Other categories include hang glider, tiltwing/tiltrotor, autogyro, heliplane and
ornithopter.
DARPA’s airplane
Parts of an Airplane
Parts of an Airplane
Parts of an Airplane
Parts of an Airplane
FuselageThe fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, where the passengers, cargo and crew go.
FuselageThe fuselage is normally classified according to the type of construction:
-Truss Type
-Monocoque
-Semi-monocoque
Fuselage – Truss Type
Fuselage – Semi-Monocoque
EmpennageThe empennage is the rear portion of the airplane
It is integral to control and stability during flight
Wing Construction
Wing ConstructionSpars spanwise members
wood or metal
carry bending loads
Ribsweb or truss
give wing its cambered shape
Wing ConstructionEdges Leading EdgeTrailing Edge Strength & Shape
Wires Internal / ExternalBracing for strength
CoveringMetal or FabricMetal strength
Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
Wing LayoutsHigh Wing
Mid Wing
Low Wing
Bi-Plane
Center of gravity (CG)
Landing GearConventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels and a tail wheel
Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel
Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing drag)
Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract
Landing Gear
Landing Gear
Landing Gear
Landing Gear
Landing GearRetractable Landing Gear
PROS◦ Reduced drag at cruise
◦ Higher cruising speed
CONS◦ Added weight
◦ Added mechanical complexity
◦ Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based)
◦ Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious)
Landing GearShock Absorption
Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway.
◦ Spring steel Landing Gear
◦ Air/Oil oleos
◦ Rubber cords (bungee) or discs
◦ Low pressure tires
Landing Gear
Main Landing Gear
- Spring Steel Cantilever -
Landing Gear
Nose Landing Gear- Air / Oil Oleo -
Landing Gear - BrakesBrakes
Provide a means of stopping the aircraft
Assist with steering on the ground
Wing SpanWingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip
ChordChord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing
A measure of the width of a wing
Wing AreaWing Area
Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing
PlanformPlanform
Shape of the wing as seen from above
Aspect Ratio
Ratio of the span to chord of the wing
A measure of how SLENDER the wing is
AirfoilA structure curved to produce lift
Camber
◦ A measure of the curvature of an airfoil
◦ Mean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces
Camber
Incidence Angle
Angle between chord line and the longitudinal axis
Relative AirflowRelative Airflow
◦ Airflow over the wing
◦ Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air
Angle of Attack
The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow
Multi Design Optimization (MDO) of aircrafts
Commercial Air Transport System Architecture
Commercial
Air
Transport
System
Aircraft
System
Other
operational
Elements
Environmenta
l
segment
Avionics
segment
Electrical
segment
Interiors
segment
Mechanical
segment
Propulsion
segment
Auxiliary
segment
Airframe
segment
Air
Conditionin
g
Cabin
Pressure
Ice & Rain
Protection
Oxygen
Pneumatic
Auto
Flight
Communica-
tions
Indicating &
Recording
Navigation
Crew
Accom-
modations
Passengers
Accom-
modations
Water,
Waste
Lavs,Galley
s
& Plumbing
Emergency
Provisions
Signs &
Lights
Flight
Controls
Hydraulic
Power
Landing
Gears
Fuel
Pylon /
Structure
Power
Plant
Power
Control
Fuselage
Stablizer
Wing
Electrical
Power
Shipside
Lighting
Auxiliary
Power
System
Ground
Starting
Equipment
Flight
Deck
Crew
A/CConcept
Review
A/C
Preliminary DesignReview
A/C
DetailedDesignReview
Concept Study Feasibility Study
Preliminary Detailed
Design
Production/SustainingPreliminary Development
Design
CertificationGo-Ahead
Business
OpportunityStudy
Feasibility
Study
Project
Definition
Full
Scale Development
Business
Opportunity
Review
Project
Requirements
Review
Critical
Project
Review
Enterprise Based Life-cycle
Enterprise Based Life Cycle Relationships
System Life-cycleDevelopment Process
Operational Deployment
Disposal
First Production
Article Simulation Product Upgrades
Engineering Life-cycleProcess
Prototype
Development
FirstDelivery
Requirements Development Design Development
A/CDefinition
Review
Life Cycle Framework
References
http://94aircadets.ca/images/Training/Optional%20Training/GroundSchool/Po
werPoints/6.01%20Aircraft%20Design.ppt
https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture
_01.pdf
http://www.283aircadets.ca/index.php/optional-training/ground-
school?showall=&start=1
http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/structures/FAA.pdf
https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture_01.pdfhttps://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/845043405429213/MDO_lecture_01.pdfhttp://www.283aircadets.ca/index.php/optional-training/ground-school?showall=&start=1http://www2.mae.ufl.edu/haftka/structures/FAA.pdf