Outline Introduction Cell repair Machines FeaturesApplications of Cell Repair Machines Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair Machines Nano Medicine RespirocytesOngoing Research Nano Horrors

Cell Repair MachinesMedical Nano Robots (Molecular technology and AI)Will change medicine at its foundations A system including nanocomputers and molecular scale

sensors and tools, programmed to repair damage to cells and tissues

A fundamental break through : these machines will free medicine from the reliance of self repair as the only path to healing

Selective Destruction : example cancerous cells , recognize and destroy a specific kind of cell

Nature's own cell repair machines are limited in their ability

Features Size

micron scale robot with nano scale parts , parts would be from

1 to 100 nm , the actual machine would be 0.5 to 3 microns

Bio Compatibility Passive Diamond coating , because of its inert nature , not

attacked by the immune system Powering

Metabolize local glucose and oxygen for energy Clinical environment acoustic energy

Communication Broadcast acoustic type messages Device similar to an Ultra Sound Probe Acoustic sensors Internal communication network

Navigation : a navigational network with

station keeping navigational elements providing high positional accuracy

Accurate positions could be reported to the physician using the internal communication network

Applications of cell Repair Machines Drug Delivery

Sophisticated ways Target specific ,enable the use

of lower doses of medicine Side effects may be minimized

and stronger medicine could be used

Trigger based , will release medicine when needed example Insulin delivery

Correcting Genetic Disorders Comparing the strand of

nucleotides segment by segment Changing the nucleotides within a

DNA so that it matches a correct pattern

Anesthesia plus interrupting metabolism of the body for hours, days or years resulting

in a condition of bio statis( a stoppage or stable state) Bio statis provides deep anesthesia , thereby physicians can work for

more time Used in the case of emergencies Can be achieved using molecular machines

Molecular machines injected into the blood stream enter each cell , block the molecular machinery for metabolism , the water is displaced using other molecular devices

Reversing bio statis When it is time to wake up the patient , the process of resuscitation is started

by the doctor , repair machines remove packing around molecules replace it with water and unblock the metabolic machinery

Astronauts as a one way travel

Establishing Health State of health is established

Recognize the differences between the healthy tissue and the diseased tissue and rectify those differences

Immune system the body’s immune system is

limited in its capabilities Immune machines :- Medical nano

machines, which could be programmed to respond to anything encountered by the world of medicine .

Disease of Aging Damaged molecular machinery Misarranged structures , low

enzymes

Limits and Feasibility of Cell Repair machines Developing cell repair

machines requires great effort ,knowledge and skill, tremendous development in Artificial Intelligence

An exact answer cannot be given to the question “ when will cell repair machines be available “

Loss of information through obliteration of structure imposes the most important fundamental limit to the repair of tissue

Cell repair machine destroying a cancer cell

NanoMedicine Nano medicine is an interdisciplinary field of science , even

a simple project needs contributions from physicists, engineers , material chemists , biologist and end users such as an orthopedic surgeon

Molecular nano technology and molecular manufacturing are key enabling technologies

Analyzing and repairing human body just as we repair any other machine

Applications Miniaturizing surgery Tissue reconstruction Eliminating all common diseases , all the medical pain and

suffering

Respirocyte A proposed nano robot , artificial red blood cell Of the order of 1 micron Spherical nano robot made of 18 billion atoms A pressure tank which can be pumped upto 9 billion Oxygen O2

and CO2 molecules By the virtue of its pressure sensors it releases Oxygen or Carbon

Dioxide The bottom line is that mimics the action of hemoglobin filled red

blood cells and can deliver 236 times more oxygen per unit volume than a natural red blood cell

Applications Treatment of Anemia Transfusions and perfusions Fetal and Child Related disorders

On Going Research Making Tiny Plastic Particles

to deliver Lifesaving Medicine

Many medications such as therapeutic DNA, insulin and human growth hormone must enter the body through painful injections, but a Johns Hopkins researcher is seeking to deliver the same treatment without the sting

Justin Hanes an assistant professor at the Department of Chemical and BioMolecular Engineering wants to pack the drug into microscopic plastic spheres which can be inhaled

new type of porous polymer particles capable of releasing drugs in an environment resembling the deep lungs

http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html

DNA Nanotechnology Self-Assembly of Metallic

Nanoparticles Arrays by DNA

Scaffolding. This NSF-funded project is a done under

the supervision of : Profs. Richard Kiehl (Electrical

Engineering) Karin Musier-Forsyth (Chemistry), Prof Nadrian Seeman (New York

University).

The objective of this exciting multi-disciplinary research project is to use two-dimensional DNA crystals as a scaffolding for the self-assembly of arrays of metallic nanoparticles for the development of new electronic devices.

Chemical Imaging University of Michigan

Raoul Kopelman , Ph.D student (Department Of Chemistry)

Optical nano sensors for real time chemical imaging of cellular membranes and intracellular processes , these sensors will monitor pH, calcium , magnesium , sodium , potassium , chloride , oxygen concentrations within the cells

Nano Horrors Self replicating

Nano Robots A threat to the

existence of human beings

References http://www.foresight.org/NanoRev/index.html http://www.ornl.gov/doe/doe_nsrc_workshop/talks/4_Schloss.pdf

( for research at National institute of health and other universities)

http://www.brightsurf.com/news/sept_03/EDU_news_092903_b.php http://www.pettribune.com/2000/090100/petpost2.html

(nano technology applied to veterinary medicine ) http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/bombay/news3/page4.html

(medical nano robots) http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/nanotechAndMedicine.html http://www.irannano.org/English/publication/Articles/

nanomedicine2.htm (nano medicine faq)

http://www.chem.umn.edu/groups/musier-forsyth/dnagold.html http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home03/sep03/hanes.html http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#NMResComOrg http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/index.html#PubDate

(for nano medicine )