Overview of the HOP RAP the three aging Empires the HOP give way to the emerging empires the RAP.

Holy Roman Empire

Religious divisions because of the Reformation and the religious wars.

Ottoman Empire Unable to maintain

possessions in Eastern Europe because of Austria and Russia

Built on Expansion Sultan had absolute

power After 1560 the decline

leads to its gradual disintegration

Suleiman the Magnificent Most powerful world

ruler of the 16th c. Nearly conquered

Austria, captured Belgrade, nearly ½ of eastern Europe belonged to him

Tolerant of religion

Poland

Liberum VETO By 1800 Poland ceased to exist and was

carved up by Russia, Austria and Prussia

W. Absolutism v. E. Absolutism

Limited nobilityStrong Middle ClassNear freedom from

Oppression

Powerful nobilityWeak Middle ClassOppression of

peasantry (serfs)

Serfdom in E. Europe from 1300 Revival of serfdom

to battle bad economy after 1300 (Black death was hard on nobility)

Kings and princes issued laws restricting peasants movements

Confiscation of peasant lands

Monopolized legal system

Robot: non-serf peasants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week

Serfdom 1500-1650 Herediatry serfdom

reinstated by Poland, Russian and Prussia

1574: Poland nobles have complete control over peasants

1694: tsar rescinded 9 year limit on runaway serfs

Growth of estate agriculture in Poland and e. Germany

Food prices increase

Surpluses were sold to foreign merchants to feed west.

Why in East and not West? In the west the Black

Death helped labor Political reasons were

more plausible Nobles had more power

(needed by monarchy) Constant warfare Eastern kings couldn’t

control landlord policies

Peasants were weaker politically

Landlords undermined medieval privileges of towns and urban classes

H: Holy Roman Empire rise of Austria Ruler of Austria was

usually selected as HR Emperor

War of Spanish Succession and Treaty of Utrecht caused the concentration of Hapsburgs in Austria

Includes: Naples, Sardinia, Milan, Belgium (Utrecht), Hungary and Transylvania= Got the last two out of battles with Ottomans.

Austrian Empire: 1657-1718Austrian Empire: 1657-1718

Ineffective rule of HRE causes them to focus inward and eastward to consolidate.

Reorganized Bohemia = Absolutism

Centralized Austria Proper

Serfdom intensifies.

Austria is NOT a national state; very multinational

No single constitution or administration each region has a different legal relationship to Emperor.

Habsburg Family CrestHabsburg Family Crest

Important Hapsburgs. Ferdinand II (1619-

1637)Took control of

Bohemia during 30 years war.

Ferdinand III (1637-1657)Centralized

government in old provinces of Austria proper.

Leopold I 1658-1705 Restricted

Protestant worship. Siege of Vienna

Successfully repelled Turks at gates of Vienna in 1683

Schönbrunn PalaceSchönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn PalaceSchönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn PalaceSchönbrunn Palace

Charles VI: 1711-1740

PRAGMATIC SANCTION

Maria Theresa inherits his empire

Holy Roman Empire: 1750Holy Roman Empire: 1750

Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

P: Prussia the HOHENZOLLERNS Began as just

Brandenburg and was one of the 7 electors.

By 17th c. not really involved with HRE

Marriages give more control in Germany

Princes had little power over the nobility.

Prussian Family CrestPrussian Family Crest

FREDERICK WILLIAM: the Great Elector Strict Calvinist but

tolerant Admired Swedish

system of gov’t and economy

Louis wars and struggle for Baltic cause constant crisis

Invaded by Tartars 1656-57Weakens noble

estates and increase demands for more money and larger army

Refuse to join reps of towns to resist absolute power.

The Great Elector Oversaw militarism

and created most significant army in Europe

Uses Militarism and taxes to unify

Increase military spending through heavy taxes

JunkersDominated

Brandenburg and Prussia

Subjugation of serfs to compensate for loyalty

Encourages industry and trade

King Frederick I aka. Frederick III of Brandenburg

1st “King of Prussia” The Ostentatious

Most popular Wanted to imitate

Louis XIV Encouraged

Education Fought 2 wars with

Louis

Frederick William I“The Soldiers King”

Most important involving Absolutism

Created Militarism “Sparta of the North”

Most efficient Bureaucracy

Junkers remained officers for loyalty

Established 1,000 schools

Frederick II: “The Great” 1740-1786 “Enlightened

Despots” Most powerful and

famous Increased territory at

expense of Austria

Rise of Moscow

Ivan ICooperated with

Mongols Awarded title Great

Prince

Ivan the Great1462-1505United principalitiesFirst ruler of the

independent state.

The First Czar

Ivan IV Became king of Russia in 1533. He was 3 years old.

His mother along with some boyars ruled for him until 1544.

Struggled for power with nobles (boyars)

Rule by TERROR Ivan turns against

boyars in 1560.He thought they had

poisoned his wife (Anastasia).

He kills them and takes their lands.

Beats his pregnant daughter-in-law and then kills his own son.

Kind of went crazy.

“Time of Troubles” Followed the Terrible’s death Ivan’s heir is weak. He was physically and

mentally unable to rule Russia. He dies without an heir. Period of famine, power struggles and war Cossack bands Sweden and Poland conquered Moscow Elect

Rise of the Romanovs

The boyars fight over who will be king.

Elect Ivan’s wife Anastasia’s grandnephew.

Lasts from 1613 to 1917 and the Russian Revolution.

Michael Romanov comes to power in 1613.

The Romanov’s strengthened the government

They also restored order to Russia.

Peter the Great

Becomes czar in 1696.

Begins to reform Russia.

Traveled to Europe to get ideas on how to westernize or modernize Russia.

Russia

Is cut off geographically from Europe.

Culturally isolated and different from the rest of Europe.

Different religions.

They were slavic and had different traditions than the rest of Europe.

They grew beards and wore more drab clothing.

Reforms and Westernization

Brings Orthodox Church under state control

Reduces power of great landowners

Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers.

Brings other Europeans engineers, scientists.

Introduces potatoes Starts first newspaper Raises women’s status Adopts Western

Fashion Advances Education Table of Ranks

St. Petersburg

Peter wants a seaport to make western travel easier.

Great Northern War 1703 begins the

building of the city. Took a long time and

many die of disease.