Outline: 1/22/07

Pick up CAPA 4-5-6 – outside Chem Seminar reports – to me Organic Chem survey Today:

Finish Chapter 13

- biomolecules

Thermodynamics

Quiz #2: Organic nomenclature

Worksheet #2Organic Nomenclature

Worksheet #2: What is the structural formula and molar mass of 2-butanol?

CH3CHCH2CH3 = 74 g/mol

HO

Primary amine? R – NH2

Tertiary alcohol? C – C – OH

C

C

Worksheet #2 (cont’d): Ketone?

Ester?

Benzaldehyde?

R – C – OR

O

– CHO

aldehyde

R – C – R

O

Worksheet #2 (cont’d):addition of ethanol and pentanoic acid

C2H5 – OH

C4H9COOH

C2H5 – OC – C4H9

O

Practice!

Some Biopolymers:

– – carbohydratescarbohydrates

– – DNA/RNADNA/RNA

– – proteinsproteins

20 natural kinds, mostly in 2 types20 natural kinds, mostly in 2 types Pentoses (5 carbons – ribose)Pentoses (5 carbons – ribose) Hexoses (6 carbons – glucose, fructose)Hexoses (6 carbons – glucose, fructose)

All have an ether O in the ringAll have an ether O in the ring Ether is the starting point for numberingEther is the starting point for numbering

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates Cx (H2O)y (e.g. C6H12O6)

(hexoses with a subtle isomerism)

Polymer = Cellulose Polymer = StarchPolymer = Cellulose Polymer = Starch

CH2OH CH2OH

p. 116

CH2OH CH2OHHO HO

HH

Galactose

Galactose

(more hexoses with subtle isomerisms)

Sweeteners: disaccharides

Sucralose (splenda®)

Hexose with 3 hydroxyls replaced

with chlorine. Stable enough for

baking.

Aspartame (nutrasweet®)

Dipeptide, breaks down under high

heat.

SucroseA disaccharide,

-glucose connected to -

fructose.

e.g. cellulose & glycogen

(Polysaccharide)

a starch

Structure of monomers determinesshape ofpolymer!

Polysaccharides Monomers are joined by condensation Monomers are joined by condensation

reaction to make an ether linkagereaction to make an ether linkage Storage of carbohydrates (starches, glycogen)Storage of carbohydrates (starches, glycogen) Structural materials (cellulose, chitin)Structural materials (cellulose, chitin)

Cellulose and chitin are made from -glucose – they form sheets interconnected by either H-bonds or amide bonds.

Starch is made from -glucose and forms long strands that clump together.

Nucleic Acids pentose sugar organic base in a phosphate link macromolecule

nucleotides/ polynucleotides (DNA/RNA)

PrimaryStructure:

Bases

p. 117

p. 117

Find the pieces….

Pentose sugar

bases

Phosphate

Nucleic acid structures Addition of sugar and phosphate result in the Addition of sugar and phosphate result in the

monomer units for polymeric DNA and RNA.monomer units for polymeric DNA and RNA.

+

The order of nucleic acids is called the

primary structure or the sequence.

(ACGT in this example)

SecondaryStructure:

Helix

TertiaryStructure:

Shape

Proteins Amino acids

peptides/polypeptides (polyamides made from condensation

reactions of amino acids)

R = side chain

(eleven)

(nine)

Summary… What do you need to know?

Organic nomenclature

A couple organic reactions

Some polymer definitions

Start reading chapter 14!

Thermodynamics & Chemical Energetics:

Last semester: What happens in a chemical reaction... How much happens in a reaction...

This semester: Why a chemical reaction happens... How fast does a reaction happen...

Bonding

Stoichiometry

Thermodynamics

Kinetics

Why are we so interested in heat?

Chemical reactions that produce heat

Chemical reactions that absorb heat

“Exothermic”

“Endothermic”

Heat is related to whether the reaction will happen!