P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
Scientific Coordination Services for Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Goals in ARCTAS
Phil Russell, NASA Ames
Overall Goal: Strengthen ARCTAS’s ability to achieve the goals of its
- Theme 3: Aerosol Radiative Forcing (including indirect aerosol forcing via clouds)
- Theme 2: Boreal Forest Fires
Also contribute to ARCTAS’s: -Theme 1, Long-Range Transport of Pollution to the Arctic,
-Theme 4, Chemical Processes.
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
Scientific Coordination Services for Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Goals in ARCTAS
We expect that this work will also contribute to achieving the following POLARCAT objectives:
• Determine the vertical layering of Arctic pollution and the optical properties of Arctic aerosol particles.
• Characterize the direct radiative effects within pollution layers in the Arctic.
• Investigate interactions of aerosols with clouds and their impact on radiative forcing.
• Quantify albedo changes of snow and ice surfaces and resulting radiative effects due to deposition of black carbon from anthropogenic and biomass burning sources.
• Study impact of boreal forest fire emissions on the composition of the troposphere and on soot deposition.
• Determine the fate and effects of material injected by pyro-convection.
• Validate aerosol, trace gas, and cloud products of space observations from polar orbital satellites.
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
ARCTAS strategy for enabling exploitation of NASA satellite data to improve
understanding of arctic atmospheric composition and climate*
*Source: ARCTAS White Paper
**
**
**
**+ clouds & radiation
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
King Air
P-3
King Air
P-3
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
Expected Flight Patterns for Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Goals in ARCTAS
King Air
P-3
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
The NASA P-3
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
Expected Payload for P-3 in ARCTAS*Ames
AirborneTracking
Sun-photometer
(AATS)
Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR)
Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR)
Other Possibilities: Remote/Radiation- Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP)- Broadband flux radiometers- Rainbow, NIR, TIR cloud/aer cameras In situ- Aerosol scat., abs., ext., size, humidification, chemistry, …
Position & Orientation System (POS)
Met Sensors & Nav/Met Data System
*Depends on proposals, selection, funding
AATS-14AATS-14
CARCAR
RSPRSP
SSFR
NavMetNavMet
POSPOS
J31 in INTEX-B/MILAGRO: Instrument Locations
AATS-14Ames
AirborneTracking Sunphotometer
SSFR - Solar Spectral Flux
Radiometer NASA AATS-14 in ARCTAS
Redemann, Russell, Livingston et al.
(1) Brief summary of scientific objective(s) Horizontal and vertical structure of Arctic Haze and high-lat. biomass
burning aerosol Properties of Arctic aerosol in the vicinity of clouds Direct radiative effects of Arctic Haze and high-lat. biomass burning
aerosol from flux and AOD gradient method, dependence of radiative forcing on surface albedo
Spectral single scattering albedo of Arctic Haze and high-lat. biomass burning aerosol
Validation of satellite retrievals of Arctic aerosol properties
POLARCAT/ARCTAS Science Objectives
Solar Spectral Irradiance
Objectives/Measurements1. Surface spectral albedo, area-averaged and along flight track2. Characterize surface radiation budget in Arctic and quantify aerosol
perturbations. Aerosol forcing, absorption, and single scattering albedo.3. Retrievals of cloud droplet radius and optical depth; aerosol indirect effect4. Test/validation/comparison with satellite cloud retrievals (MODIS), aerosol
effects on remote sensing of clouds.
Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR): Up- and downward irradiance 380 nm to 2100 nm 8-12 nm spectral resolution 1 Hz sampling 3-5% absolute accuracy; 0.5% precision Experience operating in the ARCTAS environment:
FIRE SHEBA and MPACE
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
AIRBORNE BRDF AND
AEROSOL MEASUREMENTS
FOR THE ARCTAS CAMPAIGN
Charles K. Gatebe1,2 and Michael D. King2
1University of Maryland, Baltimore County2NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
CAR Science Goals in ARCTAS:
Measure spectral directional reflectance overArctic sea ice (snow covered, melt-season &tundra) and clouds.
• Derive surface BRDF and column aerosoloptical properties of different atmosphericlayers from combined data sets: CAR, AATSand/or AERONET over the Arctic sea ice andclouds.
• Compare with in situ measurements ofaerosol optical properties and validatesatellite retrievals.
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
Bidirectional Reflectance Measurements:
Previous Experiments
Locations and Experiments❑ Snow-covered sea ice and tundra– Lead Experiment (LEADEX), April 1992
❑ Melt-season sea ice and snow-free tundra– Arctic Radiation Measurements in Column Atmosphere-surface System (ARMCAS), June 1995– First ISCCP Radiation Experiment-Arctic Cloud Experiment (FIRE-ACE), May-June 1998
❑ Arctic stratus clouds– FIRE-ACE, May-June 1998
ARCTAS Webcon, 12 April 2007
NASA King Air B200 Deployment Plans for ARCTAS
NASA LaRC
Chris HostetlerJohn Hair
Richard FerrareAnthony CookDavid HarperMichael PittsYongxiang HuDavid Flittner
Columbia Univ/NASA/GISS Brian Cairns
University of Maryland Baltimore County
Vanderlei MartinsJuying Warner
Platform/Location
• Fairbanks, Alaska?; Deadhorse, Alaska? (~330 km ESE of Barrow)• Help support DOE ARM ISDAC mission
• Cold Lake, Alberta • Near center of historical fire region
July
Platform – NASA Langley King Air B-200– 27-28 kft nominal flight altitude– ~60 science flight hours each for
spring and summer deployments
April July
(b) Extinction; AOT (532 nm)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
AO
T (
53
2 n
m)
Extinction; AOT (532 nm)
West side of MC basin– High extinction/backscatter ratio, low depolarization: urban
pollution
East side of MC basin– Low extinction/backscatter ratio, high depolarization: dust
Extinction/Backscatter Ratio
Depolarization
Determination of Aerosol Type
Aerosol types inferred from HSRL measurementsOver Mexico City (MC) during INTEX-B/MILAGRO
Science Objectives
Map vertical and horizontal distribution of aerosols– Use profiles of extinction, backscatter, and depolarization to characterize
the vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties and type– Determine relative contribution of various aerosol types to aerosol
extinction and optical depth (e.g. pollution, smoke from boreal fires, etc.)– Determine vertical location of aerosols in relation to clouds and PBL – Assess aerosol model transport predictions – Provide vertical context for in situ and remote sensing measurements on
the DC-8, J-31 and/or P-3– Compare aerosol extinction and optical depth measurements with
satellite, airborne, and/or ground based sensors Assess satellite (MODIS, MISR) retrievals of aerosol optical depth Validate CALIOP lidar on the CALIPSO satellite Investigate active–passive retrieval techniques of aerosol optical and
microphysical properties– HSRL + MODIS CALIPSO + MODIS– HSRL + RSP CALIPSO + POLDER– HSRL + LAABS + RSP/HySPAR future satellite mission concept
Investigate new remote sensing methods for retrieving cloud drop size Investigate combined use of lidar and hyperspectral imager for
understanding marine productivity
Planned Instruments
Hosteter, Hair, et al. (LaRC) Independently measures
aerosol/cloud extinction and backscatter at 532 nm
Includes – Backscatter channels at 1064
nm– Polarization sensitivity at 532
and 1064 nm Measurement capabilities
– Extensive measurements• Backscatter at 532 and 1064 nm• Extinction at 532 nm
– Intensive measurements• Color ratio (or Angstrom coeff.)
for backscatter (β1064/ β532)• Extinction-to-backscatter ratio at
532 nm • Depolarization at 532 and 1064
nm
Cairns (Columbia/NASA/GISS) Measures total and linearly
polarized reflectance in 9 spectral bands (412 – 2.25 m)
Retrieval of Stokes parameters Aerosol retrievals
Optical depth Size distribution Refractive index
Cloud retrievals Optical depth Effective radius, variance of
cloud droplet size distribution Cloud top and base heights Liquid water path and droplet
number distribution
High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP)
Digital Camera (LaRC)•provide frequent (1-2 sec) images for providing context of the HSRL measurements relative to clouds
Possible Instruments
• Flittner, Hu (LaRC)• Full stokes vector (including
circular polarization)• Continuous spectral coverage
from 412 to 865 nm at 20 nm spectral resolution
• Multi-angle viewing geometry: +/- 60º along flight vector
• Measurements to investigate combined active-passive aerosol retrievals
• Pitts (LaRC)• Spectrum of upwelling radiances
in the oxygen A-band (760-770 nm)
• 0.03 nm spectral resolution• Measurements to investigate:
• combined active-passive aerosol retrievals
• Photon path length statistics (clear and cloudy)
HyperSpectral Polarimeter for Aerosol Retrievals (HySPAR)
Langley Airborne A-band Spectrometer (LAABS)
• Martins (UMBC/NASA/GSFC)• Single wavelength camera
measures 6 polarization angles to observe diffraction pattern of cloud rainbow
• Retrievals of cloud drop effective radius, variance
Rainbow Camera
Hyperspectral Imaging System
• Warner (UMBC)• 512 spectral bands
between 300-1050 nm• CCD • Measurements for ocean
color
P. Russell, POLARCAT 1st Int’l Sci Planning Mtg
Paris, France 4-6 Jun 2007
P-3 flights will be coordinated with:
Satellite overflights: A-Train and other satellites (including Aura, Aqua, CALIPSO, CloudSat, PARASOL, and Terra),
Other aircraft: ARCTAS DC-8 and B-200, & possibly aircraft from other agencies (e.g., NOAA P-3, DOE G-1),
Measurements from ground sites:-Measurements of snow and ice albedo as affected by simultaneously measured soot (Warren, Clarke, Grenfell)- Radiometric and lidar measurements by AERONET, MPLNET, and other providers, including the DOE North Slope of Alaska site and the University of Alaska.
Extremely laminar transport•Sloping thin layers•Strong gradients vertically & horizontally•Frequently decoupled surface layer
(relevance of surface statistics?)•Highest concentrations may be aloft•Diamond dust and stratus near surface
40 kmVertical Structure of Arctic Haze
Chuck Brock, NOAA ESRLNASA-GISS 2007
Lidar image in April 1986:
Treffeisen et al.SAGE II observations suggest maximum vertical extent in March-April.
NEED DELIBERATE AND COORDINATED STRATEGY for linking in-situ profile data to plume and column properties
J31 flight patterns:Coordinated satellite, in-situ and radiative missions
Low altitude horizontal transect at time of satellite overpass for sat
sensor validation
OMI/Aura POLDER/Parasol MODIS/Aqua MISR, MODIS/Terra
DC-8 C-130
B200
J-31
HSRL (532 nm)AATS (519 nm)Hi GEAR (550 nm)
Aerosol extinction comparison from coordinated Aerosol extinction comparison from coordinated flights by J31 (AATS), Be200 (HSRL), & C130 (in situ)flights by J31 (AATS), Be200 (HSRL), & C130 (in situ)
[Hair, Hostettler, Ferrare, Redemann, Livingston, Clarke, et al.][Hair et al.]
Backup slides follow
Science Objectives:
Support ARCTAS and/or POLARCAT activities by providing MPLNET data and analysis from our arctic sites Barrow, BNZ (Fairbanks), Horsund (Svalbard), Thule, Eureka (2), Resolute Bay, Sodankyla (Finland), and sub arctic sites in Russia and Estonia.
An additional Arctic AERONET site at the new Tiski station in Siberia has been proposed. Funding from NASA HQ is required for this instrument (above baseline AERONET budget), and has been “promised” from HQ. If the site is online in time for this effort, we will also provide data from Tiski.
I’ll consider modest field AERONET support of these activities.
Anchorage (spring)Fairbanks (spring)Keflavik (spring)Grand ForksKiruna (spring)Edmonton (summer)Thule (spring)
POTENTIAL ARCTAS BASES AND NOMINAL DC-8 RANGESPOTENTIAL ARCTAS BASES AND NOMINAL DC-8 RANGES
0 E45 E90 E135 E180 E225 E270 E315 E
50 N
50 N
60 N
60 N
70 N
70 N
80 N
80 N
Range rings signify 4 hours out and back with full profiling for the DC-8. These range circles also reasonably describe the reach of the P-3 over 8 hours (based on the TRACE-P transit from Hawaii to Wake Island).
1. Surface spectral albedo, area-averaged and along flight track
500 1000 1500 20000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
cos(SZA)0.7930.8470.915
ASL [m]35005003810
Surface
SSFR T0, 6-Mar-2006 T0, 15-Mar-2006 T2, 15-Mar-2006
Alb
ed
o
Wavelength [nm]
Example of SSFR measured albedo and retrieved surface albedo for MILAGRO: T0 (2 SZA), T2 (1 SZA)For the conversion SSFR albedo surface albedo, we need AOT between the surface and the aircraft.Collaboration: HSRL (extinction profiles), AERONET (AOT, SSA?, g?), aerosol in situ measurements? With HSRL measurements, can resolve surface albedo along flight track. Uncertainty (3-5%) gets larger if aerosol (AOT, SSA, g) is not sufficiently constrained.Comparison with MODIS albedo product under way. MISR?Separation of cloud features from underlying surface.
2. Radiation budget; aerosol forcing, absorption In conjunction with AATS-14 measurements, we have measured aerosol forcing, aerosol forcing efficiency, and aerosol absorption over land and over sea, for moderate surface albedo. We are hoping to do the same over ice surfaces and the open sea using: low level horizontal leg under aerosol gradient vertical profile (e.g., spiral) parallel low-level and high-level leg Currently working on aerosol + 3D cloud effects
-97.0 -96.8 -96.6 -96.4 -96.20
5
10
15
20
25 350-700 nm 864 nm
Ae
roso
l Fo
rcin
g E
ffic
ien
cy [
%]
Longitude [deg]
cloud
broadband
spectral
Example from MILAGRO: Resolve aerosol forcing along flight track
If we had had only the low-level leg, we would have had ONE average value ONLY
spiral 1
spiral 2
3. Retrieval of cloud thermodynamic phase, optical depth and effective radius
Example from ICARTT 2004
From flight legs above cloud layer, retrieve cloud water phase, optical depth and effective radiusFrom flight legs below cloud layer, water phase and optical depth.Potential for identifying/quantifying mixed phase clouds
SSFRMIDASFSSP
4. Test/validation/comparison with satellite cloud retrievals
Compare SSFR cloud retrievals with MODIS retrievalsExamine effects of aerosol layers and surface albedo on MODIS cloud retrievals.
Aerosol scattering ratio (aerosol/molecular backscatter) (532, 1064 nm)
(Δx ~ 1 km, Δz ~ 60 m) Aerosol backscatter coefficient at 532, 1064 nm (Δx ~ 1 km, Δz ~ 60
m) Aerosol extinction coefficient at 532 nm (Δx ~ 6 km, Δz ~ 300 m) Aerosol wavelength dependence (532/1064) (i.e. Angstrom exponent
for aerosol backscatter) (similar to backscatter color ratio) Total depolarization (532, 1064 nm) (Δx ~ 1 km, Δz ~ 60 m) Aerosol extinction/backscatter ratio (“lidar ratio”) (532 nm) (Δx ~ 6
km, Δz ~ 300 m) Aerosol depolarization (532, 1064 nm) (Δx ~ 1 km, Δz ~ 60 m)
Real-time display of aerosol backscatter, depolarization to help guide other aircraft
HSRL Data Products
Extensive – depend on aerosol amount and typeIntensive – depend on aerosol type
Desired External Data Temperature profile RH, f(RH) Aerosol size distribution
(under ambient RH, if possible)
Absorption/scattering coefficients
Aerosol composition Aerosol refractive index Satellite measurements