1 DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCE AARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The role of soil invertebrates in forest ecosystems - a kaleidoscopic walk through some current approaches Paul Henning Krogh FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests FP7: Ecological Function and Biodiversity Indicators in European Soils First annual meeting of the COST Action FP1305 BioLink Nov. 4-7, 2014 DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCE AARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014 Krogh, P.H FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests Outline › Soil biology complexity › Transcriptomics › Biopores › Food webs › Data warehousing
Transcript
1
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
The role of soil invertebrates in forest ecosystems- a kaleidoscopic walk through some
current approaches
Paul Henning Krogh
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
FP7: Ecological Function and Biodiversity Indicators in European Soils
First annual meeting of the COST Action FP1305 BioLink Nov. 4-7, 2014
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Outline› Soil biology complexity
› Transcriptomics
› Biopores
› Food webs
› Data warehousing
2
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Linking biodiversity and functioning -The basic challenge for the science of ecology is complexityHow to unravel simple mechanisms in a multi-factorially determined systems?
Cross disciplinarity
› Soil-bio-geo-chemistry
› Soil-bio-geo-physics
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
The bio- part: biological organization› Molecular
› Diversity: DNA› Activity: RNA – transcriptomics
› Species traits› Functional› Morphological
› Ecological interactions› Shaping communities
3
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
The faunal complexity of soil
Enchytraeids
Protista
Predatory mite
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Mull and mor
European Atlas of Soil Biodiversity, JRC. Eds. Jeffery et al., 2010
4
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Three lifeforms of springtails
› Epiedaphic
› Hemiedaphic
› Euedaphic
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Three earthworm life-forms
› Anecic› eats on the soil surface› vertical burrows
› Endogeic› consumes in upper soil horizon› unpigmented or weakly pigmented
› Epigeic› reside and eat on the soil surface in the organic matter› small, highly reproductive
5
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
What is a microarray?
Microarrays provide a global overview of the genes that are induced/suppressed in a model organism in a specific biological context
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
How does a microarray work?
Exposed F. candida
6
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
1
2
34
cm
Midden mounds made by L. terrestris on a forest path
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Ecosystem element: Soil structure
› Protection goal› Water regulation
› Assessment endpoint› Water infiltration capacity
› Measurement endpoint› Macropore diameter and spatial distribution
7
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Impact of soil compation on the water infiltration capacity leading to water logging and surface ponding
JONES et al. (2012). The State of Soil in Europe. A contribution of the JRC to the European Environment Agency's Environment State and Outlook Report-SOER 2010, Report EUR 25186 EN. JRC and EEA. www.eea.europa.eu
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Deep relict biopores› Hydromorphic macropores
› Redoximorphic feaures
10 mm
8
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forestsRelict macropore at 4 m depth
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Earthworm burrow creation
› Anecic earthworms are pushing their way through the soil imposing a radial pressure in the range of 50 kPa and a slightly higher axial pressure
Radial-pressure
Axial-pressure
9
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Recording macropores during the October 2011 UR1, SOERE-ACBB and EcoFINDERS field campaign
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Earthworm burrows at 30 cm depth
10
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Conceptual model
Biodiversity Function Ecosystem Service
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
EcoFINDERS organisation of biodiversity-hydrology-ES modelling
11
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Land use details:The cropping system factor:Rotation systems at Lusignan ORE-ACBBT1 Conventionalrotation system
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Mean number of macropores
Diameter, ⌀, size classes of 0.5-3, 3-5, 5-7, 7-9, 9-11 mm.
0
50
100
150
200
0
50
100
150
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
50
100
150
0
50
T1 Conventional rotation system
T2 Rotation system with grass
T5 Permanent grass
Mea
n n
um
ber
of m
acro
po
res,
m-2
Depth, cm
1020
3050
100
<2 4 6 8 10
mm Ø classes
a
b
a
b
a
b
a bb
Vertical bars S:E.M., n=4. Significant differences between macroporefrequencies of crops within size-classes of each depth horizon are indicated by small letters (Tukeys test).
ab b
12
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Trends in depthdistribution oflarge macropores,Ø>5 mm.
Number of burrows with diameter >5 mm m-2
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Ecological impact assessmentusing ecological tools› Model ecosystems or mesocosms
› Soil food-webs:› Displacement of trophic structure under stress
13
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Natural abundance of stable isotopes› A snapshot of the trophic network of the key organisms of
an ecosystem
› Displays the functioning and the species interactions changing over time or between farming practices
› Mapping nutrient cycling actors
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Mean isotopic signatures, δ13C and δ15N, of juvenile and adult earthworms
-27 -26.5 -26 -25.5 -25 -24.5
0
1
2
3
A. longa
L. rubellus
δ15N
, ‰
δ13C, ‰
14
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
• Different species occupy different trophic niches
• Oribatid mites span three to four trophic levels
Schneider et al. (2004)
Omnivory vs. specialized feeding Case: Oribatid mites
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Mesocosm tests
15
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Displacement of food web structure under stress or changing environmental conditions
D’Annibale et al. in review
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Isotopic shift during time
16
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Perspectives:”Ecological forensics” who was where and when› Develop primers for minibarcodes
› Establish a minibarcode library for species at a certain location (sharing by uploading to GENBANK)
› Extract soil DNA
› MiSeq sequencing
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Data warehousing1. Making biodiversity data accessible
› Taxonomic› Functions/traits› Distribution
2. Linking biodiversity to› Land use› Soil physics› Climate
17
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Global Biodiversity Informatics Outlook: Delivering Biodiversity Knowledge in the Information Age› Towards a better understanding of life on Earth and our
impacts upon it.
› proposes a framework that will help harness the immense power of information technology
› stimulate an open data culture, to gather unprecedented evidence about biodiversity
› Informing better decisions.
Hobern et al. 2013. Global Biodiversity Informatics Outlook: Delivering Biodiversity Knowledge in the Information Age. GBIF Secretariat, September 2, 2013.
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
The GBIO framework:Focus areas
† Considered to be of high urgency, but have made limited progress to date
18
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
Establishing a global framework to link soil biodiversity data› Integrate soil biodiversity data into an accessible global data
infrastructure
› Describing communities taxonomically, phylogenetically and
functionally
› Store information about soil habitat diversity in a global data
infrastructure
› Bring together poorly standardized datasets complying with standards
› Stimulate coordination and networking between scientists studying soil
biodiversity
Dijon, 1-2 December 2014
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
ConclusionsHow to move forward?
› Ecoinformatics and modelling: New projects should still take a multi-disciplinary approach and expand to encompass clear and informative presentation of biodiversity information in combination with other relevant knowledge:› environmental› climatic› land use
19
DEPARTMENT OF BIOSCIENCEAARHUS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 6-11-2014Krogh, P.H
FP1305 COST Action Biolink: Linking belowground biodiversity and ecosystem function in European forests
