• Outline the use of alkenes in the manufacture of margarine by catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils.

• Outline the use of alkenes in the formation of a range of polymers using unsaturated monomer units.

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Alkene molecules form addition polymers

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• Describe the addition polymerisation of alkenes.

• Deduce the repeat unit of an addition polymer obtained from a given monomer.

• Identify the monomer that would produce a given section of an addition polymer.

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General equation for addition polymerisation

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Formation of poly(ethene)

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Formation of poly(propene)

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Formation of poly(chloroethene) PVC

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Formation of poly(phenylethene) (polystyrene)

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Poly(tetrafluoroethene) (Teflon or PTFE)

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Orlon

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• Describe some of the uses for certain polymers.

• Outline how waste polymers are recycled, separated and processed.

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• Explain how polymers undergo combustion for energy production.

• Explain how polymers are used as a feedstock in cracking for producing plastics and other chemicals.

• Outline the role of chemists in minimising environmental damage by removal of toxic waste and development of biodegradable and compostable polymers.

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Lactic acid is now used to make compostable polymers

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