This tutorial is divided into four sections with each section containing itrsquos own table of contents
Click on the buttons at the bottom of the screen to access the table of contents for the section Then click on the term that you are interested in reviewing
On many but not all of the term pages an audio file will be executed when the page is displayed To replay the file click on the speaker icon located in the page text area
You will also find several other buttons that will assist in navigating and accessing additional information in this tutorial
Click on one of the buttons below the start your review
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To view this ldquoHow tordquo page
Overview Signs amp Symptoms Diseases amp Disorders Treatments
Neonate Nulligravida Parturition Knowledge Builders
MenopauseMeconiumLochiaFetusEmbryoZygote
Multipara Primipara Nullipara Para Gravida Antepartum
MultigravidaPrimigravidaMenarchePerineumClitorisPerimetrium
Uterus Corpus Fimbriae Vaqina OvumOva Ovary
MyometriumFundusFallopian TubesEndometriumCervixAdnexa
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Collectively the fallopian tubes ovaries and supporting
ligaments are the adnexa(accessory structures) of the
uterus [6]
Adnexa(AN tee PAR tum)
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The lower narrow part of the uterus
Cervix(SER viks)
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The inner vascular layer of the uterus which is the site of embryo implantation and
menses [2]
Endometrium(EHN doh MEE tree um)
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The paired narrow tubes that extend between each ovary and the uterus they are also
known as uterine (YOO ter in) tubes and oviducts (OH vih
ducts) [2]
Fallopian Tubes(fah LOH pee an)
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The rounded upper portion of the uterus
Fundal height measured from the top of the pubic bone is
routinely measured in pregnancy to determine growth
rates [5]
Fundus
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The muscular wall of the uterus
Myometrium(MY oh MEE tree um)
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A hollow organ located in the pelvic cavity that is the site of
embryo implantation support of the fetus and menses [2]
Uterus(YOO ter uss)
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The central body of the uterus that receives the two fallopian
tubes [2]
Corpus
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The finger like ends of the fallopian tubes [2]
Fimbriae
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The tube-shaped organ between the uterus and the vulva also know as the birth
canal which opens to the uterus at the external os an to the
exterior at the vaginal orifice [2]
Vagina(vah JYE nah)
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Oocytes (egg cells) that mature within the ovarian follicles of the
ovaries [2]
Ovum = single egg cellOva = multiple egg cells
OvumOva
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Paired female gonads located in the pelvic cavity which produce estrogens progesterone and ova [2]
Ovary(OH vah ree)
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The outermost layer of the uterus which is composed of connective
tissue [2]
Perimetrium(pair ee MEE tree um)
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A small structure located at the anterior end of the vestibule
where the labia minora meet it includes a glans and internal erectile tissue similar to the
male penis [2]
Clitoris(KLIT oh riss)
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The area between the vulva and the anus [2]
Perineum(pair ih NEE um)
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From both social and medical perspectives it is often considered the central event of female puberty as it
signals the possibility of fertility Timing of menarche is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
especially nutritional status The average age of menarche in the United States is
about 12 years and 5 months [5]
Menarche(men AHR kee)
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A woman who has never been pregnant
Nulligravida(null ih GRAV ih dah)
Source ClipArtcom
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A pregnant woman who has been previously pregnant one or more
times
Multigravida(MULL tee GRAV ih dah)
Source ClipArtcom
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A woman who has given birth to an infant either alive or dead
Multipara(mull TIP ah rah)
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A woman who has given birth to one infant either alive or
dead [2]
Primipara(preem IP ah rah)
Source ClipArtcom
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A woman who has not given birth to an infant either alive or dead [2]
Nullipara(null IP ah rah)
Source ClipArtcom
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A woman who has given birth to an infant either alive or dead [2]
Para(PAIR ah)
Source National Institutes of Health National Institute of Child Health amp Human Development
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A pregnant woman
Gravida(GRAV ih dah)
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A woman in her first pregnancy (primindash means first) Gravida also is used
to designate a pregnant woman often followed by a number to indicate the
number of pregnancies [6]
Therefore the history of a woman who has had two pregnancies (both of which resulted in live births) would be noted as G2P2 A woman who had
4 pregnancies one of which was miscarried is noted as G4P3A1
Primigravida(preem ih GRAV ih dah)
Source ClipArtcom
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Occurring before childbirth
Antepartum testing consists of a variety of tests performed late in
pregnancy to verify fetal well-being as judged by the babys heart rate and
other characteristics Antepartum tests include the nonstress test (NST)
biophysical profile and contraction stress test (CST) [14]
Antepartum(AN tee PAR tum)
Source wwwtateorguk
Overview Signs amp Symptoms Diseases amp Disorders Treatments
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The cell resulting from the union of a male sperm with a
female ovum [2]
Zygote(ZIGH goht)
Source Merck Manual of Medical Information Home Edition
Web Resource
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The developing human from the second day after conception until
the eighth week [2]
The picture to the left shows the formation of the chorionic sac Within the sac the embryo its amniotic sac and yolk sacs are
suspended by the connecting stalk
Embryo(EM bree oh)
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The developing human from the eighth week after conception to
the moment of birth [2]
As the 85 week drawing at left displays the embryo now
resembles a human
Fetus(FEE tuss)
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Vaginal discharge that normally follows childbirth [2]
Lochia(LOH kee ah)
Source Soothae httpouvxzcom
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The first stool of a newborn which is usually a greenish-black
semisolid [2]
Meconium(meh KOH nee um)
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The period between birth and 28 days of life Abbreviated NB (for
newborn) [2]
Neonate(NEE oh nayt)
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The event of childbirth categorized in 3 stages of labor The first stage accomplishes the shortening and then the dilation of the cervix It is deemed to have started when the cervix is 3 cm long and ends with full dilation Contractions begin in the first stage of labor although they may be irregular and sporadic at first The second stage often called the pushing stage starts when the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the expulsion of the fetus In the third stage the placenta detaches from the
uterine wall and is expelled through the birth canal [5]
Parturition(par too RISH un)
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The permanent cessation of menses This is a natural
biological process not a medical illness Even so the physical and
emotional symptoms of menopause can disrupt sleep sap
energy and mdash at least indirectly mdash trigger feelings of sadness and
loss [15]
Menopause(MEN oh pawz)
bull The Ovarian amp Uterine Cycles ndash animation developed by SinauerAssociates
bull Conception to Birth ndash based on the book ldquofrom Conception to Birthrdquo this website showcases some of the images of the developing embryo and fetus through the nine months of pregnancy
bull The Menstrual Cycle ndash interactive developed by MSNBCbull Vaginal Birth Tutorial ndash developed by the National Library of
Medicine
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Tutorials
Learn More
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Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Dystocia Gynecomastia Hydrosalpinx
HyperemesisGravidarum Hypermastia Hypomastia Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia
Metrorrhagia Oligomenorrhea Polyhydramnios
Absence of menstrual discharge Also called menostasis (men oh STAY siss) [2]
Primary amenorrhea is the absence of the menstrual period by the age of 16
Treatment of amenorrhea may range from hormonal supplementation for
developmental abnormalities of the reproductive system to surgery for tumors
of the pituitary [3]
(ah MEN oh REE ah)
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Primary dysmenorrhea is a normal cramping of the lower abdomen caused
by hormone-induced uterine contractions before the period Secondary
dysmenorrhea may be caused by abnormal conditions such as
endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease Unless one of these potentially
serious conditions is present the treatment for painful periods is pain
relief [13]
(DISS men oh REE ah)
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An abnormal or difficult birth or labor Dystocia may arise due to incoordinate
uterine activity abnormal fetal lie or presentation or absolute or relative
cephalopelvic disproportion [5]
The drawing to the right demonstrates the McRoberts maneuver for releiving
shoulder dystocia
(diss TOH see ah)
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Enlargement of one or both breasts in a male It often occurs with
puberty or aging or the condition can be drug related [6]
The image to the right shows an obese teenage male with
Gynecomastia
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Source Wikimedia Commons
Water accumulation in a fallopian tube
(HIGH droh SAL pinks)
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Severe nausea and emesis (vomiting) during pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in
the mother and fetus [2]
(HIGH per EM eh siss grav ih DAR ah)
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Excessive enlargement of mammary glands [11]
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Abnormal smallness of the female breasts underdevelopment of the female mammary-glands usually
resulting from low levels of estrogenic hormones [11]
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Irregular or excessive bleeding between menstrual periods It can
occur due to any of several causes including hormonal
imbalance endometriosis uterine fibroids or cancer It can lead to
anemia in long-standing cases[5]
(MEN oh METT roh RAY jee ah)
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Abnormally heavy or long menstrual periods Fibroids are a leading cause of this condition [6]
The image to the right notes locations of uterine fibroids
(leiomyomas)
(men oh RAY jee ah)
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Bleeding from the uterus at any time other than during normal
menstruation [2]
Possible causes include ectopic pregnancy cervical polyps and ovarian and uterine tumors [6]
(METT roh RAY jee ah)
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Source AllRefercom
Abnormally reduced discharge during menstruation [2]
(ALL ih goh men oh REE ah)
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Excessive amniotic fluid
Polyhydramnios may occur when a fetus cannot swallow a normal
amount of amniotic fluid due to a gastrointestinal neurological or
other problem
(PALL ee high DRAM nee ohs)
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CervicitisCervical
Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Cervical Effacement
CephalopelvicDisproportion
AbruptioPlacentaeAbortion
Dyspareunia Eclampsia Ectopic Pregnancy Endometriosis Endometritis Erythroblastosis
Fetalis
Placenta PreviaMicrocephalyMastitisMacrosomiaHysterorrhexisFistula
Preeclampsia Prolapsed Uterus Salpingitis Vaginitis
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Termination of pregnancy by expulsion of the embryo or fetus
from the uterus A natural expulsion is also called a miscarriage or
spontaneous abortion (SAB) and an abortion induced by surgery or drugs is called a therapeutic
abortion (TAB) [2]
Abortion(ah BOR shun)
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Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
resulting in either premature birth or fetal death [2]
Abruptio Placentae(ah BRUP shee oh plah SEN tee)
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Cephalopelvic Disproportion (CPD) is when a babies head or body is too
large to fit through the motherrsquos pelvis It is believed that true CPD is rare but
many cases of ldquofailure to progressrdquo during labor is given a diagnosis of
CPD When an accurate diagnosis of CPD has been made the safest type of
delivery for mother and baby is a cesarean delivery [12]
CephalopelvicDisproportion
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Progressive obliteration of the cervical canal during labor
Cervical Effacement(SER vih kal ee FAYS ment)
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Sou
rce
Uni
vers
ity o
f Uta
h M
edic
al L
ibra
ry
Abnormal but precancerous lesions
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
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Inflammation of the cervix
Cervicitis(SER vih SIGH tiss)
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Difficult or painful sexual intercourse
Dyspareunia(DISS pah ROO nee ah)
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A condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma
during pregnancy which may follow preeclampsia [2]
Eclampsia(eh KLAMP see ah)
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Source D
epartment of H
ealth amp H
uman S
ervices
A pregnancy occurring outside of the uterus
An ectopic pregnancy may occur in any of the locations shown in the image to
the left Interstitial pregnancy is the most common with implantation
occurring near the union of a fallopian tube and uterus [2]
Ectopic Pregnancy(ek TOP ik PREG nan see)
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An abnormal condition of the endometrium (of the uterus) in
which endometrial tissue grows in various locations in the pelvic cavity
including on the fallopian tubes uterus and ovaries [2]
Endometriosis(EHN doh mee tree OH siss)
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Inflammation of the endometrium (of the uterus)
Endometritis(EHN doh meh TRY tiss)
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