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Lifting the Veil on Oxford House Research Christopher Beasley DePaul University
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Lifting the Veil on Oxford House Research
Christopher Beasley
DePaul University
Overview• Dissertation Study
– Fit with OH & 12-step groups
• Process– Generating Ideas– Proposing Ideas– Collecting Information– Making Sense of Numbers
• Current Status
Mutual-Help Mechanisms• Helping behaviors
– Individual outcomes15,16,17,18
– Organization outcomes19,20
– All volunteer and sustained through helping21,22
• Little mutual-help literature– Other perspectives
Hints from the Workplace• Satisfaction and commitment related to
citizenship behavior23,24,25,26,27,28
• Fit related to citizenship behavior29,30
• Through satisfaction and commitment31
• Ways of fitting32,33
– Similar values– Needs met by workplace– Ability to meet demands of the workplace– Identifying with other members
Educated Guess 1
Value Congruence
Demands- Abilities
Interpersonal Similarity
Needs- Supplies
Satisfaction
CommitmentCitizenship Behavior
Educated Guess 2
Value Congruence
Commitment
Educated Guess 3
Satisfaction
Commitment
Educated Guess 4
Needs- Supplies
Satisfaction
Educated Guess 3
Needs- Supplies
Satisfaction
Commitment
Educated Guess 5
Interpersonal Similarity
Satisfaction
Commitment
Educated Guess 6
Satisfaction
CommitmentCitizenship Behavior
Educated Guess 7
Value Congruence
CommitmentCitizenship Behavior
Educated Guess 8
Interpersonal Similarity
Satisfaction
CommitmentCitizenship Behavior
Less Educated Guess 1
Demands- Abilities
Commitment
Less Educated Guess 2
Demands- Abilities
CommitmentCitizenship Behavior
Less Educated Guess 3
Needs- Supplies
Satisfaction
CommitmentCitizenship Behavior
Proposing Ideas• Speak with other researchers• Speak with Oxford House recruiters• Group meeting with other researchers and
Oxford House recruiters• Find funding for the study
Collecting Information• Randomly select houses• Call outreach workers• Call houses• Mail questionnaires• Remind houses w/ calls and postcards• Pay participants
– 330 Oxford House residents
Examining the Numbers• Enter answers into a database• Computer software used to look at differences
and relationships • Statistical experts help us understand the
numbers• Meet individually and as a group
– Other researchers and Oxford House recruiters
• Write up the results• Present at conferences
Status• Still receiving questionnaires
– Need 60 more
• Expect to be totally done next summer– 2½ year process
References1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2009 National
Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Allied Studies.
2. Craig, R. J. (2004). Counseling the alcohol and drug dependent client: A practical approach. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
3. Inaba, D.S., Cohen, W.E., & Holstein, M. E. (1997). Uppers, downers, all arounders (3rd ed.). Ashland, OR: CNS Publications, Inc.
4. Kinney, J. (2006). Loosening the grip: A handbook of alcohol information (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill
5. Office of National Drug Control Policy (2004). The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992-2002. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President (Publication No. 207303). Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/economic_costs.pdf.
6. Harwood, H. (2000). Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: Estimates, update methods and data. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD.
7. Dutra, L., Stathopoulou, G., Basden, S. L., Leyro, T. M., Powers, M. B., Otto, M. W. (2008). A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(2), 179-187.
8. Jason, L.A., Davis, M.I., Ferrari, J.R., & Bishop, P.D. (2001). Oxford House: A review of research and implications for substance abuse recovery and community research. Journal of Drug Education, 31, 1-27.
9. Oxford House. (2008). Oxford House manual: An idea based on a sound system for recovering alcoholics and addicts to help themselves. Silver Spring, MD: Oxford House, Inc.
10. Jason, L.A., Davis, M.I., Ferrari, J.R. & Anderson, E. (2007). The need for substance abuse after-care: Longitudinal analysis of Oxford House, Addictive Behaviors, 32, 803-818.
11. Jason, L.A., Olson, B.D., Ferrari, J.R., & Lo Sasso, A.T. (2006). Communal housing settings enhance substance abuse recovery. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1727-1729. PMCID: PMC1586125
12. Jason, L.A., Davis, M.I., Ferrari, J.R. & Anderson, E. (2007). The need for substance abuse after-care: Longitudinal analysis of Oxford House, Addictive Behaviors, 32, 803-818.
13. Jason, L.A., Olson, B.D., Ferrari, J.R., & Lo Sasso, A.T. (2006). Communal housing settings enhance substance abuse recovery. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1727-1729. PMCID: PMC1586125
14. Beasley, C. R., Jason, L. A., Miller, S. A., Stevens, E., & Ferrari, J. R. (2012). Person-Environment Interactions among Residents of Oxford House Recovery Homes. Manuscript under review.
15. Crape B. L., Latkin C. A., Laris A. S., Knowlton A. R. (2002). The effects of sponsorship in 12-step treatment of injection drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 65, 291-301.
16. Magura, S., Laudet, A. B., Mahmood, D., Rosenblum, A., Vogel, H. S., Knight, E. L. (2003). Role of self-help processes in achieving abstinence among dually diagnosed persons. Addictive Behavior; 28, 399-413.
17. Pagano, M. E., Friend, K. B., Tonigan, J. S., Stout R. L. (2004). Helping other alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous and drinking outcomes: findings from Project MATCH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol; 65, 766-773.
18. Zemore, S. E., Kaskutas, L. A., & Ammon, L. N. (2004). In 12-step groups, helping helps the helper. Addiction, 99(8), 1015-1023.
19. King, K., Stewart, D., King, S., & Law, M. (2000). Organizational characteristics and Issues affecting the longevity of self-help groups for parents of children with special needs. Qualitative Health Research, 10(2), 225-241.
20. Wituk, S. A., Shepherd, M. D., Warren, M., Meissen, G. (2002). Factors contributing to the survival of self-help groups. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(3), 349-366..
21. McCrady, B. S. & Miller, W. R. (1993). (Eds.) Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and alternatives. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.
22. Olson, B. D., Viola, J. J., Jason, L. A., Davis, M. I., Ferrari, J. R., & Rabin- Belyaev, O. (2006). Economic costs of Oxford House inpatient treatment and incarceration: A preliminary report. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 31, 63-74.
23. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. LePine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 52-65.
25. Organ, D. W. & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775-802.
26. Schappe, S.P. (1998).The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and fairness perception on organizational citizenship behaviors. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 277–90.
27. Whitman, D. S., Rooy, D. L. V. & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Satisfaction, Citizenship Behaviors, and Performance in Work Units: A Meta-Analysis of Collective Construct Relations. Personnel Psychology, 63, 42 – 81.
28. Zeinabadi, H. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of teachers. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 998-1003.
29. Hoffman, B. J., & Woehr, D. J. 2006. A quantitative review of the relationship between person-organization fit and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 389-399.
30. Verquer, M. L., Beehr, T. A., & Wagner, S.H. (2003). A meta-analysis of relations between person-organization fit and work attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 473-489.
31. Peng, J-C, & Chiu, S-F (2010). An integrative model linking feedback environment and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(6), 582-607.
32. Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 333-349.
33. Beasley, C. R., Jason, L. A., & Miller, S. A. (2011). The General Environment Fit Scale: A Factor Analysis and Test of Convergent Construct Validity. Manuscript submitted for review.
34. Cable, D. M., & DeRue, D. S. (2002). The convergent and discriminant validity of subjective fit perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 875-884.
35. Box, W.R., Odom, R.Y. & Dunn, M.G. (1991). Organizational values and value congruency and their impact on satisfaction, commitment, and cohesion: An empirical examination within the public sector. Public Personnel Management, 20, 195-205.
36. Hinkle, R. K. & Namok, C. (2009). Measuring person-environment fit: A further validation of the perceived fit scale. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17(3), 324-328.
37. Resick, C.J., Baltes, B.B., & Shantz, C.A. (2007). Person-organization fit and work-related attitudes and decisions: Examining interactive effects with job fit and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1446-1455.
38. Greguras, G. J. & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 465-477.
39. Ostroff, C., Shin, Y., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Multiple perspectives of congruence: Relationships between value congruence and employee attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 591-623.
40. Edwards, J. R. (2007). Person-environment fit in organizations: An assessment of theoretical progress. The Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 167-230.
41. Shin, Y. & Choi, J. N. (2010). What makes a group of good citizens? The role of perceived group-level fit and critical psychological states in organizational teams. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 531-552.
42. Van Dick, R., Van Knippenberg, D., Kerschreiter, R., Hertel, G., & Wieseke, J. (2008). Interactive effects of work group and organizational identitification on job satisfaction and extra-role behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 388-399.
43. Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and Emergency Intervention: How Social Group Membership and Inclusiveness of Group Boundaries Shapes Helping Behavior Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 443-453.
44. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: Ingroup identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617-626.
45. Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, G. D., & Klesh, J. R. (1983). Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of organizational members. In S. E. Seashore, E. E. Lawler, P. H. Mirvis, & C. Cammann (Eds.), Assessing Organizational Change (pp. 71-138). New York: Wiley
46. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
47. Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice-extra role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119.
48. Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125.?
References1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2010). Results from the 2009 National
Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Office of Allied Studies.
2. Craig, R. J. (2004). Counseling the alcohol and drug dependent client: A practical approach. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.
3. Inaba, D.S., Cohen, W.E., & Holstein, M. E. (1997). Uppers, downers, all arounders (3rd ed.). Ashland, OR: CNS Publications, Inc.
4. Kinney, J. (2006). Loosening the grip: A handbook of alcohol information (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill
5. Office of National Drug Control Policy (2004). The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992-2002. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President (Publication No. 207303). Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/economic_costs.pdf.
6. Harwood, H. (2000). Updating estimates of the economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: Estimates, update methods and data. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD.
7. Dutra, L., Stathopoulou, G., Basden, S. L., Leyro, T. M., Powers, M. B., Otto, M. W. (2008). A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(2), 179-187.
8. Jason, L.A., Davis, M.I., Ferrari, J.R., & Bishop, P.D. (2001). Oxford House: A review of research and implications for substance abuse recovery and community research. Journal of Drug Education, 31, 1-27.
9. Oxford House. (2008). Oxford House manual: An idea based on a sound system for recovering alcoholics and addicts to help themselves. Silver Spring, MD: Oxford House, Inc.
10. Jason, L.A., Davis, M.I., Ferrari, J.R. & Anderson, E. (2007). The need for substance abuse after-care: Longitudinal analysis of Oxford House, Addictive Behaviors, 32, 803-818.
11. Jason, L.A., Olson, B.D., Ferrari, J.R., & Lo Sasso, A.T. (2006). Communal housing settings enhance substance abuse recovery. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1727-1729. PMCID: PMC1586125
12. Jason, L.A., Davis, M.I., Ferrari, J.R. & Anderson, E. (2007). The need for substance abuse after-care: Longitudinal analysis of Oxford House, Addictive Behaviors, 32, 803-818.
13. Jason, L.A., Olson, B.D., Ferrari, J.R., & Lo Sasso, A.T. (2006). Communal housing settings enhance substance abuse recovery. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1727-1729. PMCID: PMC1586125
14. Beasley, C. R., Jason, L. A., Miller, S. A., Stevens, E., & Ferrari, J. R. (2012). Person-Environment Interactions among Residents of Oxford House Recovery Homes. Manuscript under review.
15. Crape B. L., Latkin C. A., Laris A. S., Knowlton A. R. (2002). The effects of sponsorship in 12-step treatment of injection drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence; 65, 291-301.
16. Magura, S., Laudet, A. B., Mahmood, D., Rosenblum, A., Vogel, H. S., Knight, E. L. (2003). Role of self-help processes in achieving abstinence among dually diagnosed persons. Addictive Behavior; 28, 399-413.
17. Pagano, M. E., Friend, K. B., Tonigan, J. S., Stout R. L. (2004). Helping other alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous and drinking outcomes: findings from Project MATCH. Journal of Studies on Alcohol; 65, 766-773.
18. Zemore, S. E., Kaskutas, L. A., & Ammon, L. N. (2004). In 12-step groups, helping helps the helper. Addiction, 99(8), 1015-1023.
References
19. King, K., Stewart, D., King, S., & Law, M. (2000). Organizational characteristics and Issues affecting the longevity of self-help groups for parents of children with special needs. Qualitative Health Research, 10(2), 225-241.
20. Wituk, S. A., Shepherd, M. D., Warren, M., Meissen, G. (2002). Factors contributing to the survival of self-help groups. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(3), 349-366..
21. McCrady, B. S. & Miller, W. R. (1993). (Eds.) Alcoholics Anonymous: Opportunities and alternatives. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.
22. Olson, B. D., Viola, J. J., Jason, L. A., Davis, M. I., Ferrari, J. R., & Rabin- Belyaev, O. (2006). Economic costs of Oxford House inpatient treatment and incarceration: A preliminary report. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 31, 63-74.
23. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. LePine, J. A., Erez, A., & Johnson, D. E. (2002). The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 52-65.
25. Organ, D. W. & Ryan, K. (1995). A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 48, 775-802.
26. Schappe, S.P. (1998).The influence of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and fairness perception on organizational citizenship behaviors. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 277–90.
References
27. Whitman, D. S., Rooy, D. L. V. & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Satisfaction, Citizenship Behaviors, and Performance in Work Units: A Meta-Analysis of Collective Construct Relations. Personnel Psychology, 63, 42 – 81.
28. Zeinabadi, H. (2010). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as antecedents of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of teachers. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 998-1003.
29. Hoffman, B. J., & Woehr, D. J. 2006. A quantitative review of the relationship between person-organization fit and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 389-399.
30. Verquer, M. L., Beehr, T. A., & Wagner, S.H. (2003). A meta-analysis of relations between person-organization fit and work attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 473-489.
31. Peng, J-C, & Chiu, S-F (2010). An integrative model linking feedback environment and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(6), 582-607.
32. Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving interactional organizational research: A model of person-organization fit. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 333-349.
33. Beasley, C. R., Jason, L. A., & Miller, S. A. (2011). The General Environment Fit Scale: A Factor Analysis and Test of Convergent Construct Validity. Manuscript submitted for review.
34. Cable, D. M., & DeRue, D. S. (2002). The convergent and discriminant validity of subjective fit perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(5), 875-884.
35. Box, W.R., Odom, R.Y. & Dunn, M.G. (1991). Organizational values and value congruency and their impact on satisfaction, commitment, and cohesion: An empirical examination within the public sector. Public Personnel Management, 20, 195-205.
References
36. Hinkle, R. K. & Namok, C. (2009). Measuring person-environment fit: A further validation of the perceived fit scale. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17(3), 324-328.
37. Resick, C.J., Baltes, B.B., & Shantz, C.A. (2007). Person-organization fit and work-related attitudes and decisions: Examining interactive effects with job fit and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1446-1455.
38. Greguras, G. J. & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: Linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 465-477.
39. Ostroff, C., Shin, Y., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Multiple perspectives of congruence: Relationships between value congruence and employee attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 591-623.
40. Edwards, J. R. (2007). Person-environment fit in organizations: An assessment of theoretical progress. The Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 167-230.
41. Shin, Y. & Choi, J. N. (2010). What makes a group of good citizens? The role of perceived group-level fit and critical psychological states in organizational teams. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 531-552.
42. Van Dick, R., Van Knippenberg, D., Kerschreiter, R., Hertel, G., & Wieseke, J. (2008). Interactive effects of work group and organizational identitification on job satisfaction and extra-role behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 388-399.
References
43. Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005). Identity and Emergency Intervention: How Social Group Membership and Inclusiveness of Group Boundaries Shapes Helping Behavior Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(4), 443-453.
44. Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: Ingroup identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617-626.
45. Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, G. D., & Klesh, J. R. (1983). Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of organizational members. In S. E. Seashore, E. E. Lawler, P. H. Mirvis, & C. Cammann (Eds.), Assessing Organizational Change (pp. 71-138). New York: Wiley
46. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
47. Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice-extra role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119.
48. Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119-125.
References
