\ n qZrtfrt oPEN AccEss JoURNALS Pgg*REVTEWED Jounruaus REcrstRnrtoru JouR rqaus t7 ff lnternational Journal of Epidemiology & lnfection .2.$.r - lntamtalond isrral d EPI@lqEgva hfecflon Print ISSN: 2331-8236 Online ISSN: 2331-8244 Quick Links Overview Current lssue Editorial Board All lssues Author Guidelines lndexino Special lssues Article P ng Charges Article Template Manuscript Submission Overview The lnternationaljournal of Epidemiology&lnfection is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journalthat publishes integrative and substantive reviews. We welcome the submission of article in the areas of subjects , but are not limited to, following: original reports and reviews on all aspects of infection in humans and animals; zoonoses, outbreaks, food hygiene, vaccine studies, statistics and the clinical, socialand public-health aspects of infectious disease, as well as some tropical infections. a a a a a a a a a a .: I I l I
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nqZrtfrt
oPEN AccEss JoURNALS
Pgg*REVTEWED JounruausREcrstRnrtoru JouR rqaus
t7
ff
lnternational Journal of Epidemiology & lnfection
.2.$.r
-
lntamtalond isrral dEPI@lqEgva hfecflon
Print ISSN: 2331-8236 Online ISSN: 2331-8244
Quick LinksOverviewCurrent lssueEditorial BoardAll lssuesAuthor GuidelineslndexinoSpecial lssuesArticle P ng ChargesArticle TemplateManuscript Submission
Overview
The lnternationaljournal of Epidemiology&lnfection is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinaryjournalthat publishes integrative and substantive reviews. We welcome the submission ofarticle in the areas of subjects , but are not limited to, following: original reports and reviewson all aspects of infection in humans and animals; zoonoses, outbreaks, food hygiene,vaccine studies, statistics and the clinical, socialand public-health aspects of infectiousdisease, as well as some tropical infections.
Centre for Mental Health, Addiction and Suicide Research School of Social andCommunity Medicine University of Bristol, UKResearch Areas: Medical Statistics, Epidemiology of Depression, PsychiatricAssessment lnstruments
DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP, lndiaResearch Areas: Natural Plant Products, Pest Control, Vector-Borne Diseases,Toxicology & Pharmacology
Lanzhou Veterinary Research lnstitute, ChinaResearch Areas: Non-coding RNA Biology, Parasitology, Vaccine, Phylogenetics andEvolution, lnfection and lmmunity
West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, WB, lndiaResearch Areas: Microbiology and Allied Disciplines
Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur273009, UP, lNDlA, lndiaResearch Areas: Aquatic Toxicology, Parasitology, Physiology, Biochemistry,Gastropod Pest Control, Pharmacology, Natural plant product, Epidemiology
Universidad Aut6noma de Aguascalientes , MexicoResearch Areas: Stroke, lnterventional Neurology and Tropical Neurology
, USAResearch Areas: Metabolism, lnfectious diseases and Virology
onatr,areatUniversity of western Ontario, Department of Health and Rehab sciences, CanadaResearch Areas: Public heath, epidemiology, child health, mental health, preventivemedicine
Department of Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Mosul University, lraqResearch Areas: Microbiology, lmmunology, Virology, lnfectious disease , MolecularMedicine
Department of Microbial Pathogenesis,Howard H ughes Medical lnstitute,yaleUniversity, USAResearch Areas: Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry
rof Vinay Kumar Singh
ZhenDr. Yadon
Dr. Subha Gangul
qqlst Prof. Pradeep Kumar
Dr. Juan Manuel Marquez-Romero
Dr. Gulam Hussaln S
Prof . Mahmoud Taha
Dr. Darshankumar T. Patha
Editor-in-C hief
Dr. Amy AdamsonUniversity of North Carolina at Greensboro, USAResearch Areas: Molecular Virology, Cell Biology
Faculty of Ayurveda, lnstitute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, lndiaResearch Areas: Metabolic & Endocrine Disorders, Musculo-skeletal Disorders,lnternal Medicine and Applied Aspect of Yoga
Department of Geography, Facuhy of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University ofBaroda, Vadodara , lndiaResearch Areas: Geosciences, Remote Sensing & GlS, Epidemiology, Health ofElderly Population, Environmental Studies
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, USAResearch Areas: Obesity, Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disorders, MetabolicSyndrome, Epidemiology
li,mfif,ff)Griffith Unlversity, AustraliaResearch Areaa: Mental Health, Chronic Disease Prevention, Epidemiology andBiostatistics Research, Maternal and Child Health
Dental Council of lndia, lndiaResearch Areas: Public health. Health Care
Nova Southeastern University, USAResearch Areas: Health Economics, Epidemiology, Health Policy,Pharmacoeconomics
Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia lslamia Central University, lndiaResearch Areas: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of HIV-1
W@Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Center for
ssoc. Prof Ahmed Gad
ssrst Prof. Ajai Kumar Pande
Prof . Bindu Bha
'r. G a n gada rsh ni Ch a nd ra mohan
Dr. Karan Kahlon
Prof. Leanne Lal
Dr. Maxim V Trushin
Assoc. Prof" Mohammad HusaiA
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Author(s): D Bangure, DChirundu, M Tshimanga, L Takundwa, N Gombe, H Ndondo
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Relationship Season and Case Leptospr?osrb in the District Gresik Year 2(n9-2011
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Sciknow Publicarions Ltd.Intemational Joumal of Epidemiology & InfectionOAttribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0)
llEl2014, 2Q)t20-24DOI: 10.12966/ijei.05.01.2014
Relationship Season and Case Leptospirosis in the District GresikYear 2009-2011
Rlrih Yudhestuti'
Environnental Health D€partment Public Health Faculty, Airle€g8 UniveNity, Su.abaya, Indonesia
Abstrrct - One ofthe impacts of climat€ change is the possibility ofa continuous increase in the incidence of rodent bomedisease. Zoonotic Leplospirosis is a disease that is tiansmitted through body fluids such as urine from rodent foces and fluid liomthe cause of death in many tropical counhies. Previous research claimed that the variations in season (temperaturc, humidity,rainfall and solar radiation length) have a significant conelation with a case of leptospirosis in Cresik regency. The purpose ofthis study was to find a piclure and the relationship between season factors (temperature, humidity, precipitation, solar radiationand long) with leptospirosis cases Gresik years 2009-2011. Data collected included secondary data season factors and thenumber ofcases ofleptospirosis. The results ofthis study indieate that there is no significant relationship between season factorsoftemperatur€, humidity, rainfall and solar radiation length) with a cas€ ofleptospirosis in Gresik years 2009-201 l. This is dueto lack oflong-duration data is retrieved, incomplete climate data obtained-
Keywords - Rainfall, Leptospbosis Csses
1. Introductionl'ransmission ol some inlectious diseases is influenced by season factors. Parasites and disease vectors are very sensitive toseason factors, €specially temperature, precipitation, humidity, weter, and wind. So also in the case of the distribution andabundance of organisms vector and intermediate host. The disease is spead through rodent (rcdent borne disease) such as
Ieptospirosis, hanta virus, plague, rat bite disease, salmonellosis and rabies as mice; need to watch out b€caus€ the transmissionof the disease as this will increase with climate change. In many counhies, the dis€as€ csn cause death. The spread ofrodent-bome diseases as a threat to public health, one ofwhich is a disease leptospirosis.
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by infection zoonosis spiral-shaped bacteria of the Een]us Leprospirq that pathogen,attacking animals and humans. Transmission of leptospirosis in humans is transmitted by infected animals leptospirq bactetiausually enter lhrough the conjunctiva or broken skin. h the intact skin infections may also occur when a person is in contact withwater, soil, and plants contaminated with rat urine or other sick animal leptospirosis.
lnternational Leptospirosis Society stated that Indonesia as a country is quite high incidence ofleptospirosis monality and isranked third in the world- It is based on the number of cases Leplospirosis in Jakarta due to flooding that occurred in 2002reached 113 leptospirosis patienr and 20 ofthem died (Case Fatality Rate leptospirosis was 19.4%).
Gresik is a region in the prcvince of East Java that has t}te largest number of cases in East Java. Leptospirosis cases in2009-2011 by 74 with the death of3l cases. The state offlooding in some disficts in the distdct causing adanaya genanaganenvironmental changes such as water, muddy muddy environment and the large pile of garbage that caus€s leptospira bacteriamultiply. The study was conducted to determine the relationship between image and season factors (temperaturc, precipitation,solar radiation lengtl, humidity) with leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201 l.
2. Research Methods
This study is a quantitative and descriptive study using ecological study design. This study can determine the relationshipbetween s€ason factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation length) and Leptospirosis cases in Gresik 2009-201l-
what r€search is in the area of Gresik regency, East Jaya" with I I districts. what is used as study sites with aonsideration of
2t lntemational Joumal of Epidemiolos/ & Infectilo, (2014) 2ot4
the existing I E districts I I districts often leptospirosis cases for 3 years. The timing ofthe data collection was caFi€d out duringMarch-May 2012.
The population in this study was all recorded cases of leptospirosis in Gresik yeals 2009-201l. Sampling $?s not donebecause the obs€rvations were made on the total population ofthe observation unit is Gresik. Data collection was performed bytaking leptospirosis s€condary data ftom IbDu Sina Hospital Cresik. Data is limited to Gresik regency with I I districts. Dataclimate factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation obtainable length ofthe Creat Hall ofthe Meteorology andGeophysics Agency Region Pe.ak Surabaya station, then perfomed s€lecting the appropriate data to th€ variables to be analyzed.Data analysis was carried out to provide good information aft€r data leplospirosis cases and s€ason factors Gresik years
2OO9-2Oll coll€ctqi. Stages of analysis performed is univariate and bivariate. Univariate analysis useful io illustrate thedistribution ofthe number ofcas€s ofleptospirosis and the description of fluctuations ir s€ason factors (temperature, humidity,rainfall, solar radiation length) in 2009-201l. Bivariate analysis using regression-correlation t€st is conducted to see therrlationshlp belween the independent variables with the dependent variable seasor factors, namely the numbfl of cases ofleptospirosis in Grcsik years 2009-2011-
3. Results and Discussion
Overvlew ofthe study areaLocation Gr€sik is located in the northwest city ofSurabaya is ahe capital ofEast Java province with an area of I 191.25 km2
which is divided into l8 districts and consists of330 villages and 26 Urban Village, Gresik regency Geographicalty locatedbetween I l2o to I 13' longitude East and 7" to 8" south latitude and is lowland with a height of2 to l2 meters abov€ sea levelexcept Sub Panceng which has a height of25 meters above sea level. Some Cresik regercy is the coast" which extends from theDistrict Kebomas, Gresik, Manyar, Bungah, Sidayu, Ujungpangkah and Panceng and District Sangkapura and ponds located atthe island Bawean.Temperature pretty hot in the study areq which is an average between22.600 to 34.100 C, and the humidity isbetwall, 42o/o - 97o/o., Average rainfall between 120-l9O mm.
Leptospirosis cases. It is k]lown that cas€s of leptospirosis in Gresik regency du ng the 3 years showed a stable number ofcases ofdisease and leptospirosis, the number ofcases includes 32, 21, 2l for the period 2009-201 I dengan 10,12,9 deaths for theperiod 2009-201 I . Complete data oo cases of lepiospirosis dpat shown in table 1.
Tsble l. Recapitulation Leptospimsis cases data (+) in C,resik district
MonthCrses Dead
2m9 2010 2011 2U)9 20r0 20ttJanuary 2 4 2 2 2 1
Febr$ary 3 2 I 0 0 I
March 7 2 2 3 0
April 2 0 2 2
Mei 3 2 3 0 2
3 2 I I 0
July 2 0 2 I 0 l
Augusos I 1 0 0 0 0
Sepleftber I 3 I I 0 0
October 0 0 l 0 0 0
Novemb€r 3 2 l 1 2
December 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tot l 32 2t 21 IO t2
3.1. Terrrperuture vlth Leplospbosls Cases
There was no significant corr€lation between the temp€ralure ofthe leptospirosis cas€s in the study area is probabty because theaverage temperature per month ranged from 22,600 to 34,100 C less support in the process oftransmission of leptospirubacleriaby rats / rod€nts, Although the t€mp€ratur€ in Gresik is the optimal temperature and can cause the number ofrcdents increas€, butthere is a possibility that the existing rodent and incressed amounts are not infectious so no effect on increasing the number ofcases ofleptospirosis, Additionally. it may occur due to faclors personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are implementedcommunity is going well.
0.o2o,0!o.or0.oao,o3o,olo.o20,olo.o1 o o.o! o o,oao.o2o,o!op2q02o,ot 0 o,010,o3 o o,o2 o 0.020,olor2o,o5o,o3op1op2 o o,olo_olo,o! o
Fig. l. Temperatures relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201I
3.2. Hunddlly wtth LeploEpirosts Cases
On the results ofthis study showed no association between moisture with leptospirosis cases in Grcsik. This rodent as carriers ofleptospiru ba.tetia ar€ not aflected by moisture. Descriptively, humidity averaged over the period 2009-2011 in Gresik isbetvEel 42-97yo. Humidity is included in the upper timit of the optimum moisture rodent !o breed, so the lack of meaningfulrelationship between humidity and cases of leptospircsis in Gresik may occur. Optimal rodent humidity is 70-80%. In addition,because data on cases suspected leptospirosis and humidity sesson factors only for 3 years ie 2009 -201I causing an analysis ofthe relatioaship is less detailed. Humidity can affect rodent bome disease transmission, especially rats. The ability of rodent indecreased survival in dry conditions. The average humidity has besn found to bo the most critical factor.
!o
I e I g g g g 3 g g I g 9 93 9:9 9 9 9 99 9 i:::::: =:: =:i t ; .r E E r g i 8 r" I i 3 i .i i s r i ;" 8 :" ! t i i i i g i $ ;^ I ;",iE [lmdIy ,a a2 79 ,A ,9 ,6 71 69 66 65 59 73 !O !O ar a2 A1 ?6 ?a 7a 7, ,, 77 7A A2 AO aO tO ,t 7t 7L 66 65 6a 75 ,e
o,o2o,o:D,o7o.oao,o3o,o:D,o2o.oro.ol o o.o! o o,oao,ozo.o:,oo2o,o2o.o2 o o.oto.o3 o o,o2 o o.o2o.o1o.o2oo5op5pro.o2 o o.oo,olo,o2 o
Fig. 2. Humidity relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201I
j.3. Ratnfall with Leptospitatk Cs{6Climate can affect the pattems of infectious diseases becaus€ diseas€ agents either viruses, bacteria or parasites, vectors aresensitive to lemperature, humidity and other ambient environmental conditions. In addition, the WHO also states that therodent-bome diseases such as leptospirosis associated with warm weather conditions. Frcm the observation of the WHOSouth-East Asia region concluded that Leptospirosis is re-emerging infectious diseases in Southeast Asia. Climate andenvironmental conditions, the ayailability ofthe host, population density, and behavioral fbcloN support high transmission ofdisease in the Region.
Research conducted Avia Putriati Martha (2012) concluded that there is a significant relationship betwe€n urine factor in ratsand the customs ofthe people who do not wear shoes, although a history ofsignificant flooding is not related to the incidence ofleptospirosis. Howevel the prtsence of high rainfall causes sewers and piles of garbage io be fitled and disturb residentialneighborhood health as a result is the number ofrats breeding. There was a significant association between the presenc€ ofratswith Leptospirosis is the same thing with Agus P yanto and rrsearch fellows intheCity ofDemak in Central Java. Same thingwith the research Svilona Ivanova et al., 2012, in Cambodia. Rodent infection was higher in the location of exisring water
resources in rainfed example especially in the rainy season Kaev Seima. Rat (Rattus exulans) and the Mouse Shrew (Suncusmurinus) inhabiting households showed a low level of infection, whereas mice living around the plantation showed a higher rateof transmission. Similarly, research Kawaguci Leo et al. (2008), this suggests that leptospirosis is endemic in Khammouaneprovince and local flooding plays an important role in the transmission of the disease leptospirosis region. In the Philippines, onthe other hand, leptospirosis patients were more likely to be found in areas prone to flooding from urban settings such as MetroManila which was found to be the focus of endemic leptospirosis, leptospirosis in the Philippines are considered to be associatedwith heavy rainfall, rapid urbanization (a dramatic increase in the population), deforestation, increase in the number offlood-prone areas, poor infrastructure. In the United State and Canada, rainfall events can be used as a predic'tion of leptospirosisin dogs (Ward, 2002).
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Fig. 3. Rainfall relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201l.
3.1. Duradon of Lighting Solar
Intensity or duration of solar lighting is very influential with the temperature and humidity around it. Rodent or rats are animalsactive at nigh! so the sun shines longer affect the activity ofthe rodent. Lighting sun's effest on rodent habit to rest until sunset.Rodent rest in a dark place and protected from the sun for reproductive activities, as well as in the habit ofpuuing up food for thegroup.
o o8388 e33333 8g P9e:9 9::9: e9::5:: ::1:: ::i ! I i i ! i $ ;" E :' i E ! s .a i ! i $ *" E r' i t i i i ; S : $ ;" E :' II sunli6ht ,'i 60 4t 70 72 54 90
"a L r" 93 71 54 52 64 99 s8 49 ss 69 8s E5 61 i6 32 39 42 s8 46 72 88 96 94 95 aa s7 47
o,o2o,03o.o70,orlo.03o,03o.O2o,o1o.o1 0 o,03 0 o,o4o,02o.030,020,o2o,o2 o 0,010,03 0 o.o2 O o,02o,01o,020,O5o,03o,010.02 o O,o1o,o1o,o2 o
Fig. 4. Sunligt relationship with Leptospirosis cases in Gresik years 2009-201l.
The average length of solar radiation during the period 2009-201I in Gresik ranged from 63,90/o, There was no significantcorrelation between duration of solar radiation with leptospirosis cases longer possible because the solar radiation is closelylinked with temperature and humidity. Because moisture in Gresik is the upper limit ofths optimum moisture rodent breeding thelack meaningful may occur.
Strong link between temp€rature and duration ofsolar radiation fluctuations indicated by the increase / decrease the lookalmost the same in the oomparison chart of temperature and solar radiation length. Then rodent that has the characteristics of aplace to rest in a dark place and protected from the sun and Harii dinner time finding where the sun is not too bright so long factorin the deployment of solar radiation is small rodent.
tl
0.oa
0,07
0,06
0,05
0,04
o,o3
o,o2
o,01
0
lntemational Journal of Epidemiology & Infection {2014) 20-24 24
4. Conclusion
Overall, no one had studied season factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall and solar radiation length) has a significantrelationship to the case of leptospirosis in Gresik regency years 2009-201I There are a few things that might make this happen.Some of them are less duration data is retrieved, incomplete climate data obtained, and the lack of frequency data takenleptospirosis cases. Moreover, it may attempt personal hygiene and environmental sanitation implemented community in Gresikpretty good.
There is a possibility ofthis study is less accurate because it only took three years ofdata, so there is no season factors appearto have a significant relationship with the Department of Health leptospirosis Sebaiknya cases in collaboration with theMeteorolory and Geophysics Agency that season factors can be monitored well. The community should always be moved in theresidential housing sanitation program in which rodents were found there.
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