Increasing the macroeconomic impact of remittances on development
Dilip RathaDevelopment Prospects GroupWorld Bank
G-8 Outreach Meeting on RemittancesBerlinNovember 28-30, 2007
Outline
1. International remittances agenda
2. Macroeconomic effects
3. Policy implications
Outline
1. International remittances agenda
2. Macroeconomic effects of remittances
3. Policy implications
Migration Remittances
Remittances provide a tangible and non-controversial link between migration and development
1. Monitoring, analysis, projection
2. Retail payment systems
3. Financial access
4. Capital market access
The International Remittance Agenda
4. Capital market access
The International Remittance Agenda
Macroeconomic effects
Remittances are a large source of foreign currency in many poor countries;
-25
25
75
125
175
225
275
325
375$ billion Private debt
and portfolio equity
FDI
ODA
RecordedRemittances
Remittances are large, have continued to increase
Remittances are large, have continued to increase($ billion) 1995 2007
estimateRecorded remittances 58 240
ODA* 59 100
FDI* 105 368
Pvt. debt & portfolio equity 122 387*
* 2006
Macroeconomic effects
Remittances are a large source of foreign currency in many poor countries;
reduce poverty;
Macroeconomic effects
Remittances are a large source of foreign currency in many poor countries;
reduce poverty;
tend to rise following crisis, natural disaster, or conflict;
Macroeconomic effects
Remittances are a large source of foreign currency in many poor countries;
reduce poverty;
tend to rise following crisis, natural disaster, or conflict;
tend to be larger in poorer, smaller countries;
27.025.7 25.0
17.0
12.5
8.97.2 7.0 7.0 6.8
Top recipients of remittances, 2007 (estimated)
$ billion
Top recipients of remittances, 2006
36 3632
27 26 25 24 23 22 20
% of GDP (estimated)
Macroeconomic effects
Remittances are a large source of foreign currency in many poor countries;
reduce poverty;
tend to rise following crisis, natural disaster, or conflict;
tend to be larger in poorer, smaller countries;
may cause currency appreciation and affect traditional exports.
Policy recommendations1. Difficult to address currency appreciation effects
through sterilization techniques
Policy recommendations1. Difficult to address currency appreciation effects
through sterilization techniques
2. Country risk analysis should account for remittances
Remittances can help obtain and improve credit rating
Remittances (% of GDP,
2004)
Rating excluding
remittances
Rating including
remittances
Spread reduction
(basis pts)
Lebanon 14 B+ BB- 150
Haiti* 28 CCC B- 334
Nicaragua* 11 CCC+ B- 209
Uganda* 5 B- B 161
* Calculated using a model similar to Cantor and Packer (1995), see Ra tha, De and Mohapatra (2007)
Policy recommendations1. Difficult to address currency appreciation effects
through sterilization techniques
2. Country risk analysis should account for remittances
3. Financial institutions can securitize future remittances for raising capital from international markets
Securitization of future remittances can improve credit rating above investment grade
Year Issuer Amount(US$ mn)
Transaction rating
Country rating
1998 Banco Cuscatlan 50 BBB BB
2002 Banco do Brasil 250 BBB+ BB-
Remittance senders
Remittance securitization structure
Correspondent bank
Beneficiary
Local bank
LocalForeign
Remittance senders
Remittance securitization structure
Correspondent bank
Beneficiary
Local bank
LocalForeign
Special trustee
Policy recommendations1. Difficult to address currency appreciation effects
through sterilization techniques
2. Country risk analysis should account for remittances
3. Financial institutions can securitize future remittances for raising capital from international markets
4. Diaspora bonds can potentially raise development financing
Diaspora bonds to tap into the wealth of the diaspora
Israel and India have raised nearly $40 billion financing, often in times of crisis
There is scope for other countries with large diaspora abroad to issue diaspora bonds for financing development. . .
. . . At a discount
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15 PercentUS Treasury 10-year
Israel DCI bond
Discount on Israel diaspora bonds: Patriotic?
Policy recommendations1. Difficult to address currency appreciation effects
through sterilization techniques
2. Country risk analysis should account for remittances
3. Financial institutions can securitize future remittances for raising capital from international markets
4. Diaspora bonds can potentially raise development financing
5. Governments should not tax remittances or direct the allocation of expenditures financed by remittance
Policy recommendations1. Difficult to address currency appreciation effects
through sterilization techniques
2. Country risk analysis should account for remittances
3. Financial institutions can securitize future remittances for raising capital from international markets
4. Diaspora bonds can potentially raise development financing
5. Governments should not tax remittances or direct the allocation of expenditures financed by remittances
6. Remittances are not a substitute for official aid