12/1/2016
1
Prof T. I. EldhoDepartment of Civil EngineeringIIT BOMBAY
1
Water Audit & Budgeting: Water Resources and Environmental
Perspectives
Source: http://www.aesmani.com/water-audits.html
Outline Introduction Water Resources & Environmental Issues Water Resources - Indian Scenario Water Supply & Issues Water Auditing – Necessity & Objectives Water Auditing – Preparation & Planning Water Audit - Methodology Case Study Conclusions
2
3
Introduction – Importance of Water
Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water Introduction - Importance of water
Water is one of our most important natural resources and Water Scarcitymay be the most underestimated resource issue facing the world today.
4
5
Developing Water Management schemes became necessary!6
Water Resources and Environmental Issues
Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water
12/1/2016
2
7
Impacts of climate change on water availability and weather patterns
Influence of location (climate, geography and population) on water availability (rainfall, floods and drought)
Impacts of water stress (both drought and flood) on health and wellbeing of societies
Water Management – Main Issue -The basic processes of managing water for human use are: collection storage treatment and, distribution of water.
Water Resources Issues
8
Can arise in fields of
Wastewater, storm water and water treatment
Solid waste management
Air pollution control
Hazardous waste remediation
Waste minimization and pollution prevention
Risk assessment and safety engineering
Water recycling and reuse
Water conservation
Environmental Issues
9
Declining Water Availability
Source: Arnell N.W. Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios, Global Climate Change, 14(1), 31-52 (2004)
10
Potentially significant demand supply gap
Source: 2030 Water Resource Group Report titled ‘Charting Our Water Futures’, 2009.
11
Over-exploitation of Groundwater
Source: Gleeson, T.,Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P. & van Beek, L. P. H. Nature 488, 197–200 (2012)
Global withdrawal of water for agriculture, industry andmunicipal use, and total use, in liters and gallons per capitaper day, 1900-95
Agri: Mun: Industrial:: World: 70: 15: 15; India - 83: 9: 8.
12/1/2016
3
13
India’s Water Resources- Indian Scenarios
Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water INDIA’S LAND RESOURCE, IRRIGATION
AND FOOD PRODUCTION
• India has 2% of world’s land, 4% of freshwater, 16% of population, and 10% of its cattle.
• Geographical area = 329 Mha of which 47% (142 Mha) is cultivated, 23% forested, 7% under non-agri. use, 23% waste.
• Per capita availability of land 50 years ago was 0.9 ha, could be only 0. 14 ha in 2050.
• Out of cultivated area, 37% is irrigated which produces 55% food; 63% is rain-fed producing 45% of 200 M t of food.
• In 50 years (ultimate), proportion could be 50:50 producing 75:25 of 500 M t of required food.
Blue revolution for a Second Green Revolution
1951 2001 2015Agricultural Production
65 m.t 200 m.t
252 m.t
Command area irrigation
22.6m.ha
90 m. ha
~120m.ha
Population 33 crores
100 crores
128 crores
SKEWED DISTRIBUTION - WATER AVAILABILITY
Inter-basin transfer of water : a key need
SOME INFERENCES FROM RIVER BASIN STATISTICS
• Himalayan Rivers Water: 300 utilizable, 1200 BCM available.
• Himalayan large dams presently store 80 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 90 BCM.
• Peninsular Rivers Water: 400 utilizable, 700 BCM available.
• Peninsular large dams presently store 160 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 45 BCM.
• In all, large dams presently store 240 BCM. New dams under consideration could store 135 BCM. Total storage thus could be 375 BCM only.
India’s Present Yearly Water Balance, (Km3 = BCM)- SUMMARY
Precipitation = 4000 Present Withdrawal = 630 = 58%
Inflow = 400 Still available = 470 = 42%
Extendable = +300 = 28%
Total = 4400 USES %
ET = 2200 Irrigation = 83.0
Infiltration = 300 Drinking / Municipal = 4.5
Available = 1900 Industry = 3.0
Energy = 3.5
Utilizable / = 1100 Others = 6.0
Developable
Extendable = +300 Total 100.0
12/1/2016
4
WITHDRAWAL OF WATER- 2050, AVAILABILITY
India’s Yearly Requirement in 2050 (Km3 = BCM)
• For growing food and feed at 420 to 500 million tonnes = 628 to 807 BCM
• Drinking water plus domestic and municipal use for rural population at 150 lpcd and for urban population at 220 lpcd = 90 to 110 BCM
•Hydropower and other energy generation = 63 to 70 BCM
•Industrial use = 81 to 103 BCM
•Navigational use = 15 BCM
•Loss of water by evaporation from reservoirs = 76 BCM
•Environment and ecology = 20 BCM
Total 970 to 1200 BCM
Availability 1100 to 1400 BCM
Water supply costs (1998 dollars / 1000 cub m)
for different technologies
Technology ($/1000 m3) Source
Large storage projects 8 -110 Keller
Medium and small storage projects 50 - 350 Keller
Micro storage projects 160 - 600 Keller
Dug storage 500 -1200 OAS, 1997
Groundwater development &pumping20 -110 Keller
Groundwater recharge 190 - 230 Gleick, 1993
Conservation practices 40 - 300 Keller et al., 1998
Recycling wastewater (secondary
treatment) 120 - 220 Gleick, 1993
Diversion projects (interbasin) 190 - 400 Gleick, 1993
Reverse osmosis (for brackish water) 160 - 540 Gleick, 1993
Recycling wastewater (advanced water
treatment 260 - 660 Gleick, 1993
Distillation 900 -1500 Gleick, 1993
Desalinization of seawater 600 - 2000 Keller et al., 1998---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Paper by Andrew Keller and David Seckler (IWMI) on topic “Water scarcity and the role of storage in development”, 1999
Where does the water come from?
•New dams - inter-basin transfer
•Groundwater - underdeveloped
•Demand Management
•Water savings - increase in efficiency, reduce evaporation.
•Water productivity - increases in crop per drop
•Trade (virtual water), import food.22
India sustains nearly 17 per cent of the world’s population but is endowed with just four per cent of global water resources.
About 50 per cent of annual precipitation is received in just about 15 days in a year
Limited storage capacity of 36 per cent of utilizable resources Leakage and inefficiencies in the water supply system waste nearly
50 per cent of usable water The groundwater level is declining at the rate of 10 cm per year Over 70 per cent of surface water and ground water resources are
contaminated
Indian Scenario
All this is leading towards a water scarce situation in many parts of the country
Source: Kumar S V, Bharat G K(2014), Perspectives on a Water Resource Policy for India, The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI, New Delhi.
23
Inconsistent supply (2-5 hours) with high leakages, thefts
High Disparity in per capita water supply
High Unaccounted water in Urban water supply (generally 20-50%)
Very low coverage in metering
Water quality issues
Water tariff does not represent the actual O&M, social and environment cost of water
Urban water Issues in India
Source: Anshuman, Major Challenges in Urban water sector, Global/Indian Scenario, July 2014 24
Prioritization between domestic, agricultural and industrial water needs
“Zero sum game of water management", is one where authorities increase water supply to one user by taking it away from another
Increasing industrial water usage causes increase in conflict between local communities and the industry, on issues ranging from water pollution to water scarcity
Water Auditing can help in major way!
Water Fall-outs in India
Source: http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/industry20040215/fall-outs.htm
12/1/2016
5
25
Weak legal and institutional framework Water Security Juridical Security
Inefficient and unsustainable investments in infrastructure
Scarce hydro-meteorological information for decision making
Disaster prevention, control and protection
Water Auditing part of Integrated Water and environmental management approaches
Other Issues
Source: http://www.cseindia.org/dte-supplement/industry20040215/fall-outs.htm 26
Water Supply & Issues
Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water
Need for Successful Water Management Practices
Source: https://globalwaterpartnership.wordpress.com/page/3/27
Water Losses – many times UFW > 50% Equitable distribution (Alternate day / 2 hrs/day) Accountability Water to Slums (inefficient system) Water network coverage and inadequacy of network Water supply management during summer peak demand Old and inefficient assets Delay in capacity augmentation for future demand from
limited water sources. Capital availability Low water tariff and Poor billing mechanism. Lack of professional approach
Water Sector Issues & Challenges
28
Issues & Challenges – Eg. Nagpur City (before implementation of JnNURM)
29
1. Integrated Approach
2. Address both Engineering + Behavioral Practices
3. Procuring Accurate baseline data
4. Logical sequence –implementation in phases
5. Not only how much water but how it is used
6. Quality versus Application matching
7. Considering True Cost of Water
8. Understanding Life Cycle Cost
Successful Water Management Practices –Require Water Audit
Source: Dasgupta, P (2011), Water Audit in Industry – CII’s Perspective, National Seminar on Standards for Quality and Empowerment, New Delhi
30
12/1/2016
6
Water Audit & Efficiency
31 32
Water Audit – Necessity & Objectives
Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water
Water Audit - Assessment of the capacity of total waterproduced by Water Supply Authority and the actual quantity ofwater distributed throughout the area of service of the Authority,thus leading to an estimation of the losses. It identify how much water is lost & its costs. Not all the water supplied reaches the customer! Not all of the water that reaches the end user is measured or paid for
Also known as non-revenue water or Unaccounted-ForWater (UFW) which is the difference between the quantity ofwater produced and the quantity of water which is billed oraccounted for.
Water Audits - Definition
33
Unaccounted-For Water (UFW)
34
To assess the following:
Water produced
Water used
Losses both physical and non-physical,
Identify Unaccounted-ForWater (UFW) To identify and prioritize areas which need immediate attention
for control.
Thus Water Audit is a “Systematic Approach of Identifying,Measuring, Monitoring and Reducing the WaterConsumption by various activities by a user”
Water Audits - Objectives
35
A Comprehensive Water Audit gives a detailed profile ofthe distribution system and water users, thereby facilitatingeasier and effective management of the resources withimproved reliability
WhyWater Audit ? It helps in correct diagnosis of the problems faced in order
to suggest optimum solutions Effective tool for realistic understanding and assessment of
the present performance level and efficiency of the service Shows adaptability of the present system for future
expansion & rectification of faults during modernization
Why Water Audits?.
36
12/1/2016
7
In Irrigation, Domestic, Industrial sectors
Legal Requirement (In many states)
CREP (Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection)
Water stress regions – Availability / Quality
Corporate image
Business risk involved - Sustainability
Payback options in places of high water tariff for industry
Why Water Audits?
37 38
Water Auditing – Preparation, Planning & Methodology
Too much water Too little water Poor-quality water
Water allocation
Pollution control
Monitoring
Financial management
Flood and drought management
Information management
Audits in
Water Legislation The Indian government set standards for water management and the quality
and use of water Water Protection Act, 1974 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Environmental Protection Act, 1986 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
39
Verification and updating of Maps: Mapping andinventory of pipes and fittings in the water supply system:If the updated maps are available and bulk meters are inposition network survey can be taken up as a first step.Otherwise maps have to be prepared and bulk metersfixed.
Installation of Bulk meters: Being a major activity,Bulk meters required at the following locations:
All major system supply points.
All tube wells which supply the system directly.
Major transfer mains which are expressly required foraudit.
Water Audit – Preparation & Planning
40
Assessment of leakage rates through the features ofwater supply system includes: Raw water transmission system Reservoirs Treatment plant Clear-water transmission system Inter zonal transmission system Tube wells
Monitoring of water flow from distribution point intothe distribution system (Waste Metering Areas,WMA).
Consumer sampling. Estimating metered use by consumers. Estimating losses in the appurtenances and distribution
pipe line network including consumer service lines.
Monitoring Production & Distribution System
41
Analysis:Water Audit will provide accurate area wise losses to prioritize thearea into 3 categories viz. Areas that need immediate leak detection and repair. Areas that need levels of losses (UFW) to be closely monitored. Areas that appear to need no further work at the current time.
After water audit of few cities it has been established that thecomponents of UFW may generally be as follows: Leakage (physical losses): 75 to 80% Meter under-registration: 10 to 15% Illegal/unmetered connections: 3.5 to 6% Public use: 1.5 to 3.5%
Water Audit – Analysis
42
12/1/2016
8
Water Losses: Physical losses (Technical losses): pipes, joints &
fittings, reservoirs & overflows of reservoirs & sumps.
Non-physical losses (Non-technicallosses/Commercial losses): Theft of water throughillegal, already disconnected connections, under-billingeither deliberately or through defective meters, waterwasted by consumer through open or leaky taps, errorsin estimating flat rate consumption, public stand postsand hydrants.
Water Losses & Leak Control
43
Objective of Leakage Control:
To reduce losses to an acceptableminimum
To meet additional demands with watermade available from reduced lossesthereby saving in cost of additionalproduction and distribution.
To give consumer satisfaction.To augment revenue from the sale of water
saved
Water Losses & Leak Control
44
Preliminary data collection and planning. Pipe location and survey. Assessment of pressure and flows. Locating the leaks. Assessment of leakage.Following equipment used for conducting tests for leak assessment: Road measurer. Pipe locator. Valve locator. Listening sticks or sounding rods. Electronic sounding rods. Leak noise correlator. A street water tanker attached to a pump with ease to fabricate
pipe assembly with valves to control pressure. Turbine water meters with pulse head, pressure point and data
loggers. Leak Locator.
Leakage Detection & Monitoring
45
Detecting leaks on 6000 Km network with sounding is difficult task because: Listening leak sound through Rod is highly skilled job. Traffic / parked vehicles / underground Cables are hindrances in sounding method. Pressures are low due to high peak. Supply hours are short in some zones as less as 90 minutes. Covering 6000 Km network in cyclic manner even twice a year would require huge
manpower. Random Leak detection is a futile exercise unless backed by Water Audit / Leak
assessment.
The recommended course of action is: Extended supply hours can increase the efficacy of Leak detection. Pressures will be better due to lower peak in longer supply hours. Initially the Tracer gas method instead of sound listening method would be more effective. The provision of bulk flow measurements would facilitate the zones required to be given
priority (with high NRW) instead of random leak detection. The bulk flow measurements with District Metering Areas (DMAs) will be next step. DMAs will be periodically checked for NRW and investigated in details if NRW is off
limits.
Leakage Management in Mumbai - Issues
46
Water Audit – Methodology
47
IWA/AWWA Water Audit Method: Water Balance
WaterImported
OwnSources
TotalSystemInput
( allowfor
knownerrors )
TotalSystemInput
(allowfor
knownerrors)
WaterSupplied
WaterExported
WaterSupplied
WaterExported
WaterLosses
AuthorizedConsumption
WaterLosses
AuthorizedConsumption
RealLosses
ApparentLosses
UnbilledAuthorized
Consumption
BilledAuthorized
Consumption
Non-Revenue
Water
RevenueWater
Leakage & Overflows at Storage
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Billed Metered Consumption
Billed Water Exported
Leakage on Service Lines
Leakage on Mains
Customer Metering Inaccuracies
Unauthorized Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Metered Consumption
Systematic Data Handling Error
12/1/2016
9
Auditing Information Building floor plan
Plumbing drawings
Facility operating schedules
Number of employees and visitors
Maintenance and janitorial schedules
Lists of water-using equipment
Number of plumbing fixtures
Outdoor water use applications, quantity, and schedule
Prior water and energy surveys Water bills for past two years Anticipated water billing rates for
next two years Records of actual water use for last
two years Maps showing location of each water
meter Recommended flow rates of water-
using equipment
49
Key Validation Areas of the Water Audit Bring the people from different functional areas together to confirm the
various process data that goes into the water audit
Verify the Production Meter Data The water audit starts here and errors in this data carry throughout the entire audit
Learn how the customer billing system works Billings systems have been designed for financial reasons, but we now use their
consumption data for multiple purposes
Recognize some key leakage factors Gather data on leakage repair response time Evaluate pressure levels in your system Know your policy on customer service line leakage
50
Data Collection – Setting Reliable Inhouse Data Collection Procedures
When launching the auditing process, it is important to bring together the utility staff most familiar with:
Production Metering
Customer Metering
Customer Billing
Distribution System operations & leak detection
Mapping/Geographical Information Systems
Hydraulic Modeling (if available)
Strive to have the knowledgeable people participating- the water audit is not an administrative task (Don’t assign water audit data collection to the secretary)
51
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
Several steps exist to reliably quantify the “water supplied” quantity
1. Source water, imported water and exported water should always be metered
a. Ideally, these meters should be the continuously recording type ideally linked to a Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) System
b. If meters are not linked to a SCADA System, then data should be collected as frequently as possible, at least weekly
c. If meters are not continuously recording type, and are read infrequently, plan to upgrade the metering installation as soon as possible
This is the most important quantity in the Water Audit!
It is the largest number in the Water Audit Any error in this value carries throughout the entire Water Audit
52
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
Testing Approach
Volumetric Meter Test Comparative Meter Test
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
2. Meters should be regularly verified for accuracy
a. Large meters can be compared with an inline insertion or strap-on meter measuring flow downstream of the primary meter
i. Make certain that the temporary metering location is representative and accurate
ii. Strive for minimum 24-hr period if using this method
iii. Philadelphia Water Department conducts over 50 verifications each year in this manner
b. Smaller meters might be tested using field test apparatus as is conducted on large customer meters
c. Document/store the inaccuracy values to serve as a basis for data adjustments
d. Recognize that calibration of the related instrumentation (differential pressure transmitters) does not verify the flow measuring capability of the meter! Insertion pito rod measuring and
recording flow54
12/1/2016
10
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
3. Meters should be recalibrated, repaired or replaced regularly to maintain reliable performance
a. New, current-technology meters should replace dated or defective meters
b. Permanently installed insertion type meters can be a less costly means of establishing or renewing reliable metering
c. Refer to AWWA M33 guidance manual “Flowmeters in Water Supply” for information on meter selection
d. Many dated meters exist throughout the North American water industry
Magnetic Flow meter replacement on 48-inch
untreated water line 2008 in Philadelphia
55
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
4. Regularly determine Master Meter Error Adjustment
a. Data should be reviewed at least weekly, but ideally, each business day, for trends/anomalies
b. Balance flows to account for storage level changes and district water transfers
c. Adjust for recorded inaccuracy levels of given meters
d. Adjustments due to data error
e. Adjustments due to data gaps
f. Aggregate master meter error is:
i. Added if source meter under-registration exists
ii. Subtracted if source meter over-registration exists 16-inch turbine meter on wholesale account being verified via inline pito
rod56
Data Collection – Unbilled Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Authorized Consumption components metered and/or un-metered consumption, e.g.: Street cleaning
Mains flushing
Fire fighting
Generally small portion of the “water supplied” volume
Don’t spend lots of time on quantify this valueif data is not available
Instead, use the default value for“Unbilled Unmetered Consumption”
Improve data validity over time
57
Proper network details in the shape of maps not available (notupdated with proper indication of appurtenances).
Not much attention paid by Water authorities to water auditof the water supply schemes.
Except few major cities, separate Water audit units notavailable with the Authority, and where available, the wateraudit staff not motivated enough to carry out the work.
Water authorities not equipped with necessary equipment. Proper budgetary provision not available for carrying out
continuous and effective water audit. Lack of co-ordination between Water Audit unit and
operational and maintenance staff. No emphasis given on Information Education and
Communication (IEC) activities for conservation of water.
Water Audit – Problems Faced
58
Reduced water lossesFinancial improvement Increased knowledge of distribution
systemMore efficient use of existing supplies Safeguarding public health and property Improved public relationReduced legal liability
Benefits of Water Audit
59
Reporting WorksheetWater Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department
Reporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
WATER SUPPLIED
Volume from own sources: 7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)Master meter error adjustment: 10 2,779.300
Water imported: n/a MG/Yr
Water exported: 10 7,100.400 MG/Yr
WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTIONBilled metered: 7 57,242.400 MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: n/a MG/YrUnbilled metered: n/a MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 8 764.200 MG/Yr 1.25%
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 58,006.600 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 26,650.600 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 8 2,086.300 MG/Yr 0.25%
Customer metering inaccuracies: 8 190.300 MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: 5 4,674.400 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 6,951.000 MG/Yr
Real LossesReal Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 19,699.600 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: 26,650.600 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: 27,414.800 MG/Yr
= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
2,086.300
764.200
AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
2008
over-registered
7/2007 - 6/2008
<< Enter grading in column 'E'
MG/Yr
190.300
Choose this option to enter a percentage of
billed metered consumption. This is NOT a default value
?
?
?
?
?
? Click to access definition
?
?
Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
?
?
?
?
Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied
ORvalue
?Click here: for help using option buttons below
WAS v4.0
?
Copyright © 2009, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
?
?
?
?
http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/water-knowledge/water-loss-control/downloadwlcsoftware.aspx
12/1/2016
11
SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: 9 3,137.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: 7 547,932Connection density: 175 conn./mile main
Average length of customer service line: 7 12.0 ft
Average operating pressure: 10 55.0 psi
COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: 10 $219,182,339 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 9 $4.97Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 9 $215.50 $/Million gallons
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 32.4%Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 17.8%
Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $34,546,470Annual cost of Real Losses: $4,245,264
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 34.76 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per service connection per day*: 98.50 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 1.79 gallons/connection/day/psi
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 2,178.15 million gallons/year
9.04
* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated
WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:
PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
1: Volume from own sources
2: Billed metered
3: Systematic data handling errors
$/1000 gallons (US)
A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
*** YOUR SCORE IS: 82 out of 100 ***
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
(pipe length between curbstop and customermeter or property boundary)
For more information, click here to see the Grading Matrix worksheet
http://www.awwa.org
AWWA Free Water Audit Software© Grading MatrixGuidance on Use of Water Audit Data
Functional Focus Area
Audit Data Collection
Short-term loss control
Long-term loss control
Target-setting
Benchmarking
Identify Best Practices/ Best in class - the ILI is very reliable as a real loss
performance indicator for best in class service
For validity scores of 50 or below, the shaded blocks should not be focus areas until better data validity is achieved.
Preliminary Comparisons - can begin to rely upon the
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) for performance
comparisons for real losses (see below table)
Performance Benchmarking - ILI is
meaningful in comparing real loss standing
Continue incremental improvements in short-term and long-term loss control
interventions
Establish long-term apparent and real loss reduction goals
(+10 year horizon)
Establish mid-range (5 year horizon) apparent and real
loss reduction goals
Evaluate and refine loss control goals on a yearly
basis
Begin to assess long-term needs requiring large
expenditure: customer meter replacement, water main
replacement program, new customer billing system or
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system.
Begin to assemble economic business case for long-term needs based upon improved
data becoming available through the water audit
process.
Conduct detailed planning, budgeting and launch of
comprehensive improvements for metering,
billing or infrastructure management
Annual water audit is a reliable gauge of year-to-year
water efficiency standing
Research information on leak detection programs. Begin
flowcharting analysis of customer billing system
Conduct loss assessment investigations on a sample
portion of the system: customer meter testing, leak survey,
unauthorized consumption, etc.
Establish ongoing mechanisms for customer
meter accuracy testing, active leakage control and
infrastructure monitoring
Refine, enhance or expand ongoing programs based
upon economic justification
Stay abreast of improvements in metering,
meter reading, billing, leakage management and infrastructure rehabilitation
Launch auditing and loss control team; address production metering
deficiencies
Analyze business process for customer metering and billing
functions and water supply operations. Identify data gaps.
Establish/revise policies and procedures for data collection
Refine data collection practices and establish as routine business process
Water Loss Control Planning GuideWater Audit Data Validity Level / Score
Level I (0-25) Level II (26-50) Level III (51-70) Level IV (71-90) Level V (91-100)
http://www.awwa.org
Water Audit – Keys to Reliable Data Collection
Steps to set procedures for reliable water audit data collection
Set reliable inhouse procedures Watch for “flagged” data in the AWWA Free Water Audit Software©
Built-in checks in the software help alert the auditor to data issues
Water audit components to watch: Production Metering – “Volume from Own Sources” and “Water Imported” quantities
Exported water quantity
Unbilled authorized consumption
Systematic Data Handling Error
Length of Private Pipe
Annual Cost of Operating the Water System
Be objective in grading all components – refer to the grading matrix criteria
http://www.awwa.org/resources-tools/water-knowledge/water-loss-control/downloadwlcsoftware.aspx
Source: Enhancing water-use efficiency of thermal power plants in India: need for mandatory water audits, Policy
Brief, Ed: Batra, R.K., TERI, December 2012
64
Case Study– Thermal Power Plant
GOAL: Identify, quantify, and verify water losses and costs andIdentify water efficiency resource opportunities
Water Balance of Thermal Power Plant
65
Specific Water Consumption (SWC)
Actual Overall SWC– about 5 m3/MW
Scope for optimizing (Achievable SWC) – 3 m3/MW
66
12/1/2016
12
Water use before Audit
67
Potential Water use after Audit
68
Potential Water saving
Immediate saving potential of about 23% of total intake water
Significant financial savings from water saving interventions of about INR 7-9 Crores
Cost benefit of water recycling system was positive with a payback period of just 2.3 years
69
Comprehensive study/ diagnosis of the system Auditing based on the Issue(s) to address Water Audit validation for most water utilities is
coming in trend to improve its efficiency, sustainability and public image
For Auditing, it is key to assemble employees from the pertinent groups to contribute accurate data and knowledge of all the operations
Start in basic mode, and improve incrementally Auditing increase the efficiency of the water supply.
Concluding Remarks
70
Dr. T. I. EldhoInstitute Chair Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: [email protected]: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in