifllny, na .....ape.ndde


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what it often was. Occasionally, in the hea t of battle or thc mornent ofsurrendcr, rc\"enge and misunderstanding might pro\"oke a nearatrocity. But this was a w ~ t r where Colonel Simcoe. the brilJiaru Brilishcommander of the Loplist Quccn's Rangers. could send a me5s:"lgeto an enemy' senuy telling him that he would be shot if he did notretire, and shout to an American officer 'You are a bra\"e fdlm,'. blllyOll must go away.' Americans etll dte the tough tactics ofB:mastreTarleton in the South. but b\ the


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~ e K P e d i e n t a d o p t e d b e f o r eth e otfie'-l sanction for a Ifghtcompeny In .a


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18

'Offlc.r', by O,lnsborough. Af I'nk comp,ny Officer of th . 4t hFool,c. 1770, Is shown Inc a m ~ i g n d. . . . . In ltloIs ~ I n t i n g ,now In th e N3t1onal G.tt.efy ofVIctoria, G..- .d ie r .nd lightlnf,nlry officen wore be,rsklns'nd caps or hel", . ts ~ p e c t l ..ely.bu t th e normal cocked h,t seemsto h. . . . been wom edensl. . . ty,presumilbly to . . . .e the more. . .penslve specl,t he .dg, fromhard_arlnt tMlfleld.Theuniform MS dar1t blue facing", iIs l t v e r ~ u t e " . , s i t v e t - b u t l o n a . i 1sIlver gorvet, .nd silv.rswordbelt pl, te .ngre..ed with IIcrown8nd 'IVth', NolethettheI .pels .re p.rtty buttoned across.

tribtlle in a lel ler to John Adams about Ilowe'shospitals and his doclors, C"en stressing thatwounded American pdsoners were much bellerlooked aftcr b)' the Brilish (before going to thehulks?) than thc wounded in American hospitals. The nritish 'pay a supreme regard to thecleanliness and health of their men', \\TOle thedoctor after his inspection, and contr.tstedAmeric-.m hospitals most unfa\our.tbly.Ofcoursc, LCmpor.u)' hospitals on campaign111USI have been akin lO bmchers' shops, and itmUSI 110t be supposed thaI Ihe chances ofreco\'ery from serious wounds could cver behigh in the 17705 and 1780s: bUl this tribute issignificant, nOI least becausc il sho....'S lIowe'sconcem for his men, which made him such ;:1popular commander. Rush C"en '>did a tribute10 the I ~ r i t i s h for filling their men wilh \'egembles. Regimental doctors, many of whol11were most dedicated, were paid so badly thatsome bought an extr.l commission and toughtas well as healed.Disease ....':.IS a greater killer in the war thanbaltic, though, str-,mgdy, Bdtish casualties are110t known. The Amcrican ligures are Illercguesswork, perhaps I ~ . O O O killed, which llIay bcnot so different to the number of British deathsin action. It was not a ,"cry sanguine war,

When the ......Ir finall)' ended the redcoats hadthe roue ;:lIld unpleasant expedence of sailing,1\\'01)' defea ted despi te many \ 'ictodes , incontrast to the 1110re usual I\ritish technique or ultimate victories afterdisastrous early campaigns. Their record was good, for honours couldhave included Long Island, White Plains, Fort Washington, Br.lnd),wine.GcrmantO\.'n, $;:l\'mnah. Charleston, Camden and Guilford. $;:lratoga

and \'Qrklo....n, thosc crud;11 defeaLS, were lost becausc str.negy. commu-nic.ltions and liaison were at fault. Though the war was frequentl)' foughton lhe European pat lern . rigid formations often gave way to looscr,morc opell tactics.

The \'cry linest uniLS were both Loyalist formations led by BritishRegulars: Simcoe's Queen's R.-lllgers and T;u-lcwn's British u:gion .mounted lroops as dashing as have e\'cr sen'l.-d lhe crown. The infalllf)'fought in twO r-.mks, in open order. In the pitcht.'(\ batt.lcs of Brand)"\'o;ne.C.'llllden and Guilford, lhe r


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Moote'sOeek Bridge. North Carolina. Severe Loyalist deleal.BntlSh evacuate BostonReloef 01 0ue0ec. Carleton in d his men havng saved Canada.Battle 01 the Cedars, defooted by Indtaro, Wllh someCanadi


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BriIlshaetJ;Jn,AmoIddistr1gulshostwosalfIlOct. ~ S I J l f . l l l d E n 8 t S a m t o g a . T h u t a r ' W l g - p o o t o t t h a""""'m22 Oct. Bn\lShlailtocapl....eFortMeroer.15 New. Fort Mifl'rllakenbyBrtbsh.8Oec- Wastw1gtonI'l'm1l9lquBrl9lsalValefFoge.

A surviving He..lanFu.lll.rellp.(Drawlng GoA. Embleton)

Falol MobIle toSpanards.BribshcapllnOlar1eslon.Frenchtroops_alNewpor!,FbxJeIslinj.e.m.ofQlmden. TotaIoefeat oIArnln:ans I.nt9f Ga1flS.Treasonof Benedcl:AmoklH


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178117J


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" " ' ~ ........ ~ ".. ,m_... Aegi1wltof'l'cri


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-- ---.,.."Tho.,., - Tho_ ~ .,.." - -ThoU. --- Tho_ - " " "'".,.." - - ..... . - .Tho"" - Tho_ "".,.." -- ---ho- .....-- Tho_ ... "" "".,.." - """- w_T h o ' ~ ""'...... Tho.-.. ,m_.,.." ..-..- -- -ho


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_.mT h e 8 2 n c l ~ o I" " " , * , " , , , ~ 0 1 ~T h e A l l ' l l ~ & n p o I :~ n . . , . . . , ~-~ o I F o c 1 " " ' l m ,...~ n " " " ' "-_ ....' t n ! I f I d . l 1 h J n ' " " " " " " , l f I I I b t I / o W " ~ I I I i ' e ' l ! . Q o m c . n l l f > C , , . . . , _ G b f t e d l I S ~ f O O f " f / f ~ ~ . ~ W 8 I " " ' t a l e c t l / l o s e ~ r . t w o N e d t l a m n : W s S l d l . S w l I r Q l ; l l7777.rd\tlrldl:>Wrl,I781

SOME FOOD FACTSAs described earlier. most of the food Calcn by the rcdcoalS in Amcricdhad to be shipped across the Atlantic: 2,032,538 lb. of bread werereech'ed b)' Daniel Chamier. Colmniss:H)'-General in North Amcric.1bel\,'ccn 6 Febm:l'1' 1775 and 9 J:1Il1l3'1' I i78 (and 10,739 gallons of\illegar, CIC. Here is one account in full:

Account or provisions received by Comml ry Qenera' Danle 'Weir at New York between 7 Oct. 1774 and 5 Sept. 1781K J n d O f P r o y l ~

...... 512,182b. '.020 . 6..... 42 .656_ 5.687 7 0.... 42.832b ,..... , ,"'" 63269b. 3. . . . " .."'" 164.884b ..... " ,-. 2,5141b ., " 3"'"'" 1.1"8bu1h. '" .,"""'" 12.007gol1. '" .. ,"'" 91,557b. 017 , "'" 2,385 gals. '" >5 "8 < m ~ 14,S16lb. '" .. '"- 251 lb. 3 " """""'"

4.618gals

'"0 ,

""'" 1,052 tuns12,233 1,778 ,- 3.99' '" ".... .. " 0""""" ,,,,""'" " 0............ 123bEWT ,>5 9


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1: F'riYIIle, light c.omp.ny, 38th Fool2: PrfQte, s.tt.Iion c.omp.ny, 64th Fool3: Corponl , Company, 47th FOOl,,& 5: 29th -.:I7OItt Regiments.. ,-

1.


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B

1; C o r p o r 1 I ~ 8;1ttalion Comp;ony, 5 2 n d R e gi me nt 01 FOOl,marehingOfder

2: Grenadier, 49th Fo o t, marchin g orde r3: Private, Ballalion C ompa nr. 3 7 th R eg imen t of Fool4: Ensigns, 55th Foot, with Regimental an d Kiog's colour


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c


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I: Corporal, Foot Jaljlltrs, Hesse-COl'' ' ' FoeidJlig.... Corps

2: Captain fLieutenant Fraser's Company 01M a r k . ~ n i n 1 7 7 6

3: Briti$hOl1icer, 17774: Sergeant, 62nd Foot, 1777


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1: Britishlnlantryman in Canadian winter d. ., s2: Ught Infantryman, 8;lttle of Germantown, 17173: Officer,5thFoot. 17714: ButIer'1I Rang


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G


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1 lb. Bread or Flour1 lb. Beef or 9 and one-seveoth oz. pork

Three-sevenths pints peaseSix-sevenths oz. Butter or in lieu lone-seventh oz. Cheese 2 two-sevenths oz.

flour or in lieu 1 one-seveoth oz, Rice (J ( 1 OIl&-seventh Ol. Oatmeal.Like the ROFtl Navy, the redcoats e l ~ o r e d a rum ration, usually

dihlled. It was up 10 commanding generals what other drinks wereissued. These included claret, porter and spruce beer, the lauer beingmost popular as it did not email pay Sloppages. As for patients in hospitals, here is an official menu for 1778-81:

Full DietBreakfast

Rice gruel. or Water Gruel, with Sugar (J ( ButterDinner

One Pound of Fresh Meat: Viz: Beef, Mutton, or Veal, with GreensSupperTwo ounces of Butter, or CheeseHalf DietDinner

Rice, and Pudding, and half a Pound of Fresh Meat: four times a weekBreakfast & Supper, as Full Diet

low DietBreakfast, and Supper, Rice or Water Gruel; Milk;

Porridge, Sago or SalopDinner

Broth & PuddingOne Pound of Bread: each Man per Diem, with threepints of Spruce Beer in Summer and a Quart in Winter.

Rice Water: for common drink in Fluxes; and Barley in Fevers .It cannot be stressed tOO strongly once again that for all the lalk of

rations per man there was a constant shonage of food and that much ofit was rotten uneat


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wayofa u'eat a pudding madeofflOllr mixed half with salt v,'atcr and halfwith fresh water, and with old multon fal.'

ARMY ADMINISTRATIONDuring the American RL"\'olution tile army \ \-as still IClr-lliSl.'(! .mllllally bya Mutiny Act passed by I 'adi:ullcnl. The following is a brief brcakdownof the English esulblishmctll.

C n p t a i ' I - C m ~ m J - TIle KingC n m m a l l d a - i ' l - a i ~ ! - Vacant I ii2-iS

SirJcfTrc)' Amherst 17i8-82&emury al U'ur- ViSCOlllll l ~ a r r i n g l O nLord Barrington's W < l , ~ thc key pOSt. especially. of course, before

AmhCl'St was appointed. An ablc man, his duties werc manifold. It isintercsting that, like so many othcrs, hc sympathised wi1h thc Americans.

The War OfficeSl'rrf.lm)' fI / H'C/r- Viscount BarringtonD/1JU/)' Secretll')' Ilnd First Cl"rk - Matlhew Lewis (....huhad lell ( ) r ~ c k ' r k s )Pa)'Ilw.fll'TojWiliows' Pmsionj - l ion, Ilclll)' FoxDI'/Jll/y - John PowcllF.xt/1/lillI'To!A nil)' Accounts - William SmilhA$S;s/(lIIt- Z. R. Taylor

The Paymaster-General 's Office, 1775PnJ"'astl':'t"-CmeraJ- Rt. Hon. Richard Rigby. MPlHJmty P(l)'master-tL'lnal- Anthony SawyerAUoIUltml/-John PowellCompllt"oJ0jJ-rnJwllings- Charles BembridgeOishi" ojHalfPay - Robert RandallKf'fjH'T oj I h Stures - r. BurrellAlso eighl clerks. There \I'cre eight subordinate pa)'inaStCl's abroad.

The office of payma.sler-gcncl'al \ \ ~ l S the cquimlclll of being givell alicence 10 print money.

Civil Branch of the Office of OrdnanceMa.!i/er-G(mem/- Rt. I-Ion. Geo. Viscount TownshendLi/'l/lellf/lllGeneml- SirJenl'ey Amherst, K.B.SurveJor-GeIleml- Sir C. Frederick, K.I\.'.R.S.Cll'Ik oj/he Onil l f l l lU- Sir Chas. Cocks, Ban.SIQukrefw"- Andrew \VilkinsonCln'k oJ/helniivnies- B C I ~ a m i n Lomglois, Esq.T".asuffY (lIId pO)'JrUlster- John Ross ~ b c k ) " e , Esq.&crttlJry to t h MflSll'I-GmtmJ - John Counne)', Esq.Ullller-SI?tnry to the f\lluter-Ceru'm/- T. Masterson, Esq.Mimlli'lg am - 1-1. SimmondsThere were also eighl clerks.

Military Branch of the Office of Ordnance34 Chi'JE"gitlrlJlld Coio"d- Lielilenant-General \V. Skinner


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Dirrclors and Lil1ltl'aant-ColQ/1Lls - ColonelJames MonITess(W,lieutenam-GokmelArch. Patoun

51th. Dirutors alld Majors- FourEngilll't"fS il l Ord. alld ulptains- 12f;"l,rillttrS EXira. lind Gal,'oills mull.kulLnants- 12Pmr:litioIlN'E"bri"eers ami Designs- 16The Ordnance Deparunelll was in charge of f'\'eT},t.hing from arms

and ammunition to prisons and maps. and controlled the b>1.lIlners,So"lPpers and Wool\'o;ch Military Acadelm. Both the ann) ' and na\1'depended on ilS efficiency and rul . Tmnuhend was the thom inWolfe's nesh at Quebec and Amherst the fma! conqueror ofCanada.

Among other functionaries were the Judge Ad\'Ocat.e-General, theApolhecary-Gencr'll and the Comptroller ofArmy AccounlS, and therewere variOIlS other boards, nOl;lbly the Treasury which fed and equippedthe army. and the Admiralty Board. There was also a 3(krrong board ofofficers to advise the King and the Secretary at War. h sat when requiredand discusscd commissions. abuses, pa)', courlS mania! and man)' otherm;ll(ers. And the clothing board Imd, as ilS name suggests, to decide onuniform patterns and inspect lhem. Though the general officers did notmake COnll


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In lhe celHre of each colour is to be IXlil1ted, or embroidered, in goldRoman ch:lr


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EpauletlesThe Officers ofgrenadiers to wear an epauleue on each shoulder. Thoseof the baualion to wear one on the right shoulder_ They arc 10 be eilherof cmbroidery or lace, \\ith gold or sih'C.r fringe.

WaistcoatsThe \ \ ~ l i s t c o a t s to be plain, without either embroidery or lace,

Swords and $wordKnotsThe swords of each regimenI LO be Wlifoml, and the S\','ord-knolS oflhe whole to be crimson and gold in suipes. The hilts of the swords 10be either gilt or sih;cr, according to the colour of the buttons on thcunifOllllS.

HatsThe hats to be laced eilher with gold or silver, as hcreaflcr specified, andto be cocked uniformlr-

Sashes and GorgetsThe sashes to be of crimson silk, and worn round the \Il


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Grenadiers ' CoatsThe coaLS of the grenadiers to have Ihe usualrOllnd wings of red doth on the point of the;houlder, with six loops of the S:lIne son of lace ason the button-holes, and a border round theOOllom.

Private Men's Coats"111e men's coaLS to be looped ,,'ilh \\'orsled lace.bUI no border. The ground of the lace 10 be while.wilh coloured suipes. To ha\'e ",hite bUllons. ThebrC;ldlh of the lace which is 10 make Ihe looprOllnd the hUlIon-hole. to be abOlll half an inch.FoUl' loops to be on the s l e e \ " l , ~ s . and four on thepockcts, with rwo on each side of Ihc slit behind.

Lappe ls , S leeves , and PocketsThe hreadth of all the lappels to be three inches,to reach down 10 the waisl, and not 10 be wider atlOp than at the bOHom. The sleeves of Ihe coats tohavc a small round cun', Nithollt all}' slit. and to bemade so that Ihe)' lila)' Ix: unblilloned and leIdo\\'n, The whole 10 ha\ 'c cross pockets. bUl nonaps to those of lhc waistcoal. The cuffs of theslee\'c which tUnlS up. to be three inches and ahalf deep. The flap on the pockel of the COatlO besc",(.'(! dO\\11. and lhe poeketlo be CUI in the liningof the coal.

Shoulder Bel ts and Waist Bel tsThe breadth of the shoulder-belts lO be twO inchesand Ihrc(."-


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D r u m m e r s ' a n d Fl fers ' C a p sThe drummers and fifers to have black bearskin COIPS, On the front, me King's crest. ofsilver pl:ued metal, on a black ground, withtrophies of colours and drums. The numberof the regiment on lhe back P;lrl: as also thcbadgc, if entiLkd to an)'. as Ol'den'd fOl' thcgrenadiers.

G r e n a d i e r s ' C a p sThe caps ofme grenadiers to be of black bearskin, On the front. the King' crest , of silverpla ted metal, on a blade. ground. ~ ; t . I t themOllO, N asfJtm InrmL A grenade on theback part, with Ihe number of the regimenton il. The roy;tl rt.-giments, and the six oldcorps, are to have the crest and grenade, andalso Ihe other particulars :I S hereaflerspecilicd. The badgc of lhe ro)'al regiments is10 be l...hilC, and St;1 o n ncar the top of Iheback part of lhe cap. Th e height of the c:.tp(\\'ithoUl the bear-skin, which reaches be)'ondlhe lOp) to be lwelve inches.

ThomIo. Aut!Ny o f theh Foot, c.1771 -. portnt t by

Hone, The .u r te t co.td8r1< blue Is trimmed wtth

- llet llnot of .u-rbnlld. ( 8 permls.lon o f theion.1 MuMum of w.les)

H a t s o f the W h o l eThe hats of the Serjt....nlS to be laced with silver. TIlOSC of the Coq)()ralsanrl pri\'OHC men 10 have a while lape binding. The breotdlh ofthc wholc10 be one inch and a quaner: and no mort: 10 be on Ihe b,;"lCk p;lIl of IIICbrim, Ihan whal i.. llecessan 10 'iCW it down. To ha\'e black cockoldcs.

C a p s fo r t h e Off icers a n d M e n o fR e g i m e n t s o f F u z l l e e r s

The regiments of fmjleers 10 have black I>t'ar-skin caps. Tht.1' arc 10 bemadt., in the .s;:lIne manner as lhOSt' which arc ordered for the grclladiers.bUI nOI so high: and nOl 10 havc the grcllade on the back parI.

S w o r d sAlIlhe Scrje:111IS ofthc regimellt. and lhe whole grenadier company, 10ha\'e s\,'onls. The Corporals and primlc men of the battalion companies(excepling Ihe rcgimcllI of r O ) ~ 1 1 highlandcrs) to have no swords.AlIlhe drummers and lifer'S to have a shan sword with a scimit:u' blade.

G a i t e r sThe Sc'icallls. Corporals. drummers. lifers. and privale men. to ha\'eblack gaiters of Ihe same SOil as is ordered for the Officers: also blackgarters and uniform buckle!>.

P i o n e e r sEach pioneer 10 ha\'e an .I.-':C, a saw. and :m apron: a cap \,';Ih a Iealhercrown .md a black bear-skin front, 011 \\hich is 10 be the King's crt.ost illwhite on a red ground: also an a.-.:c alld a s,,"l.W. TIle n u m ~ r of men:giment 10 be on the back p:lrl of the C;:lp. 39


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THE PLATESA: MQULATION UNIFORMS"'1: Private, Ught Company, 38th FootThe 38th, later the South Slaffoo::lshire Regiment.ha d yeIow facings, an d silver lace lOf oflicers. hserved ttwoughout the War of Indepeodeoce,notably at Lexington. &eed's Hill, lo n g Island,Fort Lee, Chestnut Neck, Brandywine.Germantown, an d Monmouth Courthouse.

Ughl troopS h ad b ee n used n America duringthe French an d Indian Wars, an d some regimentsha d 'picket' an d 'Highland' companies; bu t in1771 a light company was officiafty added to eachregiment. Active and agile men were preferred,and their t raining laid some stress 00 initiative.The light companies of a number of regimentsserving together were often detached Inlo aseparate light ballalion: sometimes the light andgrenadier companies of several regiments wouldbe grouped In an elite formation. Light companymen were to wear short jackets wi th shoulderwings, red waistcoats, and short black gaiters. Ablack leather cap with three chains fOUnd it and a piece ofplate upon the centreof the crown, l ike a skull-cap, was distinguished by the regimental number and the royal cipherbeneath a crown 0 0 a large round peak standing straight upin Iroot. A large variety of caps were made or cut down lromcocked hal$: some ha d peaks in front, others at the back,some ha d horsehair crests, others were made 01 leather andbrass like dragoon helmets. The meo were supposed to carrya small cartridge box on a tan leather waist belt, a powderhom and bullet pouch. an d a hatchet and bayonet in a frog;sometimes the hatchet ha d a SIITlple case buttoning roundthe blade. Some l ight companies kept the same equipmentas !tie rest 01 the banalioo. OffICers an d sergeants carriedlusUs ~ i g h t muskets) an d pooches.A2: Private, Battalion Company, 64th FootThe 64th, lat6l" the Prince of Wales's North StaffordshireRegiment, wore black lacings and regimental lace with onered and ooe black stripe in it; off icers' metal was gold. Theregiment loughl throughout the war, taking part in the occu-pation 01 Boston and the fighting at Dorchester Heights,Long Island, Brandywine, Germantown and in the NewJersey and Southern campaigns.Winter gaiters are shown here, long, with black bone orpewt6l" buttons; summer paltern were mid-calf length ooly.The battalion companies - I.e. all the companies of a battalion except lo r the grenadier and l ight companies - wereknown as 'hal' companies because their cocked ha t d i s t i o ~

guished them Irom the special headgear of the elitecompanies. (The hats and caps of aN companies were oftentoo small, an d were kept in place by sewing two pieces oftape, as near as possible to the man's hair colour, to thelining of the hat, an d fasteoing them with a hook an d under the plait of hair at the back..) Linen ha d to be changedon Wednesdays a n d Sundays, an d s hoes were changedfrom loot to foot daily to prevent them 'running crooked'! On0 American service gaiter trousers or overalls were worn in the

An 18thcentury v l_ of Americ8n troop.: '. riflem.n' .nd ' .. . . . . . . . .1'. (MIchael D. Robsonjfield, perhaps over the breeches and stockings, Recordsshow that blue, brown an d white wooDen cloth, str ipedticking an d old tents were aD used to make leggings andoveralls.The bayonet was carried i' l a frog on the waist belt. bu tthis was frequently worn over the nght shoulder instead,leading eventuaDy to the off icial issue of tw o crossbeIts.From the left shoulder hung the cartr idge-box, ' of stoutestblackened calfskin, with an inner nap 01 thick wetl paintedlinen .: The box itself was a wooden block drilled with 36holes, each lo r a paper cartridge.For confirmation of other details, see the 1768 Warrantquoted in teXl.A3: Corporal, Grenadier Company, 47th FootThe 47th, later the Loyal Regiment, wore white facings. Twoblack lines were added to the design of the regimental laceof corporals and men, in mourning for General Wolfe. Theregiment fought with Burgoyne's army, and was Interned withthe rest of that unlucky command in 1777.The Grenadier Company, though no longer issued withactual grenades, was composed of the largest and strongestmen In each battalion, an d prov ided a shock force. It wasoften detached and formed into separate grenadier bat talions (see above), to the disgust of many officers. wh o heldthat to draw off each banal ioo's best men in this way was adistortion 01 their proper fooction an d weakened their parentunit unreasonably.This corporal's l ank is distinguished by the knot worn onhis right shoulder, although corporals in some regimentswore a white silk epautelte, He wears a uniform whichconforms to the 1766 Clothing Warrant. The distinctionspeculiar to the Grenadier Company of the battal ion are thefur cap, the s h o u l d 6 l " ~ w i n g s decorated with regimental lace


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loops, the brass match-ease 00 the crossbell,and the sword which was ooly carried bygrenadiers. sergeants and officers by this dale.Sometimes a tightly coiled and pipe-clayedmatch was fixed to the CtOSSbeh behind theshoulder, as another reminder of the originalfunction. These can be seen i' l several contem-porary inustratJons and were also on a set ofCoIdstream Guards equipment. formeffy In theZeughaus. 8ef1in. an d lJflfortooately lost inWork:f War II. The eXpensIVe fur cap wascovered on the mardi WIth a pamted canvascover; when not in use these could be rolled upand suspended by a smaI loop from the nghthip coat button, coooeaIed wl1hlO the tuck ofthe skirts. In peacetime the coat skIrts were tobe sewn permanently up in the turned-backposition illustrated an d f ixed with a striP of regImental lace and a button. Oflen the lips weredecorated with 'grenades' or hearts 01 cloth orbrass: on campaign they were secured withhooks and eyes.A4 & AS: Drummers, 29th and 70thRegiments of FootThese drummers are dressed according to theRoyal Warrant of 1768, with coats of facingcolour decoraled with regimental lace 'as thecolonel shall think fit'. The beilf"Skln caps had aSImilar plate to that of the grenadiers but incorporahng troptlles of flags and drums II I themotrf and there were regimental variations.Officially. the regiments had only drummersand f ifers: extra musicians fOf a band wereunoffICial an d supported by the officers ou t oft own pockets. Often they were magnif icently and fancifully uniformed; Negroes werepopular in this capacity, and the f\ounshes ofthe modem drum major may have denved fromthe tricks and 'capers' performed by thesemen. The usual infantry band might consist oftwo each 01 bassoons. horns. clarinets, an dpossibly oboes: the trumpet might also haveappeared. Although the bugle horn wasmtroduced during the Revolutionary War,mfantry regiments usually used the drum forsignalling.PLATE B81: Corporal, 8attalion Company, 52nd Regiment ofFoot, marching orderThe 52nd. later the Oxfordshire and Bucks Ughtlnlantry (2ndBaltalion) . like all regiments with buf f facings. wore buffbreeches an d waistcoats, and buff betts. ThIS corporal. dislIoguishecf by the knot of whi te lace on his shoulder. wearsshort gaiters with pewter bultons. HIS foldmg 'wallet'-ijkeknapsack is made of painted canvas contaJ01OQ his blanketan d 'necessaries', which included two white stlXks. oneblack horsehair stlXk. brass clasps Of buckles IOf these,three paIl'S of white yam stockings. two pairs linen socksdipped in oil (to be wom on the march under spatterdashes..e. short gaiters), one pair long black garters WIth tops. one

A typical example of th e variations from regulation dress 10be found In.n Inf.ntryregiment, In this c.se the 61h,sketched .t W.rte, C.mp In 1778 . The two muslc l .ns Inj .untl l , Cocked hats .re f rom. cartoon print of the 5thmade . t eoktleeth near Ryeln 178 ' . ( l liustr. t lon cop,r ightG.A.EmbletOfl)

pair spallerdashes, one red fornge cap, black leathergarters, cleanlOQ mateoals, combs, brushes, ammunillon.and musket and bayonet. ThIS musket ha s been immortalised as the 'Brown Bess' - the weapon in seMce with theBritish infantry, WIth only minor changes, from well before theSeven Years' War untU well aftel'" the NapoleonIC Wars. The 41


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A I ~ c.p, p ~ b l , _ forage c_p, with _ sm_1I visor orpe_k which could be blmed clown to protect eyes.Fonge c .p s _ ....cte _t .-g;.......m.l or company level . . .cl".ned.--..., In c o I o u r , ~ , m.teriM...cl unifonniTJr.(NrionIllArnl)'MuMumIllintlock and land service musket, a .75-callbre smooth-boreweapon weighing about ten pounds, Without the socketbayonet, could, in the hands 01 sleady and well-trained menl.Wlder perlect condlllons, oewar one shot every 15 secondsor SO. HIS rations were carried in a haversack of greytSh linen.worn on the left hip with a tlf l canteen 01 water. Note thelarge flap 01 the cartridge-box, to protect the other loadswhen the pouch was opened in wet weather,B2; Grenadier, 49th Foot, marching orderThe 49th, later the Royal Berkshire Regiment, wore greenlacings, and lace in 'bastion' loops decorated with red andgreen lines, This soldier is shown in normal winter dress withlong blado; cloth gaiters. The pewter buttons and whitegartElfS are typical "arialJOns lrom regulalJon, as is the largebrass grenade on his cartndge-box and !he dl3gOfl3llace on!he shoulder' wmgs on hIS coat. Note that hcs hU is plaJIedand the pIalt secured with a comb under hIS cap. The tapeholdll'lQ his bearsIon .... place passes under thIS plait.83 : Private, Battal ion Company, 37th Regiment of FootThe 37th, later the Royal Hampshire Regiment, served in theWaJ lrom 1776 to 1783.This soIdief is dressed for the march in bad weather. He

has buttoned his lapels across hIS chest. turned up hi s collarand lKlbuttoned and turned down hIS cuffs. The regiment'syeIlowfaclOQS and white lace With red an d yellow stripes arebarely visible.His knapsack is brown goat skin. HIS gaiters are heavily

polished lineo With stif f lea ther tops, secured by blackgarters, the ends, accordillQ to regulations, passed through!he brass buckles, cut 011 at one Inch, and the ends tumedunder, In winter no overcoats were issued, although 30caped 'watch coats' per regIment were kept lor !he use ofsentries in cold weather, The sentry on duty .... Boston on 5

42 March 1770 probabfy wore one, He was pelted with snow-

bans by a Ialge an d ttnatenng mob 01 Bostonians, and theguard. COI'lSISting of an ollicet and eight men, was caJIed out.The rabble continued 10 harass them, and in the confusionshots were fired. F..... 'patriots' died. Thlwlks to their Arnencan lawyer, all except two of the soIdl8f'S went acqurtted atthe subsequent trial, and the two - rightly - were notpunished severely for their part in the so-called 'BostonMassacre',64: ensigns, 55th Foot, with Regimental an

The OtrlCefS illustrated wear the regulation umfoml prescribed in the Warrant, wrth the green lacngs and gold laceof the 55th Foot. later to become the 2nd Battalion, theBorder RegIment. Commissioned ranjc; is indicated particularly by a gil t gorget, bearing the royal arms an d regimentalnumber an d suspended !rom the coat coItar buttons on aribbon 01 lacing colour; a sword, w ith gold and redsword-koot; and a crimson silk waist-sash. The colours ,which must have been a considerable burden, were 6 It, by6 It. 6 in, on a pole 9 It. 10 Ins. high.Betlind the ensigns their regiment marches by. led by the

grenad_ company weanng painted waterproof covers ontheir bearsklns and unfashionable red breeches made !romold coats. a dying practice i' l thefT'lld-l77Os.PLATE CCl: Officer, Royal Welch Fusil iersBased on a conternpomry portrait, this may show theregiment's lusilief cap, or the slightly tal ler bearskin worn bythe Grenadier company. Each regiment had i ts 'metal' colour- silver or gold - governing the colour 01 officers' epaulettes,sword-hilts, buttons. lace, gorgetS and so forth. 0lf1l*S ofthe grenadier comparues wore two epaulettes, while battalion company officers wore one on the right only. GrenadierOtrlCefS, ~ k their men, wore bearskin caps; the caps, distinguished by a Roman regimental number on the crown, It isnot c lear If the regiment wore bearskins during the war; theystill had cloth mitre caps in 1770an d no bearskins in 1794 as'the cap maker had disappointed them, they all therelore&ppeafBd in pIPl hats with leathers in the lorm 01 his RoyalHighless's [The Prince of Wales] crest, which had a verypretty effect', a practice already noted in 1788.

His bull breeches, low, highty pol ished spattetdashes,pouch, and tusil with short bayonet atlI typicaJ campatgnequipment.C2: Officer of Royal ArtJlleryThe Royal Artillery already had a high reputation for professionaJ skIll, cleanliness, and Wnposing appeaJance; !helargest and best-built recn.uts were pICked lor this service,wNch requrecI a good deal of bnrtaIy hatd work .... handingguns.


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From 1771 to 1775 the 4th Battalion replaced the RA unitswhich had previously been servJOQ in America; four companies of the 3rd Battalion Iat. . came out as remfort:ernents,and four companIeS drawn frcm the 1st and 3rd Battalionsare known to have accomparlled Burgoyne's army on itsdoomed march to Saratoga in 1777. They wore cut-downuniforms - as did the whole army - and altered their hats,adding a red crest. The 4th Battalion are known to have worna black feather in their hats, and an undress uniform of blue)acket and brown trouSElB.This offICe!" wears the blue undoml coat of his corps, facedwith red and laced with gold. He wears the usuaJ crimson

sash and a sword; the use of fusils and pooches by artillefyofflCefS was discontinued in about 1770. Officers and menwore white stocks, and the hair was clubbed when on duty.C3: loyalist OfficerThis well-turned-out American officer wears one of the firstuniforms issued to the loyalists. By December 1776uniforms for the provincial troops were sent out lromEngland, consisting of green coats faced while, blue andgreen, followed later by orange, buff and black. Appateotlythe men wore regimental laces bu t the des igns are notknown. By autumn 1777 it was decided to put all theprovincial units into red coats, like the regulars.C4: AIde de Camp to a General OfficerThe first orders for the uniforms of staff officers specified redcoats, faced blue and embroidered with silver, allowing fashi onab le gent lemen p lenty of latitude. By the 17705gold-laced button holes spaced singly, and two goldepaulettes were speciflEld for aides..Qe.canlp and the sameuniform, bu t wIth silver instead of gold, for brigade-majors.C5: l ieutenant-GeneralAn order of 1767 prescribed two coats for British generalofficers. The uniform coat, richly laced with gold, was wornon state occasions. The scarlet 'frock' faced with blue wasornamented with goId-embroidered buttonholes, se t in pairsfor major--geoerals and threes for lieutMant-generais. Thereseems to have been no unHormily in the wearing ofepaulettes - one or two, in gold, are believed to have beenworn by both these ranks. The coat ~ n j n g was buff unt il1772, and white thereafter. A third style 01 coat, the 'undressfrock', similar to the frock but lacking the gold buttonholes,was worn for some time before being officially sanctioned in1786. A gold-laced cocked hat would have been worn, anda privately purchased sword.GeoeraIs dressed and l ived like the gentlemen they were,ollen taking enormous Quantities of pet'SOflaI baggage andparaphernalia into the field, and reproducng as closely aspossible the conditions of country-house IHe.PLATE D01: Musketeer, Regiment v. TriimbachMore than 30 per cent of the British forces in North Americawere hired from the German states - a mercenaryarrangement dignified by the close links between the BritishCrown and various Getman royal houses.Hesse-Cassel provided 17,000officers and men; less thantwo-thirds returned home and many settled in the New

Worid. Because of their numbers, aU German troops inAmerica tended to be called 'Hessians' by British andcolonists alike, bu t III fact units from Brunswick, HesseHanau. Waldeck, Anspach-Bayreuth and Anhatl.-Zerbst alsoserved the Bntish Crown. The Hessians wereby far the bestorganised, uniformed and equipped. Many were experieocedregular soldiers. The unifOlTTlS were based on Prussian onesand in the field the officers soon abandoned theirembroidered buttonholes and finery, carrying slung fusilsand rolled cloaks around their shouldefs.The Regiment v. Triimbadl was raised in 1701, arrived inAmerica on 12 August 1776, fought on long Island and in

the southern campaign with distnction, and returned homein December 1783. This private wears the canvas overallsadopted by most German troops, and is armed by the Bntishwith a Brown Bess musket.02: Grenadier, Hesse-Hanau Infantry RegimentErbprinz, 1776Another of the regiments which accompanied Burgoyne toSaratoga. the 'Erbprinz' proVIded its grenadier company forlieutenant-Colonel Breymann 's 'German Reserve' ofgrenadier and light companies. (This renowned tyrant wasshot by his own men after he sabred four of his fleeinggrenadiers on the flElld of Bennington.)This grenadier wears the regulation white breeches and

long black gaiters, and is distinguished by his tall mitre cap:the fuslliers of the regiment are also thought to have worn ametalfronted cap, but of lower profile. The white shoulderknot or aiguillette seems to be the regimental distinction ofthe 'Erbpmz', worn on the right shoulder by all ranks. Inaction. a small black cartridge-boX, decorated wi th themonogram of the Erbprinz Withelm of Hesse-Hanau, wouldbe worn centrally on the front of the waistbett. All types oft roops in this unit are thought to have worn side-arms.03 : Ensign with Regimental standard, BrunswickInfantry Regiment von Rhetz, 1776-77A German regiment might be known by the name of its chef,its kommandeur, or its fteld commander. The chef was acolonel-in-chief, usually a member of the royal family or aprestigIOUS general granted the tit le as an nonour, The kom-manderJr was a senior officer, who might well not actuallycommand the unit in the field, in which case i t might beknown by the name of the officer woo did. Sometimes allthree posit ions were held by one and the same man, butollen not; and the constant changes in command, internalreorganizations (and differences of contemporary spelling)make it extremely difficult to identify some units.This regiment was fi rst raised in 1748, and received thisdesignation in 1773; its chef was Major-General August vonRhetz. It was secured for American service by the BritishGovernment in 1776. and landed near Ouebec on 27September of that year. It took part in Burgoyne's 1777campaign. Alter suffering a hard winter at Fort 5t Anfl6 when'Gentleman Johnny's' 1st German Brigade disappeared intolimbo with the rest of his army, such small details of the 'vonRhetz' as had been left in Canada (sic, etc,) were incorporated into the Regiment von Ehrenkrook, and finished thewar as garrison troops n the Trois Rivl9fes area. Theregiment's muster roll of OCtober 1776 records one lieu-tenant+Colonel, one 1Tlajor, f ive captains, live first- and five 43


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second-lieutenants. five ensigns; one each adjutant, quartermaster, chaplain, paymaster, surgeon-major, c lerk anddrum-major; five company surgeons, and four buglers; 50sergeants and corporals, 15 drummers. 41 officers' valets,and 529 soldiers. (The Grenadier Company was on detachedservice at this time, but otherwise this may be taken as afairly typical establishment.)The Brunswick contingent was the second largest but theworst dressed and equipped among the German forces inAmerica. On their arrival in Portsmouth en route for America,the Brit ish Government had to spend 5.000 bringing theirclothing up to standard - although even then they werecheated by rascally English contractors, receiving shipmentsof ladies' slippers instead of soldiers' shoes! The coarse clothof the uniforms was of the cheapest type, the lapels could notbe buttoned across. and in the absence of overcoats therewere several deaths from cold. Once a proper system ofsupply was established. the whole army received specialwinter clothing: loog cloth overalls, woollen caps. mittens.under-jackets, and Canadian blanket coats. The summeroverall trousers were often made of striped 'ticken'.The regimental uni lorm of the 'von Rhetz' was as illustrated here, although this ensign has certain rankdistinctions. The hats 01 the men were bound with white andbore a red pompon and red tufts. The ensign is also distinguished by his cane. and his gold- iace trim at the cuffs. Allranks wore side-arms, and buttons spaced one-two-onedown the lapels. The layout of the common soldier'spersonal equipment was very similar to that of the redcoat ofthe day. although a knapsack of brown fur was worn slungfrom the right shoulder and hanging behind the left arm, overthe haversack. canteen and sword and bayonet frogSoldiers also wore white shoulder-straps on the left shoulder,over the cartridge-box crossbelt.D4: Musketeer, Anhalt-Zerbst Infantry Regiment, 1781This imposing figure. described by an eyewitness in NewYork in 1781, displays the Austrian influence which contrastsmarkedly with the Prussian-inspired uniforms of the otherGerman contingents in America. The felt hussar-style capwas certainly replaced by a cocked hat in the field, and thebreeches and top-boots by linen overalls. There is alsoevidence that the red waistcoat was replaced by a linen item.The white coat is faced with red on lapels, cuffs andshoulder-straps, and lined with the same colour. The coatbuttons were yellow, those of the white-lined red waistcoatwere white. The red cloak and red-and-yellow sash wouldcertainly have been discarded except when on formal dutiesThe Anhatl-Zerbst contingent did not have an easypassage to America. The principality, which lay about 20miles south-east of Magdeburg, had only some 20,000inhabitants, from among whom their absentee ruler blithelypromised Britain a regiment of tw o battalions of 550 meneach. He had to recruit outside his own domains. and thenhad extraordinary difficulty getting his regiment to the sea.Frederick the Great of Prussia refused him passage throughhis territory, and the troops had to take an extremely deviousroute to the coast, through seven other states. Desertions,and keen-eyed Prussian recruiting officers. reduced the forceby about 40 per cent en route. Some 600 men finally sailedin April 1778. to be followed by'reinforcements in the three4 following years. The troops were used as garrisons in

Canada and in New York until the end of hostilities, andnever saw action.D5: Private, Brunswick Dragoon Regiment PrinzLudwig Ernst, 1776-77Raised in 1698. this regiment was designated a dragoon unitin 1772. Its kommandeur was Major-General FriedrichRiedesel. commander of the entire Brunswick contingent, soit was commanded in the field by Lieutenant-ColonelFriedrich Baum, who was mortally wounded at Bennington.The regiment reached Quebec on 1 June 1776; it mustered20 oll icers and 316 men organised into four troops each ofthree officers and 75 men, with a staff of eight officers and16 men. Although completely equipped for mounted service,the regiment sailed without horses and was expected tomount itself on arrival in America. In fact it was nevermounted. and served on foot with Burgoyne's army, wearinggaiters instead of the heavy boots usual formounted service.(This would hardly have been an insurmountable hardship lordragoons, whose function had been that 01 'mountedinfantry' since the 17th century.) They fought with greatcourage, and nearly all were killed or captured atBenningtonOfficers wore a silver aiguillette on the right shoulder. silverlace on their uniforms. silver sword-knots and a silver-andblack sash. All ranks wore white plumes for paradeoccasions. The drummers were Negroes. and wore reversedcolours - yellow lined and faced with light blue. The drummajor must have looked extremely splendid in this unilorm,which was heavily trimmed with silver lace.PLATE EE1: Corporal, Foot Jagers, Hesse-Cassel FieldJ ag e r C o rp sThe German jagers were the elite marKsmen of the Britisharmies in America. The Hesse-Cassel jagers had foughtagainst the French in Europe in 1758. Recruited from thehuntsmen, game-keepers and foresters of the principality,they were every bit as at home in the woods as theirAmerican counterparts. By the summer 011777 there werefive foot companies and one mounted squadron in America,officially assembled in a corps with an establishment 01 justover t ,000 men - although it is doubtfui if actual strengthwas even half that, and the 'corps' was invariably broken upinto small detachments. The jagers saw action in ail themajor campaigns of the war. but always in small units, inkeeping with their role.The uniform consisted of green coats, waistcoats andbreeches, the former laced and cuffed in crimson. withpaired white metal buttons; the white cull lace illustratedhere identifies corporal's rank. In summer white or buff linenbreeches would not have been uncommon. (The greenclothing associated with foresters of many nationalities sincethe earliest times - one thinks immediately of Robin Hoodand his men clad in 'Lincoln green' - was the natural choicefor jagers' uniforms; in this specific connection it had been inuse since 1744 by Prussian jagers, and has recurred againand again in the uniforms of riflemen of many nations, up tothe present day.) On parade green cockades and tall greenfeathers were added to the hats. The heavy, short-barrelledjager rilies were often personally owned weapons which themen had used in the woods of their homeland. The barrels,


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which were lr8QlJ(Ifltly octagonal. did not take bayonets, and!hemen carried short hooting swords as side-arms, with traditiooa.l decorations at hih an d pommel, and decoratedshell-guards. ArlvnuniIion wa s carried in a pouch slung onthewaislbe/l.E2.: Captain I l ieutenant Fraser's Company ofMarttsmen in 1776Two men from each company of the Line Bat tal ions ofBurgoyne's army W6fe sent to torm a company of specialskirmishers under Captain Alexander Fraser of the 34th Foot.They seemed to have given valuable S61'Vice until the battleof Bennington when they suffered very heavy casualties.This private, from the 21st Regiment, is b a s e d on a sketchby an artillery officer. Close examination of the origioalreveals a shortened regimental jacket, a plain ca p made fromhis cocked hat (31 conforming to th e orders already affectingall of Burgoyne's army) an d leggings of buff cloth trimmedwith red tape.Since !he size of th e company fluctuated and men weretransferred to and from their battalions, they had little chanceto develop a special company uniform.E3: British Officer, 1777This shows !h e extnlmely plain dress, based on his ow nhunting or riding clothes. that might be worn by a BritishofflC8f in !h e field. We must 10000t the loppish, bewiggedcaricature beloved by HoIywood - most British companyolficefs were experienced prolessionals an d l ived hard liveson campaign.This one wealS a severely cut-down regimental jacket with

lapels an d lace removed, an unflapped cocked hal , veryfashionable 'sportswear' at the time. an d his own powderhorn and shot bag brought from home.E4: Sergeant, 62nd Foot, 1777In 1775 the 62ncl Foot Oater the Wiltshire Regiment) wereinspected at Cork, Ireland. an d the inspecting generalobsefved 'uniforms very short and hats very small . . . coatsCUI so short that I must c a l them jackets. Hats too small.Poor Regiment'. (It is pIeasar1t to record that th e inspectionreport of 1787 calls them a 'smart, pretty mgimerJt'.) II seemsthat Ihe 6200 were anticipating the oroars issued toBurgoyne's army in 17n, an d earned that time-hallowedmilitary rebuke, 'Wait for itt' All the regiments underBurgoyne's command, including the artillery, were to reducetheir coats to jackets and their cocked hats to caps, so thatthe whole force would look like light infantry. Roaches of furand hair, dyed in dif ferent colours. were fixed to the caps.The pocket flaps on this figure, wtl ich is based Of l a contemporary sketch, are vertical instead of horizontal as wasmore usual. They were false pockets, an d it may have beenthought that they looked 'prettier' this way. Th e lacings ofthe 62nd were pale yeDowish buff, an d as with 31 regimentswith buff facings, the small-dothes are of the same colour.The device on the front of th e ca p is unclear. Th e 20th, 21st,24th and 47th Foot all wore similarly cropped uniforms.PLATE FF1: British Infantryman In Canadian winter dress in 1776General Howe ordered that the whole army b e provided withwarm clothing for the coming winter and a contemporary

drawing exactly matches !h e description in Howe's papers.Woollen blanket coats lined with sheepskin. an d clothleggings. 'capacious undetjackets with sleeves of strongwhile corduroy', mittens an d fu" or woollen caps, the Ianer'Canadian toques'; long knitted caps with tassets or s h a p e dlike pointed hoods, helped keep out !he biting cold.F2: Ught Infantryman, BaWe of Germantown, 1777It is highly probable that British uniforms W6fe adapted tocampaign conditions to a far great6f extent than we usuallyaccept. The only contemporary drawings show much alteredclothing, and this is backed up by Ieners, diaries and thedescriptions of deserters circulated at !he time. Hats werecropped. or 'uncocked' an d worn in the popular round form.This uniform is based partly on a paint ing 01 the Bailie ofGermantown. reputedly prepared from the description of anofficer who was present. Th e light infantryman wears a shortjackel or sleeved waistcoat without lacingsor lace, an d linentrousers. His hat is decorated with a feather an d hiscrossbell is black. Gait8f-trousers or overalls CUI wide 'likesailors' were in common use.F3: Officer, 5t h Foot, 1777This officer of the 5th - later the Northumberland Fusil iers is partly based Of l !h e same painting of Germantown. His'regimentals' are laced 'gosl ing green' and laced silver. Hisuncocked or round hat is decorated with a cockade an dfeathers. His hair is dressed accon:hng to contemporaryfashion. an d would have been p:>Wdefed for parade. Hewears the popular jockey boots a n d spurs. Officers' swordswere supposed to be of a regimental paltern, c h o s e n by thecolonel. an d of the regimental 'metal' colour, according tothe Royal Warrant. In pract ice many off icers seem to havepleased themselves, and curved swords with half-baskethitts were popular weapons. He is comfortably dressed, butmanages to b e both fashionable and dashing. It wasimportant for off icers to maintain their posit ion as 'gentlemen'.

AI fusil ier regiments were supposed to wear smallerversions of the black bearskin grenadier ca p (see 1768Warrant quotation), bu t a variety of caps of different panemsappear in contemporary sources. Some were peaked, an dhad transverse fur roaches.F4: Butler's R a n g e ~In September 1776 M ai or Jo hn Butler of the IndianDepartment was authorised to raise eight companies ofrangers. two of which were to be recruited from men whospolte the Indian language and were accustomed to frontierwarfNe. A ninth company was raised in 178t an d the wt'IOIedisbanded in 1784. Th e Rangers wore Ql"een faced re d andare often depicted weamg a brass-fronted ca p - we havefound no contemporary evidence lo r it.In t 778 Buller's Rangers an d Indians won a vicloty at

Wyoming, Pennsylvania. which was built up by propaga'ldaan d rumour into 'the SlKprising horror of the revolution'.J o s e p h Brant shared the blame for ii, although he was noteven present at the battle.F5: Sergeant, 2nd Battalion Delancy's Brigade in 1776Oliv6f Delancy, a New York loyal ist, raised this regiment ofthree baltalions (called a 'brigade')lrom loyalists of his state 4 5


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Two cartriclog


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wore out and could not be replaced. A light infantry or dis-mounted troop was added to the tegimeot for service inAmerica. They wore leather hI!IImeIs like !he light infantry,brown cloth gaitefS instead of boots, and carried cloaks andhatchets. Broadswords were no t carried.03 : British LegionIn 1777-78 a mixed cavUymlantry company called theCaledonian Volunteers was raised In Philadelphia underColonel Lord William Cathcart which, in July 1778 was amalgamated with three other companies to form the Britishlegion. They served under Cornwallis in the south whefetheir efficiency and rutNessness made them feared by their

They were badJy CUI up at the banJe of Cowpens and sur-rendered to tile FnIOCh. Th e surviVors in Chaneston and Newon.: meJged into the King's American Dragoons. The com-

der was BanastRl Tarteton who may have invented theof that name (shown here), bu t we cannot be

bsolute ly sure that i t was worn during the American War.ke the British cavallY they seem to have worn white duringhe southern campaign.ATE H: Private, 4200 Royal Highland Regiment, 1783e BlackWatch distinguIShed themselves in the French and

ndian War, and returned to America in May 1776. Theythroughout the War of Indepeodeoce, and thento Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1783 before returning tongland in 1784.

This soldier wears a unifOlTIl confOlTIling to the 1768gulations; the coat is faced dark blue an d laced andooped while with a red stripe, with a white lining and

The kilted plaid of 'government set t' , and thetiffened Kilmarnock bonnet are the most obvious dis

of the Highland soldief. The latlef has a diced bandnd a red tuf t or ' touri' on top. and is decorated with a blackfeathel'". (These became thicker, taller and rTlOf"e

merous on the bonnets of officers and men al ike as thers passed, eventually deveklping into Ihe leathered head-

stil worn with musK:ians' C6f8ITlOfliaJ dress.) He carriesHighland bfoadswon:l or a shoulder bell, a waistbell with

and bayonet, and a deerskin spclf1an.2: Private, 42 Royal Highland Regiment, 1783n inspection return filed after the regiment arrived In Novaotia stated that ' ... the 42nd could not appear In their fulliform for want of plaids, etc.. which the CO thought proper

to dispose of during the later War, to purchase acommodious dress for the American service, with the

of the Convnander-in-ehiel.The regiment appeared dean dressed - the

had on whi te sUong ticken trousers with short, blackgaitefS'.lt has not been established whether this aban

of the plaid was due to shortages and supplyor to a desire for a rTlOf"e practical campaigning

ress. At any event. this pr ivate is shown as he would havepeared on campaign, with overall trousers and no gaiters,retaining his bonnet and short Highland jacket facedlue, and with the 42nd's bastion-shaped loops with a singleed line in the lace.Leather equipment was black; i t seems that a cartridge-

box wom centrally at the waist began to give way to the con-vent ional pat tern in about 1780. Contemporary reportsspeak of the shortages of broadswords, and their unpopu-larity among the men in combat - most apparently pmfetT8dthe bayooot, and even the grenadkn appeared on pwadewithout swords. This soIdief uses the frog to carry a casedhatchet.H3: Officer, Flank Company, 42nd Royal HighlandRegiment, 1783Based on a contemporary portrait, this figure Illustrates theappearance of an OfflCef In the f ield after the regiment hadgiven up the ki lt for trousers. His breeches are worn withordinary black Infantry gaitefS with leather tops. He retainsthe sash and gorget of rank, and his broadswon:l, bu t carnesa soldier's CMteen and a cartridge-box on his waistbelt withloads for his fusjl, or light musket. These were usuaIy carriedby offICerS of the flank (grenadief or light) companies, andsometimes In !he field by battalion company OfflCefS as well.On parade the latter carned espontoons. light steel-headedhal f-pikes about seven feet long with a small crossbarbelow the blade. These were useful for making a gracefulsalute and signall ing evolutions. but hardly pract ical asweapons under American conditions. Battalion officers worea single epautet le, usually an unstl ffened strap 01 gold Ofsilver" lace with a fringe; flank company officers wore twoepaulettes, or the lace shoulder-omaments - 'wings' - ~ I u s -!fated here.

Frazers High\a


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Not.s sur les planches en couleur.ISl1"1* . . . . . . . . . . . _LlI3ll1_.__ ____--. ..gilII-. . . gu6ho__ . . ._III llldII.' * - ......AJar-. ... ~ I I I I I I l I I D I . 6 " - . _ Q U I P 0 1 1 1 .__................................._....."""'._"'*'t.oo ___ ...... LlI .......... ~ p a n i o _ I " - " _ . l I g i b l n r 1 t _ 1 I__ . u O " - - ' C - - e * d J ~ u _L l I c - . . . dJGnnd I t t___ . . _ ... pIII..dJ l I I t l I o t _ .__, . .. du .M &M " - . 29 t . 7O t - . .- . I 'I I d rAnflllil,.rdt1,. . . . . . _ . . . . .__ . - . . ,....................d I fo t_ . . . . . .1 1 ~ c - . . . d t . . . . . . . ~ , . . , . . . _III_lt:\ l lo.__ - . . . - - . ~ _ -.-......_ _ . a z " - - & ~ _ .._._Co_............... . . . . . _ I3Si111*..... ~ . ~ 3 1 t " ' - " ' . _ ~ ... ~ S 6 t " " " " ' " ' . __r_ c..,;III ...................III_ llItIi'" "'.llItIi "'..... . , . . . . . 11I _ .. _C 1 1 ; l l l W . ~ I q u . ~ S O _ - . _ _ .... _ ......._ ......_I_ ..... ...--. ~ ! l ' \ W l l J t .Q O I l I d t r l l l r ~ , . . " . . L _ , . . " . _ . ~ O - ...--f " I (n .........t.oo_ .. pUgr.o ....... _ ~ _ c e....a.C3Olki1fro,llilltQUlPOlllI\ll .. _ u n i b ' _ ~ ... lDJ*ft.Ef1_ 1 T 1 1 . I U ~ . __ .. lI'IilitprllO'indllll .._,..._. . . . . . . . . t 4 . . , . I I I ~ d ... O l I k : e G l l n W o l . l . I I l I I ' t I I I i I N ~ . . _.. oIIIo;iIqlllrtlM"....I\liCllIIionI ...__ ,....... _l I leuI .brOI l i Id ' . . cequl . . . . . . . . . . . . m o d t _ g r _ h 1 I l d c. . . .prNDi;IflC5l.le\Jler13r1l~ 1 I , l . I I g l i n l f .... I'_el_oomrnt.. ~ " ...........I ! T ' I I T ' I o I ! I I I l I M e ! l t d n ~ * i n c w m e s t l e C l l O l l l M t l ~ ' \ I l I I e I I ~.


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