Oxygen and Nitrogen

8/18/2019 Oxygen and Nitrogen

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Oxygen And Nitrogen

Oxygen and Nitrogen make up 97

% earth atmosphere.

There is more Nitrogen than

Oxygen in the AIR. Yet, Oxygen still

remains the most aundant

element in the !orld.

Oxygen and Nitrogen are usually

"o#produ$ts o one another !hi$h

means they are produ$e Together

ut there are pro$esses !hi$h $an

produ$e lo!er grades o eitheroxygen or nitrogen indi&idually.


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One 'ethod o ho! to produ$e

oxygen and nitrogen.

Air is li(ue)ed and then it is

distilled to produ$e pure oxygen,

pure nitrogen and inert gases.

The $onditions o this distillation

pro$ess is done under $ryogeni$

$onditions, $ryogeni$ $onditions

are $onditions $arried out under

*O+ Temperature.

The amount o money needed to

$arry out su$h a distillation pro$ess

is ae$ted y the amount o heat

used thereore highly e-$ient heat

ex$hangers must e used.

The air used in this pro$ess is not

dried thereore the !ater present


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in the air tends to $ondensate and

then ree/e on the sura$e o the

re&ersing heat ex$hangers.

This sura$e o i$e then orms an

insulating layer around the heat

ex$hanger. And it input 0air1 eed

and the output 0nitrogen and

oxygen1 produ$t o the 2eat3x$hanger. And the remaining

!ater in the air is remo&ed using

!aste nitrogen.

Another 'ethod In$lude The 4se O

An 5ressure 6!ing Adsorption

5lant.

In this pro$ess 54R3 Oxygen and+A6T3 Nitrogen is produ$ed.


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This pro$ess entails Oxygen and

Nitrogen sele$ti&ely eing

asored onto a mole$ular sie&e.

On$e the sie&e is saturated, the air

supply to the sie&e is remo&ed and

Oxygen and Nitrogen is then

remo&ed y stripping the sie&e

eds.

Oxygen

Things to kno! aout oxygen its

the 8rd most aundant element in

the sun. On earth it orms 9 % othe earth $rust and the human

ody is made up o :;8rds o

oxygen. And 9;


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highly e-$ient AN> !ell Insulated

plant, and this plant is $alled a

"ompa$t 5lant.

The produ$tion o oxygen $an also

e produ$ed y a system $alled the

5ressure#6!ing Adsorption 6ystem

05.6.A61.

0?ust like pre&iously stated oxygen

produ$ed using the 56A6, is done

so y the ollo!ing method. Air is

exposed to a mole$ular sie&e, in!hi$h oxygen and nitrogen are

sele$ti&ely asored. On$e the

mole$ular sie&e is 6aturated, the

air supply to the sie&e is thenstopped and then the oxygen and

nitrogen is remo&ed y stripping

the 6ie&e @eds. This pro$ess


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produ$es 5ure Oxygen And +aste

Nitrogen1

6upplying oxygen to the $onsumers

is usually not a prolem e$ause

the supply is usually not ar rom

!here the oxygen gets $onsumed.

+hats kno!n as air separation

plants 0 Air gets separated into

Oxygen, Nitrogen and other inert

gases1 are lo$ated ON the

$ustomers 5roperties, this is $alled

On#6ite 5lants.On#6ite plants may e o!ned and

operated o site as !ell 0example

like 6asol, and are operated y the

person !ho designed it or thepeople !ho uild the plant1 !hile

the produ$ts are then deli&ered to

the $ustomers properties &ia a


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pipeline to one or many $ustomers

at the same time.

Air separation plants may &ary in

si/e rom small $ryogeni$ units

produ$ing small amount o oxygen,

to large separation plants

produ$ing in ulk.

The ulk o oxygen is produ$ed at

2igh 5urity 099. and ao&e1. And

*o! 5urity usually reers to 9%#

99% purity range.

There $ertain impurities ound in

oxygen, e&en 2igh 5urity Oxygen

ranging rom 99.% and ao&e

$ontain impurities. The impurityound in 2igh purity Oxygen is

Argon as !ell as tra$es o other


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Bases, 2ydro$aron and "aron

>ioxide.

No! lets dis$uss ho! Oxygen $an

e produ$ed in the *aoratory.

In the laoratory, Oxygen $an eprepared in the t!o ollo!ing !ays.

It $an either e prepared y the

3le$trolysis O +ater OR it $an e

prepared y 2eating 5otassium

"hlorate !ith 'anganese >ioxide

as a "atalyst.


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*ets dis$uss stati$s

@y $omparing the industrialprodu$tion o Oxygen gas to the

laoratory produ$tion o Oxygen

gas, resear$h has sho!n that 99%

o Oxygen is produ$ed using the

industrial Air 6eparation 5lant and

only es$riing the appearan$e o theoxygen produ$ed

The Oxygen Bas is "olorless,

Odorless and Tasteless. +hile the

*i(uid and 6olid orm is a 5ale @lue"olor and is 6trongly 5aramagneti$.


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Eorms O Oxygen

Oxygen $an o$$ur in dierentorms. Oxygen has 9 isotopes ut

the natural orm o oxygen only

$ontains 8 isotopes.

*ets dis$uss one o the orms o

oxygen.

O/one 0O81 is one o the isotopes o

oxygen. O/one is a highly A$ti&e

"ompound, su$h that it is ormed

y the a$tions o an ele$tri$

dis$harge on oxygen or ultra&iolet

light on oxygen.

O/one is ound in the outermost

layer o the atmosphere and it

helps pre&ent ultra&iolet rays rom

the sun, rom rea$hing the earth


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sura$e. 5ollution has a maFor

ee$t on the earth o/one layer.

5ollutant has pro&en to e

detrimental to the earth O/onelayer. Nonetheless O/one is still a

toxi$ isotope o oxygen and $an e

&ery harmul to a person !hen

exposed to prolonged periods otime.

Appearan$e o o/one

4ndiluted o/one is @luish @la$k and

solid o/one is &iolet la$k.

4ses O Oxygen

Oxygen is used or the respiration

o plants and animals. It also used

a&iators or reathing and or

medi$al purposes in hospitals.


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Nitrogen

The air is )lled 7H% o Nitrogen y

&olume.

6in$e our atmosphere is so ri$h

!ith nitrogen, it is $onsidered to e

ne&er ending. Nitrogen $an

thereore e produ$ed y the

li(uea$tion and ra$tional

distillation o air.

Nitrogen $an also e ound in all

li&ing organism sin$e it makes up

part o its iologi$al makeup o$ompounds.

Appearan$e

In gaseous orm nitrogen is

$olorless, odorless and has a

similar appearan$e as !ater.

3xtra Inormation


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Nitrogen $an also e prepared y

heating a !ater 02:=1 solution o

Ammonia Nitrite.

The 4ses or Nitrogen

Nitrogen is maForly used as a

gaseous lanket. This gaseous

lanket is responsile or keeping

moisture and oxygen a!ay romthe $hosen sustan$e or oFe$t.

Eor example !hen a sustan$e is

re(uired not to rea$t !ith oxygen it

is then surrounded !ith a lanketo nitrogen in order to do so.

Another example o $o&ering an

oFe$t is !hen metal is $o&ered

!ith nitrogen e$ause it easilyrea$ts !ith oxygen. 6u$h metals

are ound in oilers !here theres

metals are exposed to high


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temperatures and pressures and

!ould $orrode i exposed to

oxygen.

It is also used in the 6teel Industry

or lanketing.

@e$ause o Nitrogen aility to

lanket sustan$e a!ay rom

oxygen it is there ideally used in

ame extinguishers, so that it $an

extinguish the ames y repla$ing

the oxygen around the ames !ithnitrogen.

Nitrogen is also ideally used in the

ood industry to ree/e ood.

Nitrogen is also maForly $onsumed

to make Ammonia.


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*i(uid Nitrogen is used to otain

lo! temperatures and or

deashing moulded plasti$ and

ruer parts.

Ne! uses or nitrogen has e&ol&ed

as !ell nitrogen $an e used in oil

!ell or oil re$o&ery !here the gas

is used to maintain the pressure inthe !ells.

'anua$turing o oxygen and

nitrogen

'anua$turing Oxygen andNitrogen @asi$ally $onsist o the

li(uea$tion and re$ti)$ation o air.

A >etailed >es$ription O The

'anua$turing 5ro$ess O OxygenAnd Nitrogen


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The produ$tion o Oxygen And

Nitrogen is a "ryogeni$ 5ro$ess

0Takes 5la$e 4nder *o!

Temperatures1

Eirstly air is su$ked in and )ltered

using a )ltering system, then the

)ltered air gets passed through a

$ompressor and then the air gets$ooled o to a $ertain temperature

0ater$ooled1, during these t!o

pro$esses any li(uid ound in the

air is )ltered out.

Ater separating out li(uid the air

then passes through a re&ersing

heat ex$hanger. +here the air is

then $ooled to near de! point y

the $ounter#$urrent heat ex$hanger

!ith the outgoing gaseous produ$t,

as the air is $ooled 'oisture


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$ondenses and ree/es to the !alls

o the heat ex$hanger, this ree/ing

pro$ess also in$ludes "O: !hi$h

ree/es up as !ell, and this pro$essentails 99% o $aron dioxide eing

remo&ed. As a result o this, the air

$oming out rom the re&ersing heat

ex$hanger is $ompletely >ry 0No'oisture1 and 99% o the "aron

dioxide is remo&ed.

This >ry air then passes throughBas#phase Eixed @ed Adsorption

6ystem. This 6ystem then adsors

the remaining "o: ound in the air

as !ell as 2ydro$arons ound in

the air.

2ydro$arons are remo&ed

e$ause i it $omes into $onta$t


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!ith oxygen it !ill $omust and e

ha/ardous.

The no! "leaned air passes

through a doule $olumn re$ti)er,

!hi$h results in the distillation o

air into &arious $omponents.

>ry air It enters the ottom tray o

the lo!er $olumn o the doule

$olumn re$ti)er.

The doule $olumn re$ti)er $onsist

o t!o T.T. 0Tray#Type1 distillation

$olumn, one is a upper $olumndistillation tray and one is a lo!er

$olumn distillation.

These to tray are Thermally

"onne$ted together y a heatex$hanger.


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This is a spe$ial heat ex$hanger

that ser&es as a $ondenser or the

lo!er $olumn and a reoiler or the

upper $olumn.

Important inormation to rememer

Nitrogen is 'ore Jolatile than

Oxygen, thereore it rea$ts more

easily than oxygen, and thereorenitrogen !ith as$end up through

the $olumns !hile oxygen !ill

des$end do!n through the

$olumns. @ut most o the high

purity nitrogen !ill a$$umulate in

the ottom $olumn and high purity

oxygen !ill a$$umulate at the top

$olumn.

Another reason or the o! o the

oxygen and nitrogen is the a$t

that Oxygen 2as a higher @oiling


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point Than Nitrogen. Thereore the

5ressure in the lo!er $olumn must

e high enough to raise the

"ondensing Temperature ONitrogen high enough to pro&ide

5ositi&e temperature#dri&ing or$e

in the main $ondenser.

0As a result o a lot o heat eingprodu$ed y the reoiler to $ause

oxygen to oil in the top $olumn.1

The $ondensed nitrogen !ill e

split rom the main $ondenser oneportion goes to the upper $olumn,

on its !ay it passes through a

nitrogen superheater as reux and

the other portion is send a$k to

the lo!er $olumn as reux as !ell.

An oxygen ri$h stream lea&es the

ottom o the lo!er $olumn and


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The remaining gas is remo&ed as

lo! purity +aste Nitrogen rom the

top upper $olumn.


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2andling And 6torage

1.)Vessels Are used for storage:

The rule or li(uid gases is that it is

Al!ays sa&ed in $ryogeni$ 0*o!

Temperature1 storage &essels inulk orm.

The purpose o lo! temperature

storage o li(uid gas is to keep the

gas li(uid at a temperature elo!its oiling point or as long as

possile.

These &essels $an hold li(uid gas

as !ell as !hen an &apori/ers isadded as an $omponent it $an

store a gases supply $an e

pro&ide as !ell.


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:.15ortale Bas "ylinders

5ortale gas $ylinders $an also e

used or storage.

2andling O 5ortale Bas "ylinders.

+hen on a sura$e, $ylinders arenot allo!ed to slide or $ome into

$onta$t !ith sharp edges e$ause

it $ould pun$ture the $ylinder.

No dirt or any orm o luri$ant are

allo!ed to enter the $ylinder &al&e

e$ause this $ould ae$t the

opening and $losing o the &al&e.


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Oxygen gas $ylinders should not e

stored near $omustile gases

e$ause i the gases es$ape it

might $omust and might or an

extremely ha/ard gas.

These gas $ylinders must e stored

hori/ontally making sure that ea$h

is se$ure at ea$h end to pre&ent

rolling example store in a $rate.

And empty gas $ylinders should e

handled y the suppliers.

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Oxygen and Nitrogen

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