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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
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Internal
OWA200004WCDMA Radio Resource
Management
ISSUE 1.0
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RRM
Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
Chapter 3 Power Control
Chapter 4 Mobility Management
Chapter 5 Load Control
Chapter 6 AMR Mode Control
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Introduction to RRM
RRM: Radio Resource Management
RRM is responsible for supplying optimum coverage, offering
the maximum planned capacity, guaranteeing the required
quality of service (QoS) and ensuring efficient use of physical
and transport resources.
Power is the ultimate radio resource. The best way to utilize
the radio resource is to control the power consumption strictly.
Increasing the transmission power of a certain user can
improve his QoS.
However, due to the self-interference, the increasing would
result in more interference on other users and consequently
reduce the receiving QoS.
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RRM Algorithms in the Call Flow (1)
CN
RNC
Iu
RAB ASSIGNMENTQoS)
QoS mapping
Admission control
Request ofcode resource
Configurationof access layer
Channel configuration--fundamental
channel configuration
Load control
--access control
Channel configuration--code resourcemanagement
Load control--load balance
Required QoS
Required Resource
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RRM Algorithms in the Call Flow(2)
Channel setup andcall initiated
Power control
Change ofservice rate
Handover
Call end
Resource release
End
Power controlclose loop
Power controlopen loop
Channel configuration--DCCC AMRC
Mobility management
Channel configuration--code resource management
Load control--load balance
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Classification of RRM
Based on the different objects, RRM is classified as:
Connection oriented RRM, which guarantees QoS of connection
and minimizes the radio resource allocated for the connection.
Channel configuration, power control, handover
A dedicated entity is created to manage the resource
configuration for each connection.
Cell oriented RRM, which maximizes users in cells and thus
increases system capacity while guaranteeing cell stability.
Code resource management, load controlA dedicated entity is created for each cell to manage its
resource.
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Procedure of RRM
Fundamental procedure of radio resource management
Measurement control
measurementUE, NodeB, RNC
Measurement report
Decision
The implementation of resource control
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RRM
Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
Chapter 3 Power Control
Chapter 4 Mobility Management
Chapter 5 Load Control
Chapter 6 AMR Mode Control
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Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
2.1 Fundamental channel configuration
2.2 Dynamic channel configuration
2.3 Code resource management
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Fundamental Channel Configuration
Fundamental channel configuration is to map the RAB QoS features
requested by CN into the corresponding parameters and configurationmode on each AS layer
QoS requested by CN
Traffic Classes
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Rate demand
Quality demandBLER
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QoS Mapping
DPDCH DPCCH
RAB
RB RB
DTCH DTCHDCCH
TrCHTrCHTrCH
CCTrCH
RLCentity
Mac-d Mac-c
Coding&RM&Mux
RadioBearers
RLCSublayer
Logical Channel
MACSublayer
Chansport Chanl
Physical Layr
DTCH
RB
Coding&RM&Mux
TrCH
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RB and RLC Parameter Configuration
RB parameters
RB number
RLC parametersDifferent RLC transfer modes
transparent mode
Unacknowledged mode
Acknowledged modeDifferent logic channel parameters
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MAC Parameter Configuration
MAC parameters
The mapping/multiplexing relation between logic channel
and transport channel
Different types and parameters of transport channel Dedicated channel
Common channel
Different configurations of MAC entity
MAC-d/MAC-c
Priority configuration of MAC sub layer
TFCS configuration
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PHY Parameter Configuration
PHY parameters
Mapping relation from transport channel to physical channel
Coding scheme
Convolutional
Turbo
Non
Interleaving length
Rate matching attribute
Spreading factor SF
Power offset
Other physical channel parameters, e.g., diversity mode, etc.
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Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
2.1 Fundamental channel configuration
2.2 Dynamic channel configuration
2.3 Code resource management
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BE Service
DCCC: Dynamic Channel Configuration Control
Object of DCCC: Best Effort (BE) service
Features of BE service
rate of service source changes largely
Less demand on time delay
More demand on bit error rate
RLC uses acknowledged mode, thus all data should be buffered inRLC Buffer.
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Dynamic Channel Configuration
MAC-d
DL Transport
Channel TrafficVolume
Threshold
Configuration in L2
RLC
Signalingbearer
DCH1
RLC
TFC Select
DCH2
ChannelSwitching
DCCH DTCH
Objective of DCCC
Meet bandwidth requirement of
users to the greatest degree
Make best use of resource on air
interface
Meet the fluctuant requirement for
data rate
Save downlink channel code (OVSF
code) resource
Achieve bandwidth on demand
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Decision of DCCC
Decision of DCCC
Measurement report on traffic volume of RLC Buffer
Decide whether to change the bandwidth used by UE
dynamically based on the measurement result.
Consider whether there is limitation on air interface during
the decision of reconfiguration. This is done by measuring
the transmitting power of UE in both downlink and uplink.
The uplink & downlink DCCC decisions are the same, but areexecuted respectively.
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Implementation of DCCC
Implementation of DCCC
RB reconfiguration/ transport channel reconfiguration
Cell-FACH-->Cell-DCH Cell-DCH-->Cell-DCH, include
reduction/increment of bandwidth
Cell-DCH-->Cell-FACH
DCCC also restricts the selection of TF at MAC layerbased on the request of congestion control.
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Effect of DCCC Bandwidth Allocation on Demand
System capacity
Traditional channel
configuration
Rate of service source
DCCC
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Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
2.1 Fundamental channel configuration
2.2 Dynamic channel configuration
2.3 Code resource management
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OVSF
OVSF code tree
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
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C(8,0)
C(8,1)
(,
(,
(,
(,
C(4,0)
C(8,0)
C(8,1)
(,
(,
(,
(,
C(8,0)
C(8,1)
(,
(,(,
(,
C(4,0) Higher usage
Usage of Code Resource
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C(8,0)
C(8,1)
(,
(,
(,
(,
C(4,0)
C(8,0)
C(8,1)
(,
(,
(,
(,
C(8,0)
C(8,1)
C(4,0)
C(8,0)
C(8,1)
single code channel transmission
multiple code channel transmission
Complexity Requirement of Code
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OVSF code allocation
Principles of code allocation
Increase the usage of code
Reduce the complexity of code allocation scheme
Increase system capacity
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RRM
Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
Chapter 3 Power Control
Chapter 4 Mobility Management
Chapter 5 Load Control
Chapter 6 AMR Mode Control
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Near-far effect in CDMA
A B
P()
P()
P()
P()
Receivedpower fromuser A
P()
Despreading
Transmissionpower of user A
Received powerby NodeB
The user A can communicatesuccessfully
Received
power fromuser B
Transmissionpower of user B
The user B is submergedbecause of strong interference
from user A
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Classification of Power Control
Power Control
Uplink power control
Open loop power control
Inner loop power control
Outer loop power control
Downlink power control
Open loop power control
Inner loop power control
Outer loop power control
Compared with open loop
power control, inner loopand outer loop powercontrol are called closedloop power control
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Open Loop Power Control for DPCH
Accurately calculate initial
transmitting power of inner
loop needed to lessen the
time of convergence
Reduce the impact on
system load
Convergence of innerloop power control
time
power
time
power
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NodeB UERACH
BCH: CPICH channel powerUL interference level
Open-loop power control is
used to decide the initial powerof PRACH preamble accordingto the path loss.
The path loss is figured outaccording to the CPICHtransmission power andreceived power.
Open Loop Power Control for PRACH
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Uplink Close Loop Power Control
NodeB UE
Transmit TPC
Measure&compare
SIR of received signal
Inner loop
Set SIRtar
Traffic data withsteady BLER can
be acquired
Measure BLER oftransport channel
Outer loop
RNC
Measure&compare BLERof received data
Set BLERtar
10-100Hz
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BLER--SIR
The aim of the outer-loop PC algorithm is to maintain the quality of the
connection at the level defined by the quality requirements of the
bearer severce.
According to principles of wireless communication, BLER may change
with the wireless environment under fixed SIR.
BLER
SIR
BLER
Different curvescorrespond withdifferent multi-path
environment.
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Downlink Power Control
NodeB
Set SIRtar
Transmit TPC
Measure and compare SIR
Measure and compare BLER
Outerloop
Inner loop UE physical layer
UE Layer 3
Downlink inner loop and outer loop power control
10-100Hz1500Hz
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RRM
Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
Chapter 3 Power Control
Chapter 4 Mobility Management
Chapter 5 Load Control
Chapter 6 AMR Mode Control
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UE Working Modes and states
The UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data transfer, a
signalling connection has to be established
UE camps on a cell
It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN
UE can receive "paging" message from control channels of the cell.
It enables the UE to receive cell broadcast services.
Idle Mode
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UE Working Modes and states
In active state
Communicating via its dedicated channels
UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.
Cell-DCH
Cell-FACH
In active state
Few data to be transmitted both in uplink and in downlink. There is
no need to allocate dedicated channel for this UE. Downlink uses FACH and uplink uses RACH.
UE need to monitor the FACH for its relative information.
UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.
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UE Working Modes and states
No data to be transmitted or received.
Monitor PICH, to receive its paging.
lower the power consumption of UE.
UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.
UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roamsto another cell
Cell-PCH
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UE Working Modes and states
No data to be transmitted or received.
Monitor PICH.
UTRAN only knows which URA (UTRAN Registration Area,
which consists of multiple cells) that UE is in.
UTRAN update UE information only after UE has roamed to
other URA.
A better way to lower the resource occupancy and signaling
transmission
URA-PCH
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Classification of Handover
Hard handover
Soft handover
Intra-frequency
hard handover
Inter-frequency
hard handover
Inter-system
handover Softer handover
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Soft Handover
Features of soft handover
Seamless handover with no disconnection of the radio access bearer.
To enable a sufficient reception level for maintaining communications by
combining the received signal at symbol level from multiple cells in case
the UE moves to the cell boundary areas.
The macro diversity gain achieved by combining the received signal in the
NODEB (softer handover) or in the RNC (SHO) improves the uplink signal
quality and thus decrease the required transmission power of the UE.
UE move
Target BSSource BS
time
Data UE
received/ sentN o GAP of communication
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Softer Handover
For soft handover, the combination of multiple RL uses
maximum ratio combination (RAKE combination) in downlink
and selection combination in uplink.
When the two cells in soft handover belong to the same NodeB,maximum ratio combination could be used in uplink. In this
case the handover is softer handover.
Softer handover has higher priority in handover schemes
because maximum ratio combination has larger gain than
selection combination.
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Soft Handover Measurement
Active set
Including all cells currently participating in a SHO
connection of a terminal.
Neighbor Set/Monitored Set
This set includes all cells being continuously
monitored/measured by the UE and which are not currently
included in the active set.
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Soft Handover Measurement
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Power Control in Soft Handover (SSDT)
In conventionaldownlink powercontrolalgorithm,all basestationstransmit signalto UE
UE choosesthe cell withthe smallestpath loss and
the best signalto transmitDPDCH
SSDT: Site Selection Diversity Transmit
All cells in active set transmit DPCCH in downlink. The cell transmitting
DPDCH is chosen by UE per 10ms or a longer period of time.
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Hard Handover
Features of hard handover:
HHO causes a temporary disconnection for RT radio
access bearer and is lossless for NRT bearers.
The UE must either be equipped with a second receiver or
support compressed mode to execute inter-system/inter-
system measurement.
UE move
Target BSSource BS
time
Data UEreceived/sent
GAP of communication
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Application of Hard Handover in 3G
Intra-frequency hard handover
When inter-RNC SHO cant be executed or is not allowed.
Inter-frequency hard handover
Needed in certain areas due to network planning
Load balance between frequencies
Inter-system handover
2G-3G smooth evolutionThe finite coverage range of initial phase of 3G
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Introduction of Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Intra-frequency neighbors can be measured simultaneously
with normal transmission by UE using a RAKE receiver.
Inter-frequency or inter-system neighbors measurements
require the UE measuring on a different frequency, this has
either to be done with multiple receivers in the UE or in the
compressed mode.
CM is to stop the normal transmission and reception for acertain period of time, enable the UE to measure on the
other frequency.
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Compressed Mode
Objective of compressed mode: for UE to realize measurement and
synchronization to target cell when inter-frequency handover andinter-system handover is required.
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Classification of Compressed Mode
Downlink compressed mode
To create time for UEs measurement and synchronization.
3 optional schemes -- SF/2, rate matching/puncturing,
higher layer scheduling
Uplink compressed mode
To avoid the interference on its own downlink measurement
and synchronization when UE is measuring certain target
cells.
Whether compressed mode is needed is determined byUEs capacity.
2 optional schemes -- SF/2, higher layer scheduling.
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Features of Compressed Mode
Features of compressed mode
All parameters of compressed mode are configured by UTRAN.
The usage of compressed mode would reduce the system
performance.
Complex algorithm is needed to decide when to enter compressedmode.
Complex algorithm is needed to decide what parameters areneeded in the compressed mode.
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SRNS Relocation
Advantage of SRNS relocation
Reducing data flow on Iur interface
Improving the systems adaptability.
Reducing the time delay
Problem of SRNS Relocation: a large amount of signaling is
needed to interact.
CN
SRNS DRNS
CN
RNS SRNS
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RRM
Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
Chapter 3 Power Control
Chapter 4 Mobility Management
Chapter 5 Load Control
Chapter 6 AMR Mode Control
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Classification of Load Control
Technical classification of load control:
Call Admission Control
Load balance between cells
Congestion control
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Admission Control (AC)
AC is used to decide whether a new RAB is admitted
or a current RAB can be modified.
Admission control is done in uplink and downlinkseparately.
The strategy is that a new bearer is admitted only if
the total load after admittance stays below the
threshold defined by RNP.
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Load Balance
Load balance between cells
Load balance between intra-frequency cells
Cell breathing
Load balance between inter-frequency cells
Inter-frequency load balance
Potential user control
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Cell Breathing
CRNC
The objective of loadThe objective of load
banlance is to share thebanlance is to share theload of some "hot" cellsload of some "hot" cells
in surrounding cells within surrounding cells with
low load, thus tolow load, thus to
increase the usage ofincrease the usage of
system capacity.system capacity.
cell breathing
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Potential User Control
Potential user control
To avoid the load imbalance effectively when UE enters
DCH state by making UE in idle mode or non-DCH
connected mode camp in cells with low load in advance
To achieve the objective by changing the cell selection and
re-selection parameters dynamically
Potential user control is done by using system message
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Congestion Control
The measures to make full use of system resource admission
control, load balance between cells, packet scheduling are not
enough to guarantee the absolute stabilization, hence congestion
control technology must be introduced.
Objective of congestion control
To ensure the system load is below the absolutely steady
threshold.
Methods of congestion control
Temporarily reducing the QoS of traffic with low priority
Temporarily reducing the QoS of CS traffic in some extreme
conditions
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RRM
Chapter 2 Channel Configuration
Chapter 3 Power Control
Chapter 4 Mobility Management
Chapter 5 Load Control
Chapter 6 AMR Mode Control
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AMR Coding
WCDMA system uses Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speechcode, which is linear prediction coding.
Rateno.
Sub-flow 1block size
bit
Sub-flow 2block size
bit
Sub-flow 3block size
bit
Combinationblock size
bit
rate
kbps
0 0 0 0 0 No data1 39 0 0 39 SID2 42 53 0 95 4.753 49 54 0 103 5.154 55 63 0 118 5.95 58 76 0 134 6.76 61 87 0 148 7.47 75 84 0 159 7.958 65 99 40 204 10.29 81 103 60 244 12.2
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MOS--CIR
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AMR Speech
Features of AMR speech:
At a certain load level (which corresponds with SIR of UE),
the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) the users experience does
not increase linearly with the speech rate which UE uses.
That is, at a certain load level, the most appropriate AMRspeech rate used to acquire the highest MOS does not
refer to the highest rate, but an appropriate middle rate.
The limitation of UEs maximum transmitting power restricts
the coverage of uplink AMR speech. To increase the uplink
coverage of AMR speech, uplink rate should be reduced
without worsening the UEs speech quality.
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AMR Mode Control
Hence, AMR mode control is to weigh the load level, and:
Reduce AMR speech rate on heavy load condition,
thus reduce the system load and improve speech
quality relatively.
Increase AMR speech rate on light load condition, thus
improve QoS.
The AMR speech mode control can be done every 20ms!
Reducing of AMR speech rate can widen the uplinkcoverage effectively.
8/4/2019 OWA200004 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.0
64/64
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Thank You