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OSTRACODA
DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF OSTRACODS
Ostracods are: 1- pelagic (planktonic) by using organic-walled shell (less
Ca CO3) or by producing oil droplets. Pelagic ostracods
are not preserved in the sediments.
2- benthic on/in the sea floor. They can burrow, swim
near the sea-bed or crawling on or through the sediment.
Benthic forms occur in all the aquatic environments from the
abyss to the shoreline. They also occur in estuaries, lagoons,
freshwater lakes, ponds and streams, salt lakes, hot springs,
damp vegetation.
Lecture Two
cold, deep waters 500 m, temperature around 4 to 6° C.
Large > 1 mm in length-Animals is blind (eye tubercles are missing).
Ornamentation is so dense.
Benthic ostracods divided into two major groups:
Thermospheric ostracodsPsychrospheric ostracods (bathyal and abyssal)
Thermospheric ostracods Shallow waters under
less-dense, warm ( > 10° C) waters
Small Eye present. More diverse than the
psychospheric ostracods
Cyprideis torosaLegitimocythere
Ostracods can be influenced ecologically by various factors such as:
1. Type of the substrate:- Swimmers have smooth, thin, bean-shaped carapace.- Fine-grained (mud) dwellers have flattened ventral, wing-shaped carapace.- Coarse-grained (sand) dwellers have thick carapace with coarse ornamentation.- Interstitial ostracods are small, long and robust.
2. SalinityOstracods carapace morphology tend to vary according to variation in salinity. They occur in fresh water (0.0-0.5‰) of rivers and estuaries, brackish water (0.5-30‰) of lagoons and marshes, normal sea water (35-45‰) and hypersaline water bodies (up to 57‰) of the closed seas, lakes, lagoons and marginal bays.
Ecological variables
3. Depth:Populations of living pelagic forms increase with increasing the water-depth, whereas benthic forms show highest diversity near shallow waters.
Psychospheric forms occur around 500 m depth.
Thermospheric forms is restricted to the photic zone (0.0-
150 m).
4. Temperature:
Latitudinal temperature controls the shallow water forms.
At tropical regions, faunas are more abundant and diverse
than at the higher latitudes.
Applications of ostracods
Occur in the sedimentary column since the Early Ordovician, so they can be used as:
1- stratigraphic markers.
2- Paleo-salinity indicators
3- Paleo-depth indicators
Changes in the proportions of fresh- and brackish-water ostracoda with inferred salinity changes, from part of the Lower Headon Beds (Modified from Keen, 1977).
CLASSIFICATION
Based on: general shape, valves overlapping, presence of ornamentation, hige characteristics and male and female structures. Ostracoda divided generally into five main orders:
Order: Archaeocopida
Order: Leperditicopida
Order: PodocopidaSuperfamily: BairdiaceaSuperfamily: CypridaceaSuperfamily: CytheraceaSuperfamily: Darwinulacea
Order: Myodocopida
Order: Palaeocopida
Orders Archaeocopida and Leperditicopida: a) Bradorai, b) Indiana, c) structure features of leperditicopida and d) Leperditia. From Brasier, 1980.
Order Podocopida (superfamily Bairdiacea): a-c) Bairdia. From Brasier (1980).
Order Podocopida (superfamily Cypridacea): a) Cypris, b) details of Paracypris, c) Carbonita, d) Cypridea and Argilloecia. From Brasier (1980).
Order Podocopida (superfamily Cytheracea): a) Limnocythere, b) Cytheracean muscle scar, c) Cyprideis and d) Cytherura. From Brasier (1980).
Order Podocopida (superfamily Darwinulacea): a-c) Darwinula sp. From Brasier (1980).
Order Myodocopida: a) Richteria, b) Entomoconchus, c) Thaumatocypris and d) exterior LV of Jurassic species. From Brasier (1980).
Order Palaeocopida: a-b) Beyrichia, c) Hollinella, d) Aechmina and e) Oepikium. From Brasier (1980).
HISTORY OF OSTRACODA
(Stratigraphic position)
Diversity of ostracod taxa through time. Width of bars corresponds to the number of genera, from Brazier (1980).