Overview of theOverview of the
CC--IMAGE Research ConsortiumIMAGE Research Consortium
1
Steven Murawski, David Hollander,
Sherryl Gilbert
Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response
for Florida
April 2, 2014
CC--IMAGE Research ConsortiumIMAGE Research Consortium
Overview of COverview of C--IMAGE ConsortiumIMAGE ConsortiumCenter for Integrated Modeling and Analysis of Gulf Ecosystems
www.marine.usf.edu/c-image
• Description of the Consortium and areas of emphasis
• Research Strategies promoting integration across
traditional domains (more than sum of parts?)
• Research, Completed, Underway and Planned
• Engagement Strategies: internal (within and across
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Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for Florida
April 2, 2014Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for FloridaApril 2, 2014
Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for FloridaApril 2, 2014
• Engagement Strategies: internal (within and across
themes), cross-Consortia & RFP-II, industry,
government (US-European Union), external, public
CC--IMAGE Consortium PartnersIMAGE Consortium Partners
University of South Florida – Lead institution & various research foci
Florida Institute of Oceanography – Research vessels
Hamburg Technical Univ., Germany – High-P droplets, velocity, biodegr.
Texas A&M University – Near-field modeling
University of Calgary – HMW degradation, High-P partitioning
Wageningen Uni./IMARES, Netherlands – Degradation, ecotoxicology
Eckerd College – Sedimentology, chrono-stratigraphy, redox chemistryUniversity of West Florida - Microbial community structure, bact. toxicol.
CC--IMAGE Consortium PartnersIMAGE Consortium Partners
4
University of West Florida - Microbial community structure, bact. toxicol.
Pennsylvania State University – Degrading enzymes, 13C, 14C tracers
University of Miami – Far-field fate and transport modeling
University of South Alabama – Fish community analyses
Mote Marine Laboratory – Biomarkers -vertebrate toxicology
Scripps Institution of Oceanography – Marine mammals
NOAA – NMFS – marine resource studies
Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for FloridaApril 2, 2014
Use of
dispersants
Ambient
oceanography
Dilution
Dispersion
Degradation
Mitigation
Burning -
Skimming -
Surface dispersants -
Shallow Pelagic
& Shelf
ecosystems
Life history effects
(mortality,
productivity)
• Plankton (phyto-, zoo)
• Fish/invert. eggs & larvae
• Sargassum community
• Adult fishes, o. inverts/verts
• Beaches, marshes, estuaries
Dolphins & whales
Eco
syst
em
Exp
osu
re
Hydrocarbon
Fractionization,
Oil Fate and Degradation Ecosystem ConsequencesSpill Scenario
C-IMAGE: Integrated Understanding of Oil Spill Dynamics
con
cen
tra
tio
n
X d
ura
tio
n
Evaporation
phototoxicitySurfacing
Oil/gas jet,
Oil/Gas Ratio
(OGR),
composition, T,
Pressure,
Reservoir Volume,
Flow Rate
oceanography
Temperature,
Salinity,
Stratification,
Currents,
Turbulence,
Winds
“Suspension”
Bubbles/Droplets
Transport/Evolution
Degradation
Secondary
sedimentation
Mesopelagic
ecosystems
Benthic
ecosystems
Nutrient cycling
(enrichment?)
Trophic cascades
Economic
consequences
• Deep scatterers
• Mesopelagic fishes
• Deep foragers
• Deep corals
• Deep benthos
• Biogenic communities
Eco
syst
em
Exp
osu
re
Fractionization,
Initial
Emulsification,
Bubble/Droplet
Formation,
Size
Distribution,
Pressure
Dependency
con
cen
tra
tio
n
X d
ura
tio
n
DO/hypoxia?
Marine snow
Re-Deposition
Theme 1
Theme 2
Theme 3
Sedimentation
5Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for Florida
April 2, 2014
CC--IMAGE’s Research ThemesIMAGE’s Research Themes
1. Physical distribution and ultimate fate of contaminants
associated with the Deepwater Horizon incident;
2. Chemical evolution and biological degradation of the
contaminants;
3. Environmental effects of the contaminants on Gulf of 3. Environmental effects of the contaminants on Gulf of
Mexico ecosystems, and the science of ecosystem recovery;
4. Technology developments for improved detection,
characterization, mitigation, and remediation of offshore
oil spills; and
5. Impacts of oil spills on public health.
6
Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for FloridaApril 2, 2014
Task 1: Near- and Far-Field Modeling (Paris, Socolofsky)
Task 2: High Pressure and other Experimental Research (Schlüter,
Grossart, Gust, Larter, Krause, Müller)
Task 3: Indicators of Sedimentary Oil Deposition, Toxicology and Fate;
Surface Oil Dispersion, and Degradation (Hollander, Brooks, Hastings,
Freeman, Macalady, Oldenburg, Jeffrey, Snyder, Murk)
CC--IMAGE Task Composition and CoIMAGE Task Composition and Co--PIsPIs
7Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for FloridaApril 2, 2014
Task 4: Impacts on Plankton, Benthic Ecosystems, Fishes and Marine
Mammals (Murawski, Daly, Snyder, Jeffrey, Peebles, Patterson,
Hildebrand)(Murawski, Hollander, Daly, Hu, Lenes, Walsh, Hildebrand,
Jeffrey, Snyder)
Task 5: Ecotoxicology (Wetzel, Reynolds, Paul, Peebles)
Task 6: Ecosystem Modeling (Ainsworth, Walsh)
Nearfield Farfield
Saturation concentration
in the far field
Experimental data:
• Bubble and droplet sizes/size distributions
• Particle velocities
• Mass transfer coefficients
• Physical properties
Experimental data:
• Bubble and droplet sizes/size distributions
Equilibrium
Integrating Modeling and HighIntegrating Modeling and High--Pressure Laboratory ResearchPressure Laboratory Research
8
Comparison of the saturation
concentrations at equilibrium
conditions with the time dependend
saturation curves
Experimental data for
modelling:
•Biodegradation of different
alkanes
Biodegradation at
high pressure
Microorganisms:
• Bacteria isolated by
Joe Lepo/Wade Jeffrey
will be tested at high
pressure
Degradation Rates:
• Experiments with
sediments and natural
bacterial populations
Fish Contamination & Effects Sediment Core Contamination
Impacts on
Burrowing
Fishes
Impacts on
Demersal
Fishes
Spatial and
Temporal
patterns in
PAH uptake
Coincident sampling of sediment &
• Tilefish
• King snake eel
• Red snapper
• Other species
Equilibrium
Integrating Sediment Contamination & Fish Exposure Research
Impacts on Population demography
• Growth
• Condition factors
Sediment PAH
Chronology
Temporal changes in
toxicity
Sediment
characteristics
Repeated sediment
core sampling in deep
and shelf waters
9
PAH uptake
in:
• Bile
• Muscle
• Liver
• Mucus
Disease
frequency Impacts on fish communities
Geochronology/Sedimentology
•History of PAH contamination in the
NGM pre- and post DWH
Correlation between fish and
sediment PAH Levels
Modality of Fish Uptake
Return to Baseline? fish and
sediment contamination levels
Novel Sub-Lethal
Biomarkers:
• Immunological
(cytokenes)
• Genotoxic
• reproductive
Sediment and microbial community
analyses - DeSoto Canyon
Joint sampling cruises
Engagement to Leverage CEngagement to Leverage C--IMAGE ResearchIMAGE Researchw/other consortia and RFP-II projects:
• MOSSFA (w/ECOGIG and Deep-C)
• Hamburg Symposium (w/consortia & European colleagues)
• Hercules #265 response by multiple centers
• Modeling listserv and workshops (w/GISR)
• Specific projects (e.g., Atlantis, coring strategies, p-oceanography)
w/industry, government & other external groups:
10Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for Florida
April 2, 2014
w/industry, government & other external groups:
• Industry: API Workshop, SINTEF Site Visit & Collaboration
• Federal Agencies Workshop
• Sponsored Sessions at 2013 and 2014 Oil Spill Conferences
OutreachOutreach
• Podcasts – keeping public engaged
=MOSSFA
Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculant
Accumulation
Inter-Consortia GoMRI Working Group
11
(U. Passow & D. Hollander, J. Chanton, K. Daly,,)
Surface & Sediment Oil Coverage - DwH Event
85 Day-
Gridded Average Gridded Average
Oil-Cover
Red = >90%
Yellow = <45%
~ 25 to 55 miles off shore
Recognize a spatial and temporal offset between surface oil
coverage and the “foot-print” of sedimentary oil deposition.What mechanisms control oil deposition/accumulation in sediments?
Surface Coverage
April –August 2010
Sediment PAH concentration ratio
Pre-/Post-Blowout
July 2012
12
From:
I. MacDonald
1 cm1047m Sediments
PCB-06 DeSoto Canyon
70 nm ENE of DWH
1115 m Sediments
DSH 08 (N-S line)
20 nm NE of DWH
5
•WHAT is the nature & composition of sediments?Sediment Cores, Dec., 2010, 1000-1200 m. “Plume Depth”
5
cm
Why no Bioturbation?
13
MOSSFA
Source: NOAA, NRDA14C-IMAGE Site Review, Nov. 4-6, 2013
Regionally dependent factors contributing to the
formation of oil-containing marine snow
Riverine
InfluencesMarine biota
Marine Oil
Snow
“Dirty Blizzard”
Petrogenic Dispersant
Algal Bloom
Microbial loop
Mesozooplankton
foodSalinity Nutrients
Clays
•Where can these factors
come together?
Deltaic Systems
• 85% of all deep-water
exploration is occurring
adjacent to:
Microbial mucus
snow
Aggregates coagulation
of particlesZooplankton Activity OMA:
Oil mineral aggregates
Oil, Dispersant
Pyrogenic
15
adjacent to:
Deltaic Systems
Mitigation Strategies of Surfacing Oil
Annual Reprt
2007-2008
16
Freshwater Discharge Freshwater Discharge
> 30 meter of water
~ 30 miles off shore16
In Situ Burning
~ 25 to 55 mi off shore
Area of Dispersant
Low Salinity
Coastal/Offshore
1. Did response strategies potentially increase MOSSFA-processes?2. Should oil spill response strategies be re-considered based on our
MOSSFA and Oil Spill Response
17
be re-considered based on our understanding of the sedimentation of oil-associated marine snow?3. Integration into the oil budget
Response toResponse to
Hercules #265Hercules #265
Gas Well ExplosionGas Well Explosion(CARTHE, ECOGIG, CWC,
C-IMAGE, DEEP-C, GISR)
exploded July, 2013multi-Center response by multi-Center response by
GoMRI-funded researchers
Outreach to USGC, BOEM and NOAA
CARTHE’s Drifters
CTD, sediments, fish, methane, microbes
August 25, 2013
CTD, sediments, fish, methane, microbes
• Were deep-sea dispersants effective?
(high pressure/low temperature scenario)
• How did oil get to the bottom?
• How persistent are PAHs and other oil components in the
environment? In biota?
Contributions to the GoMRI Legacy from C-IMAGE…
environment? In biota?
• What are the long-term impacts of the spill on pelagic,
mesotrophic and benthic ecosystems?
• Is society better prepared for future catastrophic
oil spills?• Have we trained the next generation of professionals
capable of interdisciplinary work on these issues?
20Science Coordination in Oil Spill Response for Florida
April 2, 2014
Annual Reprt
2007-2008Thanks! Questions?
Backup Slides
Two Possible Mechanisms of Sedimentary Oil Deposition:
•1-Toxic Bath-Tub Ring:
Plume impinges on the sediment directly, poisoning the benthic ecosystem.
•2-Flocculent Blizzard:
2. Flocculent “Dirty” Blizzard:
Oil w/particles: lithogenic, orgs.
Surfacing Oil Slick and Sheen
Rapid flocculation and sinking of clays, algae and oil particles, C-Org. results in sediment anoxia, as well as poisoning from organic toxins .
Jet Release
Oil-Gas Ratio
Pressure Gradient
Oil Composition
1000-1300m
BOP
1. Toxic Bath-Tub Ring: Plume Impingement
Continental
Slope
Sediments
Understanding the “Blizzard” (MOSSFA)
Phytoplankton Obs.
Nutrients, CTD
Satellite Ocean Color
Re-Analysis, River inputs
Why did it “snow” so much?Fresh water anomaly from
Breton Sound releases?
(nutrient-laden water?)
Oil/Water/Bacteria
Emulsions, lithic
inclusions, CDOM
3-D Flow Models for
NGM/DeSoto CanyonNutrients, CTD
Zooplankton
Spatially-Resolved
N-P-Z-D Models
Oil Particle Distribution & Sinking
Rates
Prediction of Mass Accumulation Rates &
Composition of Layered Sediments
NGM/DeSoto Canyon
So What?
Integrated
sediment &
fish sampling
ug g
-1
020406080100120140160
ug g-1
246810121416182022
ng g-1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
90
0 100 200 300 400 500
napthalene
phenanthrene
benzo[a]pyrene
red snapper
J. Chanton, DEEP-C
Red snapper bile
pyrogenic
2012 Hercules
ug g
-1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Length (cm)
40
50
60
70
80
Hook Number
0 100 200 300 400 500
2012 Hercules
ng g
-1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
napthalenebenzo[a]pyrene
red snapper
P = 0.024
26
Some initial Results
Sampling at Hercules 265
August 25, 2013
2 papers in progress
Sampling Strategy August 25,
2013CTD, methane
508 hooks Long-line haul
Multi-core
R/V Weatherbird II
Florida Institute of Oceanography
@10 nm
Florida Institute of Oceanography
119’ (36 meter)
