Overview presentation on the Ranong CCR assessment:
process and summary findings
Atiq Kainan Ahmed Social Scientist, PI-ADPC, US IOTWS
Email: [email protected]
Assessment team: Pam RubinoffParichatt KlongkantAtiq Kainan Ahmed
The CCR System
Resilience Benchmarks & Assessment
• Strengths• Weaknesses• Unknowns
Gaps & Priority
Identification
Resource & Opportunity Evaluation
Phased Action Plan
0
1
2
3
4Governance
Socio-economy
CRM
Land Use
Risk Knowledge
Warning & Evacuation
Response
Recovery
Resilience Scoring
Implementation & Monitoring
Geographical location
The assessment is focused on the Tambon (municipality) of “Kamphuan” of Suksamron Subdistrict in Ranong Province.
Kamphuan is located along Thailand's Andaman Sea in the Province of Ranong about 570 km south of Bangkok, Thailand.
Basic features
• Area coverage: 10,860 hectares and includes 7 villages, five impacted by the Tsunami.
• Population: 4486 in 743 households.
• Livelihoods: predominantly fisheries and agriculture dependent communities. Rest are wage labor, trading or only in agriculture.
• Climate: more than 4,000 mm per year. One of the highest rainfall in Thailand.
• Impact of 2004 tsunami: loss of over 160 human life; over 220 fishing boats (engines and gear); homes, public buildings; coastal infrastructure. Livelihoods devastated.
Kampuan Tambon
Objectives of the “Ranong beta assessment”
1. To carry out a field practicum of the CCR Guidebook (including the framework and the benchmarks) as a tool for the community level assessment.
2. Learn methodological lessons for updating and modifying for the CCR guide and training programs.
3. Develop a template assessment for the future CCR assessment
Methods and
processes
Assessment Methodology
• Establish scope of the assessment• Organize assessment team• Identify organizations, stakeholders
and people • Contact and Schedule interviews,
focus groups and field activities• Train the assessment team in field
research skills and the CCR tools
• Conduct secondary review related to resilience benchmarks
• Conduct interviews and focus groups discussions at the national, provincial and community levels
• Collect/compile secondary field data such as community mapping, GIS, erosion rates, flood heights, slopes…
1. Preparation
2. Data Collection
Assessment Methodology
• Score each resilience benchmark and develop robust score for each element
• Develop conclusions of resiliency, strengths and weaknesses
• Prepare assessment summary and recommendations for increasing resilience
• Communicate results to relevant experts and local professionals/ programs for getting feedbacks.
• Validate and revise draft CCR assessment findings based on feedback from stakeholders
4. Communicating Results
3. Compiling, Analysis & Reporting
Assessment Methodology
• Establish scope of the assessment• Organize assessment team• Identify organizations, stakeholders
and people • Contact and Schedule interviews,
focus groups and field activities• Train the assessment team in field
research skills and the CCR tools
• Conduct secondary review related to resilience benchmarks
• Conduct interviews and focus groups discussions at the national, provincial and community levels
• Collect/compile secondary field data such as community mapping, GIS, erosion rates, flood heights, slopes…
• Score each resilience benchmark and develop robust score for each element
• Develop conclusions of resiliency, strengths and weaknesses
• Prepare assessment summary and recommendations for increasing resilience
• Communicate results to relevant experts and local professionals/ programs for getting feedbacks.
• Validate and revise draft CCR assessment findings based on feedback from stakeholders
1. Preparation
4. Communicating Results
3. Compiling, Analysis & Reporting
2. Data Collection
• Action planning and mainstreaming exercise
5. Leading towards action planning….
@ interviews-1
@ interviews-2
Exploring on the resilience elements
@ community FGDs
Scoring
• Setting up a scoring system that can also involve people into the process with their own senses and own/familiar analogies
• May need multiple sessions to get a robust output on the scoring
• Scorings would give an indication about which end the community belongs on respective elements of resilience (e.g. higher resilience, lower or level?)
0 to 4Absent> Poor> Fare> Good> Very Good
CompilationResilience Element Low Medium High
Governance Socio-economy & Livelihoods Coastal Resource Management Land Use Management & Structures Risk Knowledge Warning & Evacuation Emergency Response Disaster Recovery
D. Objectives for Land Use
Management and Structural Design
Overall score of 65% was given for this Element by Weravut Brawat.
D1 Land use decisions incorporate coastal hazards risk assessment and the protection of sensitive coastal habitats.
• National Land Use Plan was developed every 5 years (2004-2009). There is a land use policy under development as well. National Level policy with decentralization to Province, district and tambon
• At the National Level, there are Departments focused on 1) Building Law, 2) land use plan and 3) Public Works • Provincial level land use plans have not really been developed; Provincial DPT develops the urban plans, and the
District office administers Tessaban Plans • Land use law is difficult to implement since there are people who have different opinions.
D1.1 Land use plans are prepared and updated
• Many levels of plans - 5 year for provincial land use. In the process of making it law (2008), which will not be retroactive.
D1.2 Risks to existing and future development have been evaluated and factored into land use plans.
• Various other plans were developed as a result of various post tsunami activities. After Tsunami in 2005 surveys and assessment were carried out in 6 provinces and have developed a more extensive land use plan that considered the tsunami hazard data and the inundation areas.
D1.3 Community goals and priorities for land use are considered in land use allocation
• Indication that there are more people in the community. That is a worry. The immigrants are coming and impacting money distribution. Migrants can bring families. May raise crime rate.
D1.4 Existing physical structures in coastal areas have been evaluated and their risk of failure known.
D2 Siting, design, and construction of buildings and infrastructure consider risks from coastal hazards and protects sensitive coastal habitats.
• National setback law, established after tsunami, applies in Ranong. New setbacks for land use categories. No construction within 30 meters (22 September 2006). This includes Amphur (Distict) of Suksamron, Kapur, Muang and all islands in Ranong. Shoreline is divided into 3 land use categories: 1) within 50 meters from the shore. No buildings accept residential less than 6 m high and 75 m2; each must be 4 meters apart from each other and 30 meters from shore. Can build dam, port, and drainage systems. 2) between 50-200 meters from the shore: no building higher than 12 meters, no factories unless 100 m2. Commercial use is very limited; buildings greater than 2000m2 in all stories; no market; no mechanic workshop except related to boats; no gas stations; hospital; school; 3) between 200-500 meters: prohibit buildings greater than 16 m high; warehouses; no basement; no change or adjustment with existing building
• Building law department and Public works department administers the Building law. No guideline documents for building, just a big law document.
• If there is a landuse plan, the tambon or amphur will need to approve building type. Building guidelines apply in urban areas that have Master Plan
• Environmental Law Enforcement (Ministry of Natural Resources, 13 April 2006) - addresses sand dunes, beach
Descriptive compilation of
findings by sub-
elements
Compilation of score by elements
Benchmarks by elements
Secondary reviews
Institutional visits & resource
interviews
Compile
and complete
first and then make comprehensive
FGDs
Making synergies and cross linkages
For instance:
• Land use policy is there but implementation is problematic which relates to governance.
Or,
• Warning towers are there but people do not have sufficient trust and knowledge for responses.
Developing a context overview of study area
@ desktop review/agency visits
Governance Socio-economy
and Livelihoods
Coas
tal Re
sourc
e
Manag
emen
t
Landuse & structures
Risk Knowledge
Warning &
evacuation
Resp
onse
Recovery
Community level
Provincial/District level
National level
TAO
TAOProject volunteers, TAO
TAO
NDWCMarine & Coastal Resources, Dept. Dept. of Fisheries
Dept. of Landuse, Ministry of Interior
NDWC
DDPM
Dept. of Agriculture Dept. of Fisheries
Dept. of Agriculture, Dept. of Fisheries, Project
Dept. of Fisheries
Dept. of Landuse
Dept. of Fisheries
Multi layer information collection
Summary results
and findings
Structure of Thai Administration
Source: Department of Local Administration (DOLA), Ministry of Interior (MOI), 2003.
Central Administration Regional Administration Local Administration
Provinces (Changwats) (75)
Districts (Amphoes) (795)
District Branches (King Amphoes) (81)
Sub-districts (Tambons) (7,255)
Villages (Mu Bans) (71,364)
Thai Administration
21 Ministries
Provincial Administrative Organizations (PAOs) (75)
Municipalities (Tesabans) o Nakorn Minicipalities (20) o Muang Municipalities (80) o Tesaban Municipalities (1,029)
27 Independent Organizations
Tambon Administrative Organization (6,742)
Special Municipalities (Bangkok Metropolitan and Pattaya) (2)
Governance
Governance
Plans• Various types of plans available at national level but weak
collaboration, public relations and lack of communication are evident. Collaboration• Differential perceptions existing between TAO and some local people.
Confidence and ‘corruption’ remained critical. • People have a strong concept of “self sufficiency” following the King’s
philosophy.• Gaps in functional collaboration between NGO and Govt. agencies.Services• TAO is taking care of their own mandates - infrastructure
development and maintenance etc. also responsible to implement land use and other policies with administrative services.
Resources• Financial and technical resources are not consistent. • Disaster management has not been incorporated into daily activities at
the Tambon level.
Diverse Programs• In post tsunami situation women have more
options. Household economy is more diverse.• Value added products (dry fish, paste) “One
Tambon One Product” emphasized after tsunami.• Aquaculture is being promoted. GAP (good
aquaculture products) has got popularity.Technical and Financial Resources• Revolving funds (i.e. micro credit) got popular.
Shift in loans from recovery actions to loans for improved quality of life happened.
• Technical assistance helped to build skills• Marketing new products is lacking. Social Networks• Informal and business groups provide relatively
stronger networks for business.• Intra community network are stronger at village
level.
Socio-economy and livelihoods
Institutions• Some important post-tsunami policies put in place:
“Environmental setback law” in 6 provinces. “National CRM Policy” draft being processed recently.
• Lack of integration on policies & programs at various levels. Plans are not translated into community planning efforts.
Habitat Protection• Mangrove awareness.• Awareness of declining fisheries resources.• Promotion of legal fishing gear, but enforcement of illegal
gear is weak. Restoration• Beach reforestation programs are growing. • Large artificial reef is being constructed 20 km offshore
Coastal Resource Management
Plans• National plans, provincial plans, and local master plans exist for land use.• Implementation has been a critical issue at TAO level. Structures• National and Provincial setback and environmental laws passed but not
implemented at the local level other than the urban areas. • Building code is in place, but apparently not practiced much• Basic Infrastructure (road connectivity, water, and electricity) are prominent in the
area. TAO is key to development and maintenance. Monitoring and implementation• Overall agreement that more training is needed to know laws and to better
understand technical aspects for implementation • TAO tends to negotiate and compromise to avoid conflict. May avoid strict
enforcement if it doesn’t create big impact. Enforcement is more responsive than proactive.
Redevelopment• Beginning to consider risks in redevelopment, but it is not systematic
Landuse and structures
Risk Assessment• Various types of spatial maps available (e.g. land use
maps, hazard maps, social maps or risk-resource maps). However, the GIS based inundation maps are not available to all.
• Community has good memories of tsunami damaged areas and landslide prone zones.
Use of information• Risk knowledge used to develop roads and drainage
systems• TAO has started use their risk mapping knowledge on
taking actions such as rebuilding public structures but still have some debates on the site selection.
Risk communication• Lag/gap between “local knowledge” and “scientific
knowledge”. Villagers complementing risk communication with their experiences & observations.
• Have various traditional risk communication modalities such as media, mosque/village speakers, community radio, inter-personal communication etc.
Risk Knowledge
Warnings• Warning equipment in place and connected to national
NDWC• Sign and shelters constructed and widely visible.• Multiple warning towers available but people do not
have full trust’ on towers. Systems disseminate warnings• Warning messages distributed to radio, TV, towers,
loud speakers• People have come up with ideas for alternatives (e.g.
guards)Evacuation• Evacuation plan, map and evacuation route identified• Forecast are monitored by villagers• Villagers still not confident with towers because the
system may malfunction.Outreach• Outreach and education materials are lacking at all
levels.
Warning and Evacuation
Incident Command System/protocols• National level incident command system is there and has
linkages from to Provincial to Amphur (district) Level who coordinates with TAO
• Governor can mobilize military for immediate response. • DDPM has a motto of “one tambon one team” and promotes
CBDRM concept. They do not have any regular activity for any of these two.
Emergency Facilities• Good collaboration with private and volunteer rescuer
foundation. Recent floods demonstrated their ability to mobilize food supplies, health care workers
Drills and training• Desktop drills and simulation exercise, first aid training etc.• Annual drills, coordination with police and hospital• Resource constraints for TAO level trainings
Emergency response
Disaster recovery process• Several agencies noted that now there is better
coordination than pre-tsunami. • Immediate financial assistance provided for families,
followed by occupational recovery and financial/technical assistance for agriculture and fisheries sectors.
• TAO developed list of requests for infrastructure development.
• Various databases of local and Provincial authorities are now growing.
Disaster recovery plans and process (short and long term)• Short term recovery: sectoral focus on housing, fisheries,
agriculture. • Long term recovery: some infrastructural long term agency
plans.• TAO has some long term infrastructure recovery plan for
projects
Recovery
Elements Benchmark issues StatusPlans Collaboration Services
Governance
Resources Diverse Programs Technical and Financial Resources
Socio-economy & Livelihoods
Social Networks Institutions Habitat Protection
Coastal Resource Management
. Restoration
. Landuse plans
. Structures
. Monitoring and implementation
Land use & Structure
. Redevelopment
. Risk Assessment
. Use of information
Risk Knowledge
. Risk communication
. Warnings
. Systems disseminate warnings
. Evacuation
Warning and evacuation
. Outreach
. Incident Command System/protocols
. Emergency Facilities
Emergency response
. Drills and training
. Disaster recovery process Recovery
. Disaster recovery plans and process (short and long term)
Overall scores and action planning priority
012345
governance
Livelihoods
CRM
Landuse
Risk
Warning/Evacuation
Response
Recovery
• “Medium status” on: • Warning and Evacuation• Recovery, and• Socio-economy &
Livelihoods• “Low status” on:
• CRM, • Landuse• Risk Knowledge, and • Governance.
• The overall resilience of the community indicates a “medium” status.
Action planning priority:“Low status elements” require immediate action planning and “medium
status” elements require further improvement and further development with continued monitoring and evaluation for both.
Thanks.
And a reflection from Ranong coastline….
Photo credit: Atiq K. Ahmed, 2006.