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OVERVIEW
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
HOW DO WE DEFINE
LITERATURE?
WHY IS LITERATURE
USEFUL IN OUR LIVES?
WHEN DO YOU SAY THAT
LITERATURE IS FOR PLEASURE?
HOW DOES LITERATURE
MIRROR THE DEPTH OF A CULTURE?
HISTORY
CULTURE
LITERATURE
SIGNIFICANT HUMAN EXPERIENCE
S H E
PROSE
FICTION
POETRY
DRAMA
NONFICTIO
N PROS
ECATEGORIES
POETRYLYRIC
NARRATIVE
LYRIC POETRY•Usually brief• Focuses on the emotions
or thoughts of the speaker
FORMS OF LYRIC POEMS
ODE
ELEGYSONNET
SONG
SIMPLE LYRIC
• Sonnet --- a lyric poem having fourteen rhymed lines usually written in iambic pentameter
PETRARCHAN / ITALIAN
• Has an 8-line beginning called OCTAVE, and a 6-line conclusion called SESTET•Feelings presented in the octave often contracts with the sestet•Rhymes abba – abba – cde - cde
SHAKESPEAREAN / ENGLISH
• a lyric poem of lines written in iambic pentameter with 3 quatrains and a concluding couplet•Rhymes abab - cdcd – efef - gg
ON HIS BLINDNESS(John Milton)
When I consider how my light is spentEre half my days, in this dark world and wide,
And that one talent which is death to hideLodged with me useless, though my soul more
bentTo serve therewith my Maker, and presentMy true account, lest He returning chide;“Doth God exact day labor, light denied?”
I fondly ask. But Patience, to preventThat murmur, soon replies, “God doth not needEither man’s work or his own gifts. Who best
Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His stateIs kingly: thousands at his bidding speed,And post o’er land and ocean without rest;They also serve who only stand and wait.”
SONNET 18(William Shakespeare)
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed.
But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade,When in eternal line to time thou growest ---So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
ELEGY• A lyric poem which expresses mourning,
usually over the death of an individual• May also be a lament over the passing of life
and beauty, or meditation on the nature of death
• Usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone
• Mostly long• Another word for this is epitaph.
Excerpt from “ELEGY”(Gene Derwood)
Gone, gone is Gordon, tall and brilliant lad
Whose mind was science. Now hollow his skull,
A noble sculpture, is but sunken bone,His cells from water come, by water laid
Grave – deep, to water gone.Lost, lost the hope he had,
Washed to a cipher his splendour and his skill.
ODE
• A complex and often lengthy lyric poem written in a dignified formal style on some serious subjects• Has no definite pattern
SONG ---A short lyric poem intended to be sung; Can be secular or non-religious
SIMPLE LYRIC --- A short descriptive pictorial or meditative poem
NARRATIVE•A poem that narrates a story•Can be long or short
EPIC BALLAD
DRAMATIC POETRY
DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE
FORMS OF NARRATIVE POEMS
EPIC•A narrative poem that
usually centers on a single important character who embodies the values of a particular society
BALLAD• A narrative poem that depends
on a regular verse patterns and strong rhymes for its effect• Most have lost of action and
adventure• Mostly tragic
• Originated as anonymous songs and are passed orally before being written downFOLK
• Composed by known writers and it may or may
not be sungLITERARY
Kinds of ballad
DRAMATIC POETRY• Poetry in which one or more characters
speak• Allows the writer to reveal characters
directly through dialogue, just as a playwright does
• Has many of the characteristics of a play; a definite setting; a dramatic situation, emotional conflict, with vigorous and natural long rhythms
DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE• A special kind of dramatic poem• In dramatic monologue, one character
speaks to one or more characters, whose replies are not given in the poem.• The speaker in a moment of great
personal crisis, reveals his or her deepest thoughts and feelings.
FICTION•Any work of literature that
includes material that is invented or imagined, that is not a record of things as they actually happened
parable
romance
satirenovel
Short story
1. Short Stories --- a fictional narrative written in prose which is shorter than a novel
2. Novel --- a long fictional narrative written in prose usually having many characters and story plots
3. Satire --- a literary work which mocks or ridicules the stupidity or vices of individuals, groups or society in general
4. Parable --- a short tale for which a moral or religious lesson is drawn
5. Romance--- deals with love and adventures
Types of Novels
gothic
historical
psychological
1. Gothic novel --- creates an atmosphere of mystery and danger in a picturesque setting, usually involving a threat combined with love, intrigue for a romantic young heroine
2. Historical novel --- creates the atmosphere, customs, and events of an actual historical period, and may even include actual historical figures
3. Psychological novel --- explores the complex emotional lives of the characters
DRAMA • A Story written to be acted out on stage• The playwright usually emphasizes
characters, conflicts and actions which are developed by the use of a dialogue.
• Stage direction is provided to help actors and directors.
• Additional elements such as set, props, and lighting effects are used .
COMEDY
TRAGEDY
FORMS OF DRAMA1. Comedy --- a literary work generally
amusing which usually ends happily because the hero or heroine is able to overcome obstacles and get what he or she wants
2. Tragedy --- a literary work dealing with very serious and important themes, in which a dignified tragic figure meets destruction
NON-FICTION
• A prose that deals with real events and people
• Characters, setting and action must conform to what is true.
• Cannot be manipulated by the imagination of the writers
Forms of non-fiction
AUTOBIOGRAPHY
•Someone’s account of his or her own life•A narrative account, often chronological, of the important events of the person’s life
ESSAY•A brief examination of a subject in prose, usually expressing personal or limited view of the topic•Another form to entertain, and to explain and to persuade
FORMS OF ESSAY
SPECULATIVE
DESCRIPTIVE
NARRATIVESCIENTIFIC
REFLECTIVE
DIDACTIC OR APHORISTIC
INFORMATIVE
EDITORIALSOCIO-
POLITICAL
NATURECHARACTER
SKETCH
ELEMENTS OF FICTION AND
DRAMA
1. PLOT
•The causality of events that makes up the action of a work of fiction
2. CHARACTERS
•The personages in a literary work
3. SETTING
•The time and place where the action of a play or narrative occurs
4. POINT OF VIEW
•The outlook or position from which a story or novel is presented
5. THEME
•The idea, general truths or commentary on life or people brought by the literary work
6. SYMBOL
•The object that stands for or represents the idea or belief presented in the story
7. TONE
•The writer’s attitude towards his subject that affects his style of writing and choice of words
8. MOOD
•The state of feelings created by the literary work
FRYTAG’S PYRAMIDCLIMAX
EXPOSITION RESOLUTION
DENOUEMENTCOMPLICATION