NURSING RESEARCH

Dr. Jayesh Patidar

www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

Diers

“A systematic study of

problems in patient

care.”

Nursing Research Definitions

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Abdellah

“A systematic detailed

attempt to discover or

confirm facts that relate to a

specific problem to improve

the practice and profession

of nursing.”

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Polit and Hungler

“A systematic search for

knowledge about issues of

importance to nursing.”

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Henderson

“A study of the problems in

practice relating to the effects

of nursing.”

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Ways to “use” nursing

research:--journal clubs

--critique research for patient care

purposes

--explaining research to clients

--data collection for others

--reviewing methodology for IRB

--finding research problems

--using research results in patient

care or education9/30/2015 6www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

Why do research?

Professionalism

Accountability

Social Relevance

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Evolution of Nursing

Research

Education/Recruitment

Administration/Staffing

Practice

Methodology/Theory based research

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Current Trends

Health Promotion

Nursing Decision Making

Effectiveness of Nursing Intervention

in Selected Health Problems

Prevention

Case Studies/Qualitative Research

Ethnographic Studies

Compliance

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Conferences for Research

Priorities

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#1 through 1994 HIV

Long term care

Low birth weight

Symptom management

Nursing informatics

Technology

Health Promotion

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#2 through 1999 Develop and test community based

nursing models

Assess effectiveness of nursing

interventions with HIV

Develop and test approaches to

remediate cognitive impairment

Assess coping with chronic illness

Methods for promoting

immunocompetence9/30/2015 12www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

Epistemology

Sources of Human Knowledge

or “how we know what we know”

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Sources of Knowledge

Tradition or tenacity

Authority

Experience

Intuition

Trial and Error

Logical Reasoning

– Induction

– Deduction

Scientific Method9/30/2015 14www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

Tradition/tenacity

Something we know because we have

always known it.

Advantages:

Efficient, provides a foundation of truths

Disadvantages:

Most traditions have not been evaluated

for their value

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Authority

We know a thing because some

authoritative source says it is so

Authorities are not infallible, so always

question authority--what is the evidence

that this is true?

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Experience

Our own experiences may be too limited

to generalize from

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Intuition

It just “ seems” right

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Trial and error

Haphazard

unsystematic

inefficient

usually unrecorded

must make the same mistakes or

discoveries over and over again

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Logical Reasoning Induction--developing generalizations

from specific observations

Induction

Specifics Generalizations

Deduction

Deduction--developing specific

predictions from general principles9/30/2015 20www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

Scientific Method

The most advanced method of acquiring

knowledge that humans have

developed.

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Scientific Method

Order

Control

Empiricism

Generalization

Theoretical Formulation

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Order Systematic prescribed order in order to

have reproducibility and confidence in

the results

– problem identified

– defined

– predictions of oucome

– information collected according to design

– analysis

– conclusion

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Control

In trying to isolate relationships among

phenomena, scientists must control

phenomena and factors not under

study.

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Empiricism

Evidence rooted in objective reality and

gathered directly or indirectly through

the human senses.

Research is based in REALITY

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Generalization

No research is ever done just to benefit

the subjects, in order to have value it

must be generalizable to a wider

population.

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Theoretical formulation

Theories are manner of organizing,

integrating and deriving abstract

conceptualization about the manner in

which phenomena are interrelated.

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LIMITS OF SCIENTIFIC

METHOD

1. Values or ethics

2. Human complexity

3. Measurement problems

4. Control

5. Ethical considerations

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PARADIGMS FOR NURSING

RESEARCH

ONTOLOGIC-What is the nature of reality?

EPISTEMOLOGIC-What is the relationship

between the inquirer and that being

studied?

AXIOLOGIC-What is the role of values in

inquiry?

METHODOLOGIC-How should the inquirer

obtain knowledge?

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POSITIVIST PARADIGM

Nature is ordered and regular

and can be predicted.

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NATURALISTIC OR

PHENOMENOLOGIC PARADIGM

Reality not fixed but exists

within a context, many

interpretations are possible.

Nothing is absolutely true or

false, only within a context.

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

vs

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

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PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

Identification

Description

Exploration

Explanation

Prediction and Control

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Types of Research by Utility

BASIC RESEARCH

APPLIED RESEARCH

COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT

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RELATIONSHIPS

CAUSAL vs ASSOCIATIONAL

Requirements for causality

concomitant variation

temporal sequencing

absence of competing explanations

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STEPS IN THE RESEARCH

PROCESS

(Quantitative Research)

CONCEPTUAL PHASE

1. Formulating and Delimiting the

Problem

2. Reviewing the Literature

3. Developing a Theoretical

Framework

4. Identifying the Research Variables

5. Formulating Hypotheses

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DESIGN AND PLANNING

PHASE

6. Selecting a Research Design

7. Specifying the Population

8. Operationalizing the Variables

9. Conducting the Pilot

Study/Making Revisions

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EMPIRICAL PHASE

10. Selecting the Sample

11. Collecting the Data

12. Organizing Data for

Analysis

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ANALYTIC PHASE

13. Analyzing the Data

14. Interpreting the Results

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DISSEMINATION PHASE

15. Communicating Results

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STEPS IN THE RESEARCH

PROCESS

(Qualitative Research)

Circular and Flexible

1. Define/Clarify Broad Topic

2. Review of the Literature?

3. Identify Site/Setting

4. Obtain Access

5. Obtain and Test Equipment

6. Begin Data Collection/Analysis

7. Identify Themes/Categories

8. Triangulation/Saturation

9. Formulate Hypotheses/Theories

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TERMINOLOGY

CONCEPTS/CONSTRUCTS

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

VARIABLES

DATA

HYPOTHESIS (research or

null/statistical)

PROBLEM STATEMENT

RESEARCH DESIGNS

SAMPLE/POPULATION9/30/2015 45www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in

Concepts/Constructs

Refined general or abstract idea

“good health”

“nursing care”

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Conceptual Framework

A series of concepts or ideas connected

by statements about the relationships

that exist among them

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Operational Definitions

Specifications of the specific and explicit

operations which the researcher must

perform in order to collect the required

information

“Operationalizing the concept”

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Variables

Something which varies

An abstract entity which takes on

different values.

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DATA

Pieces of information obtained in the

course of the study

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Hypothesis

Research--A statement of the

expectations of the researcher

concerning the relationships of the

variables under study HR

Null or Statistical--states that there is no

relationship among the variables HO

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Problem Statement

A the research question or a statement

about the purpose of the study.

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Research Designs

Basic designs are experimental and non

experimental (or descriptive)

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Sample/Population

Sample--the subjects participating in the

study

Population--the whole universe of

possible subjects

Target population--the group to whom

the researcher wishes to generalize the

results of the study

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RESEARCH REPORTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHOD

RESULTS

DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

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Abstract

An abbreviated summary of the

research problem, methodology,

findings and significance.

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INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE, RESEARCH QUESTIONS,

HYPOTHESES

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

SIGNIFICANCE OF PROBLEM

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METHOD

SUBJECTS

RESEARCH DESIGN

INSTRUMENTS AND DATA

COLLECTION

STUDY PROCEDURES

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RESULTS

STATISTICAL TESTS USED

VALUE OF THE STATISTIC

STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

THEMES (Qualitative Research)

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DISCUSSION

INTERPRETATION

IMPLICATIONS

LIMITATIONS

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REFERENCES

All of the literature used in

writing the research article.

Should contain mostly recent

and primary sources.

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Thank you

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