OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE Pharmacology, Mathematical Studies, and Neonatology
ADV ANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
Nathan Back
N. R. Di Luzio
Alfred Gellhorn
Bernard Halpern
Ephraim Katchalski
David Kritchevsky
Abel Lajtha
Rodolfo Paoletti
Volume 1
Chairman, Department 0/ Biochemical Pharmacology, School 0/ Pharmacy, State University 0/ New York, Buffalo, New York
Chairman, Department 0/ Physiology, Tulane University School 0/ Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
University 0/ Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
College de France, Director 0/ the Institute 0/ Immuno·Biology, Paris, France
Department 0/ Biophysics, The Weizmann Institute 0/ Science, Rehovoth, Israel
Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
New York State Research Institute for Neurochemistry and Drug Addiction, Ward's Island, New York
Institute 0/ Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University 0/ Milan, Milan,ltaly
THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Edited by N. R. Di Luzio and R. Paoletti· 1967
Volume 2 PHARMACOLOGY OF HORMONAL POLYPEPTIDES AND PROTEINS
Edited by N. Back, L. Martini, and R. Paoletti· 1968
Volume 3 GERM·FREE BIOLOGY: Experimental and Clinical Aspects
Edited by E. A. Mirand and N. Back· 1969
Volume 4 DRUGS AFFECTING LIPID METABOLISM
Edited by W. L. Holmes, L. A. Carlson, and R. Paoletti· 1969
VolumeS LYMPHATIC TISSUE AND GERMINAL CENTERS IN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Edited by L. Fiore·Donati and M. G. Hanna, Jr .• 1969
Volume 6 RED CELL METABOLISM AND FUNCTION
Edited by George J. Brewer· 1970
Volume 7 SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Edited by Martin Blank· 1970
Volume 8 BRADYKININ AND RELATED KININS: Cardiovascular, Biochemical, and Neural Actions
Edited by F. Sicuteri, M. Rocha e Silva, and N. Back· 1970
Volume 9 SHOCK: Biochemical, Pharmacological, and Clinical Aspects
Edited by A. Bertelli and N. Back· 1970
Volume 10 THE HUMAN TESTIS
Edited by E. Rosemberg and C. A. Paulsen· 1970
Volume 1l MUSCLE METABOLISM DURING EXERCISE
Edited by B. Pernow and B. Saltin • 1971
Volume 12 MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY
Edited by K. Lindahl·Kiessling, G. AIm, and M. G. Hanna, Jr .• 1971
Volume 13 CHEMISTRY AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Edited by R. Paoletti and A. N. Davison· 1971
Volume 14 MEMBRANE·BOUND ENZYMES
Edited by G. Porcellati and F. di Jeso • 1971
Volume 15 THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM AND IMMUNE PHENOMENA
Edited by N. R. Di Luzio and K. Flemming· 1971
Volume 16A THE ARTERY AND THE PROCESS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: Pathogenesis
Edited by Stewart Wolf • 1971
Volume 16B THE ARTERY AND THE PROCESS OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS: Measurement and Modification
Edited by Stewart Wolf • 1971
Volume 17 CONTROL OF RENIN SECRETION
Edited by Tatiana A. Assaykeen • 1972
Volume 18 THE DYNAMICS OF MERISTEM CELL POPULATIONS
Edited by Morton W. Miller and Charles C. Kuehnert • 1972
Volume 19 SPHINGOLIPIDS, SPHINGOLIPIDOSES AND ALLIED DISORDERS
Edited by Bruno W. Volk and Stanley M. Aronson· 1972
Volume 20 DRUG ABUSE: Nonmedical Use of Dependence·Producing Drugs
Edited by Simon Btesh • 1972
Volume 21 V ASOPEPTIDES: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Pathophysiology
Edited by N. Back and F. Sicuteri • 1972
Volume 22 COMPARATIVE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES
Edited by Colin M. Bloor· 1972
Volume 23 THE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS OF SHOCK
Edited by Lerner B. Hinshaw and Barbara G. Cox· 1972
Volume 24 THE VISUAL SYSTEM: Neurophysiology, Biophysics, and Their Clinical Applications
Edited by G. B. Arden· 1972
Volume 25 GLYCOLIPIDS, GLYCOPROTEINS, AND MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Edited by Vittorio Zambotti, Guido Tellamanti, and Mariagrazia Arrigoni· 1972
Volume 26 PHARMACOLOGICAL CONTROL OF LIPID METABOLISM
Edited by William L. Holmes, Rodolfo Paoletti, and David Kritchevsky· 1972
Volume 27 DRUGS AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Edited by M. A. Klingberg, A. Abramovici, and.J. Chemke • 1973
Volume 28 HEMOGLOBIN AND RED CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Edited by George J. Brewer· 1972
Volume 29 MICROENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF IMMUNITY
Edited by Branislav D. Jankovic and Katarina Isakovic' 1972
Volume 30 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND THE THYROID GLAND: Relation to Endemic Cretinism
Edited by J. B. Stanbury and R. L. Kroc • 1972
Volume 31 IMMUNITY IN VIRAL AND RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
Edited by A. Kohn and M. A. Klingberg· 1973
Volume 32 FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Edited by A. N. Davison, P. Mandel, and I. G. Morgan' 1972
Volume 33 NEUROHUMORAL AND METABOLIC ASPECTS OF INJURY
Edited by A. G. B. Kovach, H. B. Stoner, and J. J. Spitzer' 1972
Volume 34 PLATELET FUNCTION AND THROMBOSIS: A Review of Methods
Edited by P. M. Mannucci and S. Gorini • 1972
Volume 35 ALCOHOL INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL: Experimental Studies
Edited by Milton M. Gross' 1973
Volume 36 RECEPTORS FOR REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES
Edited by Bert W. O'Malley and Anthony R. Means' 1973
Volume 37A OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE: Instrumentation, Methods, and Physiology
Edited by Haim I. Bicher and Duane F. Bruley' 1973
Volume 37B OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE: Pharmacology, Mathematical Studies, and Neonatology
Edited by Duane F. Bruley and Haim I. Bicher • 1973
Volume 38 HUMAN HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIAS: Principles and Methods
Edited by R. Fumagalli, G. Ricci, and S. Gorini • 1973
Volume 39 CURRENT TOPICS IN CORONARY RESEARCH
Edited by Colin M. Bloor and Ray A. Olsson· 1973
Volume 40 METAL IONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: Studies of Some Biochemical and Environmental Problems
Edited by Sanat K. Dhar' 1973
Volume 41A PURINE METABOLISM IN MAN: Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
Edited by O. Sperling, A. De Vries, and J. B. Wyngaarden - 1973
Volume 41B PURINE METABOLISM IN MAN: Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Uric Acid Metabolism
Edited by O. Sperling, A. De Vries, and J. B. Wyngaarden -1973
OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE Pharmacology, Mathematical Studies, and Neonatology
Edited by
Duane F. Bruley Professor of Chemical Engineering Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina
and
Haim I. Bicher Associate Professor of Pharmacology University of Arkansas Medical Center Little Rock, Arkansas
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK-LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Oxygen Transport to Tissue, Medical University of South Carolina and Clemson University, 1973.
Oxygen transport to tissue.
(Advances in experimental medicine and biology, v. 37A·B) Editors' names in reverse order in v. 2. Sponsored by American Microcirculation Society and European Microcircu
lation Society. Includes bibliographies. CONTENTS: [I] Instrumentation, methods, and physiology.-[2] Pharmacol
ogy, mathematical studies, and neonatology. 1. Tissue respiration-Congresses. 2. Biological transport-Congresses. 3.
Microcirculation-Congresses. I. Bicher, Haim I., ed. II. Bruley, Duane F., ed. III. American Microcirculation Society. IV. European Microcirculation Society. V. Title. VI. Series. [DNLM: 1. Biological transport-Congresses. 2. OxygenBlood-Congresses. WI AD599 v. 37 1973 I QV3I2 16130 1973] QP121.A1I56 1973 599'.01 '24 73·13821
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5091-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-5089-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5089-7
The second half of the International Symposium on Oxygen Transport to Tissue held in Charleston-Clemson, South Carolina, April 22.28, 1973
© 1973 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 1001l
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1973
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London, NWIO 6SE, England
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher
HOSTS
SPONSORS
SUPPORT
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA Charleston, South Carolina
CLEMSON UNIVERSITY Clemson, South Carolina
AMERICAN MICROCIRCULATION SOCIETY
EUROPEAN MICROCIRCULATION SOCIETY
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA CLEMSON UNIVERSITY
SCHERING CORPORATION CIBA-GEIGY
INTERNATIONAL BIOPHYSICS ,CORPORATION MEDISCIENCE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
BRISTOL LABORATORIES BURROUGHS WELCOME
TRANSIDYNE GENERAL CORPORATION SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
DAAD and DFG (GERMAN SCIENTIFIC AGENCIES)
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY
OF
OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE
PAST PRESIDENT - DR. MELVIN H. KNISELY, CHARLESTON, U.S.A. PRESIDENT-ELECT - DR. GERHARD THEWS, MAINZ, GERMANY SECRETARY - DR. HAIM I. BICHER, LITTLE ROCK, U.S.A. TREASURER - DR. IAN A. SILVER, BRISTOL, ENGLAND
MEMBERS - INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE
DR. HERBERT J. BERMAN, BOSTON, U.S.A. DR. DUANE F. BRULEY, CLEMSON, U.S.A. DR. BRITTON CHANCE, PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A. DR. LELAND C. CLARK, JR., CINCINNATI, U.S.A. DR. LARS-ERIK GELIN, GOTEBORG, SWEDEN
" DR. JURGEN GROTE, MAINZ, GERMANY DR. MANFRED KESSLER, DORTMUND, GERMANY
" DR. DIETRICH W. LUBBERS, DORTMUND, GERMANY DR. DANIEL D. RENEAU, RUSTON, U.S.A. DR. JOSE STRAUSS, MIAMI, U.S.A. DR. WILLIAM J. WHALEN, CLEVELAND, U.S.A.
PREFACE
It can honestly be said that the scope and magnitude of this meeting surpassed initial expectations with respect to the number and quality of the papers presented. Our group has grown since we last met in Dortmund in 1971. This is a good indication that a spiraling of our interests has taken place with the effects of the initial good work felt, not just in one corner of the globe, but in all four. With such a start, it was only appropriate that an international society was formed at the meeting to further coordinate our mutual undertaking. Henceforth it shall be known as the International Society of Oxygen Transport to Tissue.
A final note of acknowledgement should be made to those who were in the supporting cast, not only in making the meeting in Charleston and Clemson a success, but also in the compiling of this book. Gratitude is due to Dr. Daniel H. Hunt for his efforts, the end product of which you have in your hands. Considerable service was rendered by Mr. Robert J. Adams, Mr. Buddy Bell and Mr. Nathan Kaufman during the symposium itself. Much typing, organizing and record keeping was done by our lovely secretaries, Laura B. Grove, Muff Graham and Kaye Y. Zook.
Haim I. Bicher, MD, PhD
Duane F. Bruley, PhD
June, 1973
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 (VOLUME 37B)
Contents of Volume 1
Session III - THE PHARMACOLOGY OF IMPROVING
OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE
Blood Cell Aggregation and Pulmonary Embolism . . . . .
John W. Irwin
xix
637
Sludged Blood, Human Disease and Chemotherapy . . . . . . .. 641 Edward H. Bloch
Intravascular Aggregation of Blood Cells and Tissue Metabolic Defects
Lars-Erik Gelin
Anti-Adhesive Drugs and Tissue Oxygenation H. I. Bicher, D. F. Bruley, and M. H. Knisely
Oxygen Transport and Tissue Oxygenation During Hemodilution with Dextran
K. Messmer, L. Gornandt, F. Jesch, E. Sinagowitz, L. Sunder-Plassmann, and M. Kessler
Platelet Aggregates Induced by Red Blood Cell Injury . . . . . . ~
Mary P. Wiedeman
Recent Advances in the Preparation and Use of Perfluorodecalin Emulsions for Tissue Perfusion . . . . . . . .
Leland C. Clark, Jr., Samuel Kaplan, Fernando Becattini, and Virginia Obrock
xi
647
657
669
681
687
xii CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
Pharmacological Stimulation of Red Blood Cell Metabolism for High Altitude Preadaptation . . . . . . . • . . .
Lorna Grindlay Moore, George J. Brewer, Fred J. Oelshlegel, Jr., and Andrew M. Rose
Catecholamine Metabolism and Digital Circulation after Histamine and Its Analogue . . . . .
Nosrat Eric Naftchi, Milton Mendlowitz, Stefan Racoceanu, and Edward W. Lowman
Augmentation of Tissue Oxygen by Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide
Bert Myers and William Donovan
In Vitro Respiration of Ischemic Skin from ------- Amputated Human Legs
John S. Sierocki, Theodore Rosett, Raymond Penneys, and Douglas J. Pappajohn
Altering Diffusion Rates . . . . . John L. Gainer and Guy M. Chisolm III
Discussion of Session III
Session IV - MATHEMATICAL STUDIES OF TISSUE OXYGENATION
PART A
Mathematical Considerations for Oxygen Transport to Tissue: Introductory Paper
Duane F. Bruley
Geometric Considerations in Modeling Oxygen Transport Processes in Tissue . . . . . . . . .
Hermann Metzger
Capillary-Tissue Exchange Kinetics: Diffusional Interactions between Adjacent Capillaries .....
Carl A. Goresky and Harry L. Goldsmith
Computer Calculation for Tissue Oxygenation and the Meaningful Presentation of the Results .............. .
W. Grunewald
693
699
713
717
729
733
749
761
773
783
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
Stochastic versus Deterministic Models of Oxygen Transport in the Tissue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ro Wodick
Existing Anatomical Parameters and the Need for Further Determinations for Various Tissue Structures 0 0 0
Isabel Lockard
Mathematical Analysis of Oxygen Transport to Tissue in the Human 0 0 0 0
Eugene Ho Wissler
A Mathematical Model of the Unsteady Transport of Oxygen to Tissues in the Microcirculation
John Eo Fletcher
Simplifying the Description of Tissue Oxygenation 0 0 0 0 0
Eo No Lightfoot
A Simplified Model of the Oxygen Supply Function of Capillary Blood Flow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
William Ao Hyman
Oxygen Transport in the Human Brain -Analytical Solutions 0 0 0 0 0
Richard Ro Stewart and Catherine Ao Morrazzi
Calculation of Concentration Profiles of Excess Acid in Human Brain Tissue During Conditions of Partial Anoxia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Daniel Do Reneau and Larry Lo Lafitte
Simulating Myocardium Oxygen Dynamics 0 0
Duane Fo Bruley, Daniel Ho Hunt, Haim 10 Bicher, and Melvin Ho Knisely
Numerical Solutions of Blood Flow in the Entrance of a Tube 0 0 0 0
Vo Lo Shah and Ro Soto
Discussion of Session IV -
xiii
793
803
813
819
827
835
843
849
859
867
Part A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 873
xiv CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
Session IV - MATHEMATICAL STUDIES OF TISSUE OXYGENATION
PART B
Distributed Model Solution Techniques for Capillary-Tissue Systems
Daniel H. Hunt, Duane F. Bruley, Haim I. Bicher, and Melvin H. Knisely
Heterogeneous Models of Oxygen Transport in Tissue Slices . . . . .
Ronald C. Tai and Hsin-kang Chang
Mathematical Modelling of the Cornea and an Experimental Application .
Ernest L. Roetman and Ronald E. Barr
Instrumentation and Control Techniques for Dynamic Response Experiments in Living Tissue . . . . .
B. A. Bogue and W. J. Dorson, Jr.
Oxygen Transport in Skeletal Muscle: How Many Blood Capillaries Surround Each Fibre? ........ .
A. C. Groom and M. J. Plyley
Filtering and Prediction of Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption for ~a~~en~ MonlLorlng
P. David Wilson
Computer Analysis of Automatically Recorded Oxygen Dissociation Curves
Bruce F. Cameron
A Polygonal Approximation for Unsteady State Diffusion of Oxygen into Hemoglobin Solutions ..
R. L. Curl and J. S. Schultz
Gaseous Transport in Hemoglobin Solutions George C. Frazier and S. E. Shumate II
Mechanochemical Pumping as an Adjunct to Diffusion in Oxygen Transport . . . . . . . .
H. G. Clark and W. D. Smith
887
891
897
903
911
917
923
929
937
945
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
An Analysis of the Competitive Diffusion of O2 and CO through Hemoglobin Solutions • . . • • . • • •
S. R. Suchdeo, J. D. Goddard, and J. S. Schultz
Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Intact Red Blood Cells . . . . .
B'. H. Chang, M. Fleischman, and C. E. Miller
Effect of Carbonic Anhydrase on the Facilitated Diffusion of CO 2 through Bicarbonate Solutions
Shyam Suchdeo and Jerome S. Schultz
Modeling the Coronary Circulation: Implications in the Pathogenesis of Sudden Death . . . . . .
R. J. Gordon, W. Jape Taylor, and Harvey Tritel
Discussion of Session IV -Part B
Session V - OXYGEN TRANSPORT PROBLEMS IN NEONATOLOGY
Subsession: Placental Oxygen Transfer
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Oxygen Transport Problems in Fetal Systems: Introductory Paper.
Daniel D. Reneau
Microphotometry for Determining the Reaction Rate of O2 and CO with Red Blood Cells in the Chorioallantoic Capillary .
Masaji Mochizuki, Hiroshi Tazawa, and Tsukasa Ono
Mathematical Analysis of Combined Placental-Fetal Oxygen
xv
951
963
969
975
983
995
997
Transport .•••. . ......... 1007 Eric J. Guilbeau and Daniel D. Reneau
Placental Function and Oxygenation in the Fetus • . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Waldemar Moll
xvi CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2
Morphological Determinants in 02-Transfer across the Human and Rhesus Hemochorial Placenta . • • • • . • . • . • • • • • 1027
Uwe E. Freese
Umbilical and Uterine Venous P02 in Different Species During Late Gestation and Parturition .....•.... 1041
M. Silver and R. S. Comline
Threshold Values of Oxygen Deficiency Leading to Cardiovascular and Brain Pathological Changes in Term Monkey Fetuses ..... . . . . . • . . . 1047
Ronald E. Myers
Placental Oxygen Gradients Due to Diffusion and Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . 1055
Robert A. B. Holland
Experimental Models for in vivo and in vitro Investigations on Placental Hemodynamics and Oxygen Supply to the Fetus . . . . . . . . . • . . 1061
Maurice Panigel
Material Alkalosis and Fetal Oxygenation . . • . • • . . . • 1067 John H. G. Rankin
Oxygen Carrying Capacity During Favic Crises •
P. M. Taylor, L. G. Morphis, and K. Manda1enaki
Discussion of Subsession: Placental Oxygen Transfer
• ••........ 1075
.••••••••.•. 1083
Subsession: Oxygen Monitoring
Measurement of Oxygen in the Newborn Jose Strauss, Anthony V. Beran, and Rex Baker
Oxygen Monitoring of Newborns by Skin Electrodes. Correlation between Arterial and Cutaneously
• • • . • • • 1089
Determined p02 .. • • . . • . • . • . . . • 1097 Patrick Eberhard, WOlfgang Mindt, Franz Jann, and Konrad Hammacher
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 2 xvii
A Unique Electrode Catheter for Continuous Monitoring of Arterial Blood Oxygen Tension in Newborn Infants . . . . . . . . . 1103
Edwin G. Brown, Chung C. Liu, Francis E. McDonnell, Michael R. Neuman, and Avron Y. Sweet
Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of a New Indwelling Oxygen Electrode for Continuous Monitoring of Pa02 in Neonates . . . . . . .. ......... 1109
Thomas R. Harris and Michael Nugent
Continuous Intravascular P0 2 Measurements with Catheter and Cannula Electrodes in Newborn Infants, Adults and Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
Albert Huch, Dietrich W. Lubbers, and Renate Huch
Routine Monitoring of the Arterial P02 of Newborn Infants by Continuous Registration of Transcutaneous P02 and Simultaneous Control of Relative Local Perfusion . . . . . . . . . . 1121
Renate Huch, Dietrich W. Lubbers, and Albert Huch
Clinical Experiences with Clamp Electrodes in Fetal Scalp for Simultaneous p02 and ECG - Registration ......... 1129
W. Erdmann, S. Kunke, J. Heidenreich, W. Dempsey, H. Gunther, and H. Schafer
Discussion of Subsession: Oxygen Monitoring 1135
General Discussion of Session V 1137
Index . 1145