OUCH THAT HURTS….SPORTS INJURIES

PSE 4U LECTURE PRESENTATION

MR. D. GRAHAM Department of Health and Physical

Education

Westdale Secondary School

Sports Injuries

We are living in a time when interest in sport and fitness has

never been higher. Correspondingly, our knowledge

about injury and illness as a result of physical activity has

also increased. Sport injurySport injury a physical hurt or damage of the body due to the

participation in a physical activity

Ligaments

Ligament Ligament a band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone or cartilage to bone, supporting and strengthening a joint

Joint Line Joint Line point where ligament crosses the joint

Synovial fluid provides lubrication and nourishment where the ligaments join together to form a joint capsule

Sprain Sprain injury due to sudden forceful movement that damages ligament, resulting in pain, swelling and some loss of function

SprainsFirst degree First degree the ligaments are stretched and may be torn

resulting in pain, minimum loss of function, little swelling

treat injury with ice and depending level of pain tolerance, may return to activity within in a short period

Second degree Second degree the ligaments are stretched and torn resulting in pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, instability

treat injury with ice, allow 6-10 weeks for sprain to heal completely

Third degree Third degree the ligaments are completely torn resulting in extreme pain, major loss of function, severe instability

emergency situation that will require surgery, allow 12-16 weeks for sprain to heal

Sprains

StrainsTendon Tendon a fibrous cord by which a muscle is

attached to a bone; contributes to effective muscle movement

Strain Strain an injury to muscle tendon caused by excessive stretching resulting in pain and swelling

First degreeFirst degree a slightly pulled muscle without tearing of tendon fibers and no loss of strength

Second degree Second degree tearing of fibers in a tendon and strength is diminished

Third degree Third degree rupture of the muscle-tendon-bone attachment with separation of fibers and requires surgery

Muscle Injuries

Muscle tearMuscle tear an injury, sometimes called a muscle pull, resulting in the rupture of muscle tissue and will limit movement

the degree of the injury depends on the depth of the tear, the location of the tear and the amount torn

Muscle contusion Muscle contusion injury resulting from a direct blow to the surface of the body and may result in muscle haematoma (bruise)

the intensity of a contusion can range from superficial to deep tissue compression and hemorrhage

a contusion or black eye from a blow to the head while boxing can cause bleeding into the eyelids

Cartilage

Cartilage Cartilage tough and flexible connective tissue found between bones permitting smooth movement of joints

Cartilage injuryCartilage injury tear can be caused by a direct blow to the knee, overuse of an injured knee, or violent muscle contraction

resulting in pain

(especially when

bearing weight)

locking of the joint,

‘giving way’ of the

injured area

Knee InjuriesPivot twisting injuries Pivot twisting injuries occur when foot is fixed resulting in

an injury to the posterior or anterior cruciate ligament

for example, when foot is fixed to the ski, quickly rotating your body can result in damage to the ligament

Direct contact Direct contact tearing of the medial collateral ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament and medial cartilage on direct contact

for example, taking a blow to the knee from the side with your cleats dug into the ground results in injury

Deceleration injuries Deceleration injuries when athlete decelerates in a shorted time period in comparison to acceleration phase

for example, in basketball one must accelerate and stop quickly to change directions, resulting in damage

Knee Injuries

Fractured patella Fractured patella a complete or incomplete break in the upper or lower portion of the patella

Osgood-Schlatter disease Osgood-Schlatter disease attachment of patellar tendon on the tibial tuberosity is damaged due to overuse, occurs in children

Q-angle Q-angle common female

injury due to a greater

Q-angle or wider pelvis

region, resulting in anterior

cruciate ligament sprains

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Knee InjuriesUnhappy triad Unhappy triad tearing of the medial collateral

ligament, anterior cruciate ligament and medialcartilage

Patella femoral syndrome Patella femoral syndrome deterioration and softeningof the articular cartilage of the kneecap, resultingin chronic knee pain

Patella femoral syndrome

Testing for Injuries

LigamentLigament apply force, look for displacement of joint beyond normal range of motion, checking non injured side as well

Muscle Muscle palpate, look for swelling, look for pain during muscle contraction

Active Active person produces movement of their own, look for full range of motion and willingness to move, compare both sides

Passive Passive trainer moves the injured joint and checks for range of motion, checks points of discomfort, check for joint stability

Resistance Resistance look for a loss of strength, athlete may be weak and without pain suggesting damage to the nervous system

Phases of Injury

Acute Acute zero to 48 hours, most important period as to flush out scar tissue, rid of swelling by applying ice to injury

Sub-acute Sub-acute 3 to 5 days post injury, the rehabilitation phase

Chronic Chronic old or repeated injury, must complete rehabilitation for a longer length of time

Immediate Care

the objective of immediate care of soft-tissue injuries is to reduce inflammation and usually speeds recovery on injury

PPressure ressure apply pressure to reduce swelling or bleeding around joint

IIce ce apply ice to injured area for 10 to 20 minutes, remove for 10 minutes and repeat

EElevate levate elevate the injured area above the level of the heart

RRestrict estrict rest or restrict movement of the injured area and do not return to activity too soon

Inflammation Signs

injuries to soft tissue often react by producing inflammation in the injured area

SSwelling welling may be immediate or develop over time

HHeat eat or increased local temperature

AAltered ltered function, such as restricted movement

RRednessedness or discoloration of injured area

PPain ain determined by severity of injury

Concussions

Concussion Concussion sudden loss of consciousness due to a direct blow resulting in an alteration in vision and equilibrium

First degree First degree no actual loss of consciousness, only a blurring of consciousness lasting 10 to 20 seconds

Second degree Second degree blurring or loss of consciousness lasting 20 seconds to 2 minutes, minimal symptoms are found

Third degree Third degree loss of consciousness lasting 2 minutes or more

do not have to lose consciousness to be concussed and do not have to be hit in the head to suffer a concussion

Concussions

the body is travelling at a rapid velocity and suddenly stops. The brain is travelling at the same velocity as the body, and when the body stops, the brain continues to move forward at the same velocity and direction. The brain hits the skull and bounces back to hit the other side of the skull. This occurs because the brain is floating in cerebral spinal fluid. When the brain strikes the skull, a portion of the brain is damaged and when enough damage is done, alterations occur, resulting in a concussion

the injured person may appear normal, but may lapse into state later on. Therefore, the person should never be left alone

Assessing Concussions

Grade one Grade one remove from game, examine immediately, person may return in 48 hours

Grade two Grade two remove from game, examine abnormalities frequently, person may return after a week

Grade three Grade three seek professional medical aid immediately, neurological evaluation needed

always assume the situation is life threatening, always assume concussion has resulted in neck injury

AA airway

B B breathing

CC circulation (pulse)

Signs of a Concussion

face color may be red or pale

skin may be cool and moist

pulse may be rapid, strong, weak, slow

shallow breathing

dilated pupil, vary in size, no response to light

unbalanced stance

‘Rabinski’ rub bottom of foot and no action

count back by 7’s from 100

headaches

Brain anoxia Brain anoxia a state in which there is an inadequate oxygen supply to the brain tissues

Prevention

add more foam to helmet

purchase a strong helmet

secure helmet with soft chin strap

use mouth guard

modify rules of game