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2013 Final Exam Study Guide Canadian Geography 1202

OVERVIEW OF COURSE:

https://www.k12pl.nl.ca/curriculum/10-12/social-studies/can-geog-1202/program-overview.html

UNIT 1 – Natural and Human Systems

UNIT 2 – Human Population Issues in Canadian Geography

UNIT 3 – Economic Issues in Canadian Geography

UNIT 4 – Global Issues in Canadian Geography

REVIEW OF SYSTEMS THINKING

WHAT LACK OF SYSTEMS THINKING IS?

It is not infrequent when you will find people giving more importance and attention to the 'parts'

that they alone are concerned with, while not realizing that their 'part' is indeed a part of a larger

system. See cartoon below. The perils of failing to adopt a 'systems view' in this case are

obvious. The boat will sink, inevitably.

What is Systems Thinking? (Read text page 69)

Systems Thinking is the belief that the different parts that make up a system can best be

understood by looking at them in relation to each other and to other systems, rather than in

isolation. SYSTEMS THINKING HELPS US UNDERSTAND HOW NATURAL AND

HUMAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATE AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER

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UNIT 1 – NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS

TERMS FOCUS YOUR

STUDIES ON YOUR

TEXT ENCOUNTER

CANADA

QUESTIONS/UNDERSTANDING

Natural Systems

BLAH

Biosphere

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

TEXT PAGES 46-57

Identify and describe each natural system?

Using a specific example, explain how

natural systems interact with one another?

Given a natural event, describe its impact on

all natural systems?

For example how has Hurricane Sandy (2012)

impacted natural systems?

NATURAL SYSTEMS INTERACT WITH

ONE ANOTHER AND ARE

INTERDEPENDENT.

Human Systems

CITEE

Communication

Infrastructure

Transportation

Energy

Economic

TEXT PAGES 58-63

TEXT PAGES 370-381

Identify and describe each human system?

HUMANS HAVE DEVELOPED SYSTEMS

TO MEET OUR NEEDS AND WANTS.

Explain how systems

thinking may be used

to understand

interactions between

natural systems and

human systems?

System Thinking

Sustainable

Climate

Vegetation

Water

Soil

Ecological Foot Print

TEXT PAGES 64-75

TEXT PAGES 76-99

SYSTEMS

THINKING HELPS

US UNDERSTAND

HOW NATURAL

AND HUMAN

SYSTEMS

INTERRELATE AND

INFLUENCE EACH

OTHER.

How does human activity influence natural

systems?

How can humans meet their needs and wants in a

sustainable way?

Identify and describe the interactions between

human and natural systems?

Identify and describe the causes and

consequences of interactions between human and

natural systems?

What influence would a particular action have on

natural systems?

What influence would the same action have on

humans systems?

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PART ONE UNIT 2 – HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

TERMS TEXT ENCOUNTER

CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Ecozones

Natural Features (land

forms, water forms,

climate, soil,

vegetation, wildlife)

Human Features

(infrastructure)

Ecosystems

Transition Zone

TEXT PAGES 100-109

CANADA CONTAINS MANY DIVERSE

ECOZONES.

Ecozones are multi-factor regions and can be

described in terms of natural features and

sometimes include human features.

Ecozones are a function of varied interactions

among factors such as climate, soil, vegetation

and water

Ecozones vary in terms of biodiversity; and

contain a variety of ecosystems and have

boundaries and transitional areas.

Terrestrial

Marine

Montane Cordillera

Prairie

Boreal Shield

Mixedwood Plains

Southern Arctic

Atlantic

TEXT PAGES 110-153

Canada contains 20 ecozones:

(15 terrestrial and 5 marine)

What are the main features of each ecozone?

How is each ecozone similar to and different

from each other?

Why might all ecozones be equally important?

Which ecozone do you live?

What are the benefits and challenges of living

in each ecozone?

Needs

Wants

Human activity

includes resource use,

settlement,

communication,

transportation and

recreation.

Stakeholders

Sustainability

TEXT PAGES 110-153

NEGATIVE

CONSEQUENCES

SOMETIMES

RESULT FROM

HUMAN-

ENVIRONMENTAL

INTERACTION.

THEREFORE,

INDIVIDUUALS

MUST ASSUME

RESPONSIBILITY

AND WORK TO

MINIMIZE ADVERS

EFFECTS ON THE

ENVIRONMENT.

How do humans use resources to meet their

needs and wants?

How do ecozones influence human activity?

How does human activity affect ecozones?

How do we know the influence that human

activity has on an ecozone?

Are there examples of better of better ways for

humans to continue to meet their needs and

wants while having a smaller ecological

footprint? Explain.

Why do some individuals make more

environmentally conscientious decisions than

others? What policies should governments

enact to help create a more sustainable future?

Should individuals be held accountable for

making choices that have highly negative

environmental consequences? Explain

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PART TWO UNIT 2 – HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

TERMS TEXT ENCOUNTER

CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Demography

Natural Change

Natural Increase

Natural Decrease

Net Migration

Actual Change (AC)

Population Pyramids

TEXT PAGES 168-181

Demography is the numerical study of the

characteristics, trends and issues of population.

Natural Change = Births - Deaths

Natural Increase = More Births than Deaths

Natural Decrease = More Deaths than Births

Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration

AC = (Births + Immigrants) – (Deaths+ Emigrants)

Expanding Population Pyramids

Very High Birth Rate = broad base

Very High Death Rate = sharp taper

Short Life Expectancy = narrow top

High Birth Rate = broad base

High Death Rate = thicker middle

Slightly longer Life Expectancy = widening top

Stationary Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = narrow base

Low Death Rate = broadening top

Longer Life Expectancy = wider top

Contracting Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = even narrower base

Low Death Rate = broad top

Longer Life Expectancy = wider top

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Population

Population Density

Population Distribution

TEXT PAGES 156-167

TEXT PAGES 182-195

Demographic information is important

because it is used to identify trends and

issues that will affect Canadians.

Identify ways in which various human and

natural systems, such as economic,

infrastructure, transportation, biosphere,

hydrosphere and lithosphere might be affected

by changes in population?

Migration

Immigration

(In-migration)

Emigration

(Out-migration)

TEXT PAGES 182-195

Canada’s population has increased and has

become more diverse over time. This has

had consequences for both natural and

human systems.

Why do people migrate?

Know the tipping/turning points of how

Canada was first populated and how that has

changed over time. Start with indigenous

peoples, trans Atlantic migration (1500-1900),

and immigration since 1900. This knowledge

needs to be brief and should briefly highlight

when and who came, why they came and where

they settled.

Who lived in Canada at various points in its

history? What are some of the push-pull

factors related to the peopling of Canada?

What were some of the common characteristics

of each major settlement pattern?

What has been the effect of each successive

wave of migration to Canada? How has

settlement impacted Natural and Human

systems such as infrastructure needs, economic

needs, interactions with other groups,

settlement patterns, and effects on lithosphere,

biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere at

various times?

What impact does increased migration have on

natural and human systems?

Canada has a complex population dynamic

that will pose challenges and opportunities in

the future.

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Issues Analysis Model

Refugees

TEXT PAGES 34-37

TEXT PAGE 69

Issues from this section of Unit 2 include:

Canada’s “graying” population (aging

population)

Canada’s declining birth rate

Canada has a shortage of workers in

particular sectors of the economy

(primary, secondary, tertiary and

quaternary)

Arrival of refugees to Canada

Canada’s population distribution

Consider the impact that these issues have on

the Natural and Human systems of Canada and

what this may mean for future generations.

An Issues Analysis Model examines an issue

using the following criteria.

1.) Describe the issue, including who is

affected, and how they are affected

2.) Identify the factors causing the issue

3.) Identify the consequences

4.) Propose possible responses

5.) Establish criteria as a basis for assessing

possible responses

6.) Evaluate possible responses in light of

criteria established in step five above,

identifying strengths and limitations

7.) Identify a preferred response based on

criteria

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Urban area

Rural area

Census Metropolitan

Area (CMAs)

Urbanization

Urbanization

Resource-based

Communities

TEXT PAGES 196-207

TEXT PAGES 348-369

TEXT PAGES 208-235

Most Canadians live in urban centers

located mainly in Southern regions. This is

largely due to climate, employment,

resources and services.

What areas of Canada have the highest/lowest

populations?

What factors are most significant in

determining where people decide to live?

Is it better to live in a region with high or low

population? Why?

What are some of the positive/negative effects

of urbanization?

Urban life has both challenges and

opportunities.

Know some of the issues affecting urban areas:

Service availability (infrastructure,

communication and transportation

linkages, human resources)

Population concerns (poverty, crowding

and employment)

Environmental impact (pollution, loss

of arable land)

Quality of life (“green spaces”, crime,

standard of living)

If you were a city planner, how could the issues

listed above be improved?

Life in rural areas has a variety of

challenges and opportunities.

Know some of the issues affecting rural areas:

Service availability (maintaining

infrastructure, and providing medical

services)

Population concerns (declining Tax

base)

Environmental impact (impact of

resource activities)

Quality of life (pace of life)

Is it better to live in an urban center or a rural

center? Why?

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PART ONE UNIT 3 –ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

TERMS TEXT ENCOUNTER

CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Economics

Scarcity

Opportunity Cost

Supply

Demand

Price

Trade

Imports

Exports

Balance of Trade

(Imports – Exports)

Specialization

Economic

Diversification

Primary Sector

Secondary Sector

Tertiary Sector

Quaternary Sector

Quinary Sector

TEXT PAGES 351-363

TEXT PAGES 236-249

Economic geography is important because it

helps make better decisions around the

production, distribution, and consumption of

goods, and services that fulfill peoples’ needs

and wants.

Economics is the study of how individuals and

societies use their limited resources to meet

their unlimited needs and wants.

We have unlimited wants and scarce resources.

Four Categories of Scarce resources: Land

(Raw Materials, Natural Resources, Air,

Water), Labor -Human Capital (Human

Knowledge, Skills, Workers Willing and Able

to Perform a Job), Physical Capital, (Machines,

Factories, Equipment) and Entrepreneurship

(Someone willing to take a risk and start a

business).

Our unlimited wants out weigh the resources

available which make all levels of society make

decisions.

When decisions are made there is always a cost

involved. This is often referred to as an

Opportunity Cost. Opportunity Cost is the

value of what you must give up when you make

a particular choice. How societies make

decisions from limited resources to meet their

societal goals and answer the 3 key economic

questions: What to produce? How to produce

it? Who is going to consume the good/How is it

allocated? Societal Goals- Efficiency, Growth,

Security, Equality, Freedom.

DEMAND IS THE CONSUMERS

WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO BUY.

SUPPLY IS THE PRODUCERS

WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO SELL.

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WHAT CAUSES THE CONSUMER’S

DEMAND FOR A GOOD OR SERVICE TO

CHANGE? ACRONYM (TRIPE): Tastes

(Preferences), Related Goods (Substitutes),

Income of Consumers, Population,

Expectations.

WHAT CAUSES A CHANGE IN THE

PRODUCER’S ABILITY TO SUPPLY AN

ITEM? ACRONYM (NICEPP): Natural/

Manmade Phenomenon, Input Cost,

Competition, Expectations, Profitability of

alternative goods in supply, Profitability of

goods in joint-supply.

Law of Demand states that as the price rises, the

quantity demanded falls (decreases) and as

price falls, the quantity demanded rises

(increases).

Law of Supply states that as the price rises, the

quantity supplied rises (increases), and as

price falls, the quantity supplied falls

(decreases).

What are examples of economic activities in

your community?

Why has demand for some products increased,

while demand for others has decreased?

How does increased supply affect price?

How does a change in economic activity impact

a community?

Which economic sector is most important for

NL?

Should Canada import fewer products and

increase local/national production?

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PART TWO - UNIT 3 –ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

THE USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES

TERMS TEXT ENCOUNTER

CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Energy Resources

Renewable Resource

Nonrenewable

Resource

Flow Resource

GDP

Stakeholders

Sustainable

TEXT PAGES 250-311

TEXT PAGES 312-327

Because of our dependence on natural

resources it is important that we use these

resources in a way that meets our current

needs without jeopardizing the future.

Which resources (agriculture, fishery, forestry,

mining and water) are most important for each

territory and province? Why?

How would Canadian society be different if we

no longer had either/or agriculture, fishery,

forestry, mining and water?

What impact would the loss of oil and gas have

on the economy of Alberta?

Should the wealth generated by a resource in

one region be shared with other regions?

What values should be used to guide the

development/use of resources?

HUMAN SYSTEMS DEPEND ON THE

EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY

RESOURCES.

Energy resources can be defined as a power

source that people can use to do work in order

to meet their needs and wants. Energy

resources fall into two main categories:

renewable and non-renewable.

What are the strengths and limitations of each

energy resource (coal, natural gas,

hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, tidal and wind

power, and geothermal)?

What impact does each energy resource have on

natural and human systems?

Why is it important to invest in the

development of renewable energy resources?

Should humans use energy resources that

degrade natural systems?

How can systems thinking be used to

understand and improve our way of living on

planet Earth?

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PART TWO - UNIT 3 –ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

THE USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES - CONTINUED

TERMS TEXT ENCOUNTER

CANADA

UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Royalty

Investment

Interest

Ecological Footprint

TEXT PAGES 312-327

TEXT PAGES 328-347

Energy resources are a significant part of the

Canadian Economy.

What is the economic value of the different

energy resources within Canada?

From an economic perspective, which energy

resources are most valued in the short term and

the long term? Why?

“100% of royalties from non-renewable energy

resources should be invested. Governments

should only use the interest from the

investment.” Take a position for or against this

proposition, supporting it with evidence.

Demands for energy resources affect Natural

and Human systems.

The increased need for energy over time will

impact the following: climate change (global

warming), pollution, energy waste and

conservation, loss of habitat and resource

exhaustion.

Is it better to develop renewable energy

resources as opposed to continued use of

conventional non-renewable energy resources?

Why?

Will Canada’s role as an energy producer

increase or decrease over the coming decades?

Why? How will this influence the lives of

Canadians?

What changes can you make in your lifestyle to

reduce the size of your footprint? Why is this

important?

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UNIT 4 – GLOBAL ISSUES IN CANADIAN

TERMS TEXT ENCOUNTER

CANADA UNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Globalization

Global Village

Human Development

Index (HDI) - life

expectancy

(longevity), literacy

rates (knowledge),

Standard of Living

(GDP).

Developed World

Developing World

Newly Industrialized

Countries

TEXT PAGES 382-395

What are the causes of globalization? (Cheap

transportation and communication costs).

How does globalization affect Canada?

There are both positive and negative

consequences to globalization.

One benefit is that Canadian consumers

enjoy lower priced goods and Canadian

businesses are able to increase profits.

One negative consequence is Canadian jobs

have been lost as manufacturers have moved

operations to countries with lower labour

costs.

Do the benefits of globalization outweigh the

negative consequences? Why? How does quality of life in Canada compare to

other countries?

How do Canada’s labour costs differ globally?

How has globalization affected people living in

developing/ developed countries?

How significant is Canada’s contribution to the

global village?

Is globalization exploiting less developed

countries?

Is Canada making a meaningful contribution to

the global village? How?

Tourism

Trading Partners

Imports

Exports

Peace Keeping

Humanitarian Relief

TEXT PAGES 396-417

Canada makes significant contributions to

the global village.

Why has tourism become such an important

aspect of the Canadian economy?

Where do Canada’s imports come from and

where do our exports go?

Do developed countries, such as Canada, have

an obligation to assist developing countries?

What is Canada’s future in the global village?

What does Canada need to do today in order to

ensure it has a sustainable future –

economically, environmentally, and socially?

Should Canada focus its efforts more on

meeting needs related to short-term crisis or in

creating sustainable solutions to complex

issues? Why?