Overview

Lau/Aug07_05 Zantikin.ppt 1Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology

Office of International Nuclear CooperationOffice of International Nuclear Cooperation

North American Security and Prosperity Partnership

Nuclear Energy Working Group Meeting

Ottawa, Canada

Office of Nuclear EnergyU.S. Department of Energy

June 29, 2006


U.S. Nuclear EnergyAn Atoms for Peace Success StoryU.S. Nuclear EnergyAn Atoms for Peace Success Story

Other Renewables

3%

Nuclear8%

Hydro3%

Energy Consumption

Coal23%

NaturalGas23%

Oil40%

(Number of operating units per site shown in parenthesis)

Columbia (1)

DiabloCanyon (2)

San Onofre (2)

Palo Verde (3)

Monticello (1)

Prairie Island (2)

Ft. Calhoun (1)

Cooper (1)

Wolf Creek (1)

Duane Arnold (1)

Callaway (1)

ANO (2)

Comanche Peak (2)

South Texas (2)

River Bend (1)

Waterford (1)

TurkeyPoint (2)

St. Lucie(2)

Farley (2)

Hatch (2)

Vogtle (2)

Sequoyah (2) Oconee

(3)

Catawba (2)

H. B. Robinson (1)

Summer (1)

McGuire (2)

Harris (1)

Brunswick (2)

Surry(2)

NorthAnna(2)

Calvert Cliffs (2)

Hope Creek (1)

Salem (2)

Oyster Creek (1)

Millstone (2)

Pilgrim (1)

Seabrook (1)

VermontYankee

(1)

FitzPatrick(1)

Nine Mile Point (2)

Ginna (1)

Clinton (1)

La Salle (2)

Kewaunee (1)

Point Beach (2)

Palisades (1)

Cook (2)

Fermi (1)

Davis-

Besse (1)

Perry (1)

(2)Susquehanna

Peach Bottom (2)

Three Mile Island (1)

Limerick (2)Indian Point (2)

Quad-Cities (2)

Byron (2)

Dresden (2)Braidwood (2)

CrystalRiver

(1)

Grand Gulf (1)

BrownsFerry (3)

Watts Bar (1)

Beaver Valley (2)

103 Nuclear Power PlantsTotaling 97,018 MWe

Electricity Generation

Gas17%

Hydro7%

Coal51% Oil

3%

Other2%Nuclear

20%

Source: EIA


Nuclear Energy Continues to GrowOverseas and in the U.S.Nuclear Energy Continues to GrowOverseas and in the U.S.

♦ There are 440 power reactors in operation world-wide.

♦ Many countries that had previously abandoned the construction of new plants (e.g., United Kingdom) are now revisiting the issue.

♦ Improvements in plant operation and power uprates have enabled utilities to generate more energy from existing plants.

♦ License renewal has been approved for 30 units, with 16 more under review. Essentially all U.S. plants are expected to apply for license renewals.

U.S. Generation of Electricity Using Nuclear Power

Net

Gen

erat

ion

(bkW

h)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1974

1980

1986

1992

1998

2004

China 1 1,000

Finland 1 1,600

India 9 4,092

Islamic Republic of Iran 1 915

Japan 3 3,237

Romania 1 655

Russian Federation 3 2,825

Taiwan 2 2,760

Total 21 17,084

World Nuclear Power ReactorsUnder Active Construction (2005)

Country Units Total MWe

Source: NE Analysis


Major Challenges to Expanding Nuclear Power in the United StatesMajor Challenges to Expanding Nuclear Power in the United States

♦ Permanent Nuclear Waste Disposition -- no new nuclear plants are likely to be ordered unless disposition path for spent nuclear fuel is clear.

♦ Regulatory Uncertainty -- power companies lack confidence that the untested “one-step” licensing process will not lead to excessive delays.

♦ Financial Uncertainty -- financial community and power companies lack confidence in how much new plants will cost and how long they will take to reach operation.

♦ Business Model -- Large light water reactors are better suited to regulated markets. To thrive in increasingly competitive markets, nuclear plants must become smaller, less expensive, and more flexible. This will require new technology.

AP-1000


What is DOE’s Role?Key Missions of the Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and TechnologyWhat is DOE’s Role?Key Missions of the Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology

1. Development & Deployment of Advanced Technologies Required for a Viable Nuclear Future

♦ Cooperate with the Private Sector to Deploy New Technologies

♦ Cooperate with the International Community to Develop Next Generation Nuclear Technologies

2. Support for U.S. Nuclear Technology Education

♦ Prepare for Oncoming Retirements of Experienced Professionals

♦ Our Energy Future Requires a New Generation of Nuclear Technologists

3. Maintenance and Improvement of the Aging U.S. Infrastructure

♦ Support for Advanced Research and Development

♦ Enable the Private Sector to Support Current Nuclear Plants

♦ Consolidate and Make Appropriate Capital Investments


Office of the Director

Nuclear PowerTechnology, Safety

and Security

AdvancedNuclear Research

Deputy Director for Technology

Operations & Management/COO

ResourceManagement

Space andDefense Power Systems

Integrated Safety and Project Management

Deputy Director forNuclear Operations

Nuclear EnergyResearch Advisory

Committee (NERAC)

NE-2.2

NE-1

NE-2.3 NE-2.4

Nuclear Fuel Supply Security

NE-20

NE-30NE-50

NE-70

NE-10

NE-60

NuclearFacilities Management

NE-40

IdahoOperations Office

NE-ID

InternationalNuclear Cooperation

NE-80

Policy and Planning

Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and TechnologyOffice of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology


Program Overview:Programs to Maintain a Viable Nuclear Energy OptionProgram Overview:Programs to Maintain a Viable Nuclear Energy Option

Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative

Develop technologies for economic, commercial-scale generation of hydrogen.

Nuclear Power 2010 Initiative

- Explore new sites- Develop business case- Develop Generation III+ technologies- Demonstrate new NRC process

Generation IV

Better, safer, more economic nuclear power plant with improvements in - safety & reliability - proliferation resistance & physical protection - economic competitiveness - sustainability

Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative

- Recovery of energy value from SNF- Reduce the inventory of civilian Pu- Reduce the toxicity & heat of waste- Effective use of geologic disposal- Address issues of safeguards and proliferation resistance


Nuclear Power 2010 Working with Industry to Build New Nuclear PlantsNuclear Power 2010 Working with Industry to Build New Nuclear Plants

♦ Exploring sites for new nuclear plants

♦ Demonstrating key untested regulatory processes

• Early Site Permit (ESP)

• Combined Construction and Operating License (COL) - “one-step” licensing

♦ Developing new Generation III+ light water reactor designs

• Design Certification for new technologies

• First-of-a-kind engineering for new standardized nuclear plant designs

♦ Developing concepts to mitigate financing risks


Development & Deployment of Advanced TechnologiesGeneration IV Nuclear Energy SystemsDevelopment & Deployment of Advanced TechnologiesGeneration IV Nuclear Energy Systems

Early PrototypeReactors

Generation I

- Shippingport

- Dresden, Fermi I

- Magnox

Commercial PowerReactors

Generation II

- LWR-PWR, BWR

- CANDU

- VVER/RBMK

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

- Highly Economical

- Enhanced Safety

- Minimize Wastes

- Proliferation Resistant

AdvancedLWRs

Generation III

- ABWR

- System 80+

- AP600

- EPR

Gen I Gen II Gen III Gen III+ Gen IV

Generation III+

Generation III Evolutionary Designs Offering Improved Economics

- AP1000

- ESBWR

- ACR700

- IRIS


U.S.A. ArgentinaBrazilUnited Kingdom

South Korea Japan CanadaFranceSwitzerland South Africa EuropeanUnion

Development & Deployment of Advanced TechnologiesGeneration IV Nuclear Energy SystemsDevelopment & Deployment of Advanced TechnologiesGeneration IV Nuclear Energy Systems

♦ This international collaboration began in January 2000

♦ Its purpose is to bring next-generation nuclear energy system technology to a state of maturity allowing for commercial deployment

♦ Generation IV reactors will offer improvements in:

• Reactor safety and reliability

• Proliferation resistance and physical protection

• Economic competitiveness

• Sustainability

♦ Multilateral Agreement signed February 28, 2005, inWashington, D.C.

Generation IV is a world-wide initiative led by the United States


Development & Deployment of Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Fuel Cycle InitiativeDevelopment & Deployment of Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Fuel Cycle Initiative

Major Goals♦ Develop fuel cycle technologies that:

• Enable recovery of the energy value from spent nuclear fuel (SNF)• Reduce the toxicity and heat generation of SNF bound for geologic

disposal• Reduce the inventories of civilian plutonium in the U.S. • Support future Generation IV systems• Enable more effective use of the currently proposed geologic

repository and reduce the cost of geologic disposal

♦ Near-term R&D focused on separations and thermal recycle scenarios to inform Secretarial recommendation on need for second repository in 2007-2010

World-Wide Estimated Fuel Reserves

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110 2120 2130 2140 2150

Wo

rld

Reserv

es (G

TO

E)

Nuclear w/Recycle Coal & Lignite Oil Natural Gas Nuclear w/o Recycle

Sources: World Energy Council Survey of Energy Resources, and DOE estimates

Nuclear Energy can be a Thousand-Year Energy Resource


Enhancing Proliferation Resistance:Incorporate Proliferation Resistance Throughout Facility DesignEnhancing Proliferation Resistance:Incorporate Proliferation Resistance Throughout Facility Design

♦ Goal is to integrate advanced safeguards technology into the facility design from the start

♦ First step is to specify a complete facility concept

♦ Each point in the process is examined as a possible key measurement point

• Potential for containment and surveillance evaluated

• Safeguard options and technology needs identified

♦ Diversion pathways are analyzed in detail

• Design refined to account for problem areas

• Accountancy procedures developed accordingly

♦ NE-NNSA joint study complete for a pyroprocessing facility

♦ Joint study being conducted for aqueous (UREX+) treatment facility

♦ Second phase proposed to develop the necessary safeguards technology and demonstrate in current facilities


Maintaining the National Nuclear Infrastructure Isotope ProgramMaintaining the National Nuclear Infrastructure Isotope Program

Oak Ridge - Stable Isotopes Inventory:

Calcium/Ca-42 - Calcium retention studies -43 - Nutrition -44 - Bone growth -45 - Nucleosynthesis -48 - Nuclear physicsStrontium/Sr-88 - Reactor targets for Sr-89 (used in

bone cancer therapy and labeling ofmonoclonal antibodies)

Thallium/Tl-203 - Targets for Tl-201 production in accelerators (Ti-201 used in cardiac imaging)

High Flux Isotope Reactor/Inventory:

Selenium-75 - Industrial nondestructive examinationNickel-63 - Explosives detectionCalifornium-252 - Industrial source Tungsten/Tn-188 - Cancer therapyActinium/Ac-225 - Cancer therapy

Los Alamos - LANSCE:

Aluminum/Al-26 - Research:Alzheimers diseaseAcid rain

Copper/Cu-67 - Antibody labeling forcancer therapy andimaging

Germanium/Ge-68 - Calibration sources forPET equipment;Antibody labeling

Strontium/Sr-82 - Cardiac imaging

UC Davis/McClellan:

Iodine/I-125 - Prostate cancertherapy

Brookhaven - BLIP:

Copper/Cu-67 - Antibody labeling forcancer therapy andimaging

Germanium/Ge-68 - Calibration sources forPET equipment;Antibody labeling

Strontium/Sr-82 - Cardiac imaging

Missouri University Research Center:

Lutetium-177 - Treatment of ovarian and colon cancer

Holmium-166 - Treatment of multiplemyeloma and rheumatoid arthritis

Phosphorus-32 - Used in SPECT imaging

IdahoIridium/Ir-192 - Industrial nondestructive examinationCobalt-60/Co-60 - Sterilization of surgical equipment and blood

Denton Texas:

Copper/Cu-67 - cancer therapy

DOE Isotope Production Locations


Maintaining the National Nuclear Infrastructure Isotope ProgramMaintaining the National Nuclear Infrastructure Isotope Program

Mission

♦ Maintain the infrastructure required to support the national need for a reliable supply of isotope products, services, and related technology used in medicine, homeland security applications, and scientific research.

Results

♦ The DOE Isotope Program serves 200-300 customers each year and makes 400-500 shipments, most of which are to universities and hospitals. DOE produces isotopes only where there is no U.S. private sector capability or other production capability available to meet U.S. needs. If we were to cease operating our unique facilities, many isotopes would cease to be available.

♦ The benefits of using these isotopes are improved medical patient diagnostics and treatment, advanced research capabilities, more robust and accurate homeland security procedures, and economic benefits in industrial applications through tighter process controls and extremely precise measurements.

Five-Year Focus

♦ Consolidate, maintain and complete limited recapitalization of the isotope production infrastructure.

♦ Pursue financial support from NIH to allow medical researchers to have increased access to isotopes.

♦ Complete the U-233 disposition project in FY 2008, initiate downblending (complete in FY 2010).


♦ Working with international partners on fuel cycle options allows us to positively influence R&D direction

♦ Bilateral Collaborations:

• France (CEA)- advanced aqueous and pyroprocessing technology development, advanced fuels research

• Japan, South Korea – pyroprocessing only

• Joint Japan-US-France transmutation fuel test in MONJU

♦ Generation IV International Forum

• Multilateral collaboration on next-generation reactors with proliferation-resistant closed fuel cycles

• PRPP Expert Group developing PRPP evaluation methodology framework and metrics for use by “designers” (DOE-NE) and “safeguarders” (NNSA)

♦ International Organizations• Working with IAEA and NEA on nuclear energy technology and policy

matters; chair working groups, provide consultants, attend meetings

International Involvement: Collaborations on Proliferation-Resistant Fuel CyclesInternational Involvement: Collaborations on Proliferation-Resistant Fuel Cycles


Global Nuclear Energy PartnershipGreater Energy Security in a Cleaner, Safer WorldGlobal Nuclear Energy PartnershipGreater Energy Security in a Cleaner, Safer World

♦ In support of the President’s call for the expansion of safe, clean civilian nuclear plants for energy security and to address proliferation risks of the fuel cycle

♦ In January, D/S Clay Sell and U/S Bob Joseph visited several countries (Russia, UK, China, Japan and France) and senior officials in Vienna to provide an advance on the program and determine interest of partners

♦ Formal roll out of program by Energy Secretary Bodman on February 7

♦ Department is now briefing Congress, Committees and staffers


Global Nuclear Energy PartnershipGlobal Nuclear Energy Partnership

Key Elements:

♦ Expand domestic use of nuclear power

♦ Demonstrate more proliferation-resistant recycling

♦ Minimize nuclear waste

♦ Develop advanced burner reactors

♦ Establish reliable fuel services

♦ Demonstrate small-scale reactors

♦ Develop enhanced nuclear safeguards


SummarySummary

♦ Nuclear Energy is once again at the forefront of U.S. Energy Policy

♦ The Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology has played a leading role and plans to continue its efforts in developing next-generation nuclear energy technology to serve the energy and environment

♦ Proliferation resistance and physical protection is an integral concept in our R&D programs

♦ DOE-NE and NNSA are collaborating, along with international partners and organizations (e.g. IAEA, NEA) on substantive technical and policy manners

♦ Appropriate collaboration with international partners leverages resources and expertise without increasing proliferation risks

♦ International collaboration and leadership also allows the U.S. to influence international fuel cycle policy, R&D, and technology deployment


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