Name: _______________________ Period: ________ Due EVERY FrIDAY! Unit 2: Industrialization & the growth of cities Pag e Dat e Grad e Description 1 America the Story of Us, Episode 7: Cities; DBQ – “Cross of Gold” Speech 2 Populism’s Contributions 3 DBQ – Progress & Poverty 4 Industry & Inventions 5 DBQ – Pullman Laborer, ICC 6 Railroads: Corruption & Scandal 7 DBQ – Carnegie 8 Big Business 9 DBQ – Labor Unions, Strikes, & Child Labor 10 Rise of Labor Unions 11 DBQ – Immigration 12 Immigration 13 DBQ – Challenges of Urbanization 14 Urbanization 15 DBQ – Politics 16 Politics in the Gilded Age
Transcript
Name: _______________________Period: ________
Due EVERY FrIDAY! Unit 2: Industrialization & the growth of citiesPage Dat
eGrade Description
1 America the Story of Us, Episode 7: Cities; DBQ – “Cross of Gold” Speech
2 Populism’s Contributions
3 DBQ – Progress & Poverty
4 Industry & Inventions
5 DBQ – Pullman Laborer, ICC
6 Railroads: Corruption & Scandal
7 DBQ – Carnegie
8 Big Business
9 DBQ – Labor Unions, Strikes, & Child Labor
10 Rise of Labor Unions
11 DBQ – Immigration
12 Immigration
13 DBQ – Challenges of Urbanization
14 Urbanization
15 DBQ – Politics
16 Politics in the Gilded Age
p. 1
America: The Story of USEpisode 7: Cities
1. What was the Bessemer steel converter? How did this invention shape U.S. History?
2. Why do you think so many everyday Americans contributed money to help build the Statue of Liberty?
3. What was the “rogues’ gallery” and what was its importance? What were some of the other methods used to curb crime?
4. What was the key factor in Thomas Edison’s success in designing the light bulb? What were some o f the new things that were possible because of this invention?
5. Why do you think the Triangle Shirtwaist fire happened? What were some of the results of this tragedy?
6. WHAT WAS YOUR OPINION OF THIS EPISODE? LIST POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES.
Document Based QuestionsQuestions:
1. What does William Jennings Bryan support according to his speech?
William Jennings Bryan, "Cross of Gold," 9 July 1896Occasion: This is a selection from a speech given during the 1896 Democratic National Convention by William Jennings Bryan.… No, my friends, that will never be the verdict of our people. Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. If they say bimetallism is good, but that we cannot have it until other nations help us, we reply that, instead of having a gold standard because England has, we will restore bimetallism, and then let England have bimetallism because the United States has it. If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.http://douglassarchives.org/brya_a26.htm Archives of American Public Address
2. What do you think is represented by his statement, “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold”?
The Farmer’s Movement leads to the Populist Party and Reform p. 2POPULIST PARTY IS BORN
Leaders of the farmer’s organization realized they needed to build a base of ___________________ _____________ – the movement of the people – was born in ______ with the founding of the Populist,
or People’s Party POPULIST REFORMS
Proposed economic reforms included; increase of __________________, a rise in ______________, lower _________, a federal _____________________
Proposed political reforms included; ________________ of senators, __________ terms for presidents Populists also called for an ___________ workday and reduced ____________________
What do you think about the Populist Party’s ideas? Would you have voted for them? Why or why not? __________________________________________________________________________________________
POPULISTS MAKE GAINS In the 1892 Presidential election, the Populist candidate won almost _______ of the vote In the West, the party elected 5 senators, 3 governors and 1,500 state legislators
THE PANIC OF 1893 Nationwide economic problems took center stage in America in 1893 Railroads went ___________, the stock market ________________, 15,000 businesses and 500 banks
collapsed 3 million people lost their jobs – putting unemployment at _______
SILVER OR GOLD? The central issue of the 1896 Presidential campaign was which __________ would be the basis of the
nation’s ______________ system ________________ (those who favored using both) vs. those that favored the Gold Standards alone
BRYAN AND THE “CROSS OF GOLD” _______________ favored the Gold standard and nominated William McKinley _______________ favored Bimetallism and nominated William Jennings Bryan Despite Bryan’s stirring words, “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold,” McKinley won the
1896 electionDoes the United States still use the Gold Standard? What is our money’s worth based on?__________________________________________________________________________________________THE END OF POPULISM
With _________________ election victory, _____________ collapsed, burying the hopes of the farmer Populism left two important legacies:
o 1) A message that the downtrodden can ____________________________________________ o 2) An agenda of _______________, many of which would be enacted in the 20th century
How could current politics be different if the Populist Party still existed? Would all of their ideas still be necessary?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
p. 3 Document 1: Statistics on Industrial GrowthThe Industrial Revolution of the late 1800's transformed humanity's age-old struggle with material scarcity by using capital, technology, resources, and management to expand the production of goods and services dramatically.
1a. According the table above, name one aspect of American life that improved between 1870 and 1910.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1b. According the table above, name one aspect of American life that worsened between 1870 and 1910.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Document 2: Timeline of Selected Inventions by Thomas Alva EdisonProlific inventor Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) has had a profound impact on modern life. In his lifetime, the "Wizard of Menlo Park" patented 1,093 inventions, including the phonograph, the kinetograph (a motion picture camera), and the kinetoscope (a motion picture viewer). Edison managed to become not only a renowned inventor, but also a prominent manufacturer and businessman through the merchandising of his inventions.
2. Describe how one of these inventions changed American life.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
INDUSTRY AND INVENTIONS p. 4THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY
After the Civil War (1865) the U.S. was still largely ______________________ By _______, the U.S. was the leading industrial power in the world This enormous growth was due to three factors;
o 1) ________________________________ o 2) ________________________________ o 3) ________________________________
BLACK GOLD In 1859, _______________________ used a steam engine to drill for oil This breakthrough started an _________________ in the Midwest and later Texas At first the process was limited to transforming the oil into kerosene and throwing out the
_________________ -- a by-product of the process Later, the gasoline was used for cars
BESSEMER STEEL PROCESS Oil was not the only valuable natural resource ________ and ________ were plentiful within the U.S. When you removed the carbon from iron, the result was a lighter, more flexible and rust resistant
compound – ___________ The _________________ process did just that (Henry Bessemer & William Kelly)
NEW USES FOR STEEL The railroads, with thousands of miles of track, were the biggest
customers for steel Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm equipment, __________
construction (Brooklyn Bridge- 1883),and the first _____________________
INVENTIONS SPUR INDUSTRYELECTRICITY
1876- ___________________________ established the world’s first research lab in New Jersey
There Edison perfected the _________________________ in 1880 Later he invented an entire system for ____________________________________
electricity By ________, electricity powered numerous machines
THE TYPEWRITER __________________________ invented the typewriter in 1867 His invention forever affected office work and paperwork It also opened many new jobs for ______________ 1870: Women made up less than ______ of workforce 1910: They
made up ______THE TELEPHONE
Another important invention of the late 19th century was the telephone __________________________ and _________________________ unveiled their
invention in 1876
p. 5
How did laborers feel about working for George Pullman? __________________________________________________________________________________________________
What might be the benefits and disadvantages of this type of town?__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Quote from a Pullman laborer, 1883 We are born in a Pullman house. We are fed from a Pullman shop, taught in a Pullman school, catechized in the Pullman church and when we die we shall be buried in a Pullman cemetery and go to a Pullman hell.
Why would it be difficult to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act? Support your answer using the above document.
Source: Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
That the provisions of this act shall apply to any common carrier or carriers engaged in the transportation of passengers or property wholly by railroad, or partly by railroad under a common control…for a continuous carriage or shipment…All charges made for any service rendered…shall be reasonable and just; and every unjust and unreasonable charge for such service is prohibited and declared unlawful…
That it shall be unlawful for any common carrier subject to the provisions of this act to make or give any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage to any particular person, company, firm, corporation…in any respect whatsoever…
That it shall be unlawful for any common carrier subject to the provisions of this act to enter into any contract, agreement, or combination with any other common carrier or carriers for the pooling of freights of different and competing railroads…
That a Commission is hereby created and established to be known as the Inter-State
RAILROADS: Corruption & Scandal! p. 6The unchecked power of the railroad companies led to widespread abuses and then reforms.PULLMAN: A FACTORY & TOWN
In 1880, ____________________ built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois
The nearby town Pullman built for his employees was modeled after early _________________________
Pullman workers felt his puritanical town was __________________ When he lowered wages but not rent – it led to a _________________________
CREDIT MOBILIER SCANDAL Stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad formed a ____________________________ in 1864 Stockholders then gave contracts to the company to lay track at __________ the actual costs and
___________________________________ They donated shares of the stock to ________________________ members of Congress in 1867
INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT In 1887, the Federal government re-established their control over __________________________ Congress passed the _________________________ and established a 5-member Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC) The ICC _________________________ until 1906
DEPRESSION The depression of 1893 and 1894 changed the industry. Many railroads ___________, and a few survivors seized many of the rest. By 1900, ________________________ owned most of the nation’s railways.
p. 7 Document 4: An excerpt from Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth, 1889.A Scottish immigrant, Carnegie once worked as a telegraph boy for $2.50 per week. Self-educated, he rose through a series of jobs in the railroad and iron foundry business to the presidency of the Carnegie Company, a business he sold for $250 million in gold bonds when he retired In 1901. During his lifetime Carnegie donated about $350 million to various charitable causes, and he was largely responsible for the development of free public libraries.
4a. What was Carnegie's attitude about the accumulation of wealth and power in the hands of the rich?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4b. According to Carnegie, how can the problems of poverty best be solved? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
... The law of competition ... It is here; we cannot evade it; no substitutes for it have been found; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual, it is best for the race, because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department. We accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves, great inequality of environment, the concentration of business, industrial and commercial, in the hands of a few, and the law of competition between these, as being not only beneficial, but essential for the future progress of the race. Thus is the problem of Rich and Poor to be solved. The laws of accumulation will be left free; the laws of distribution free. Individualism will continue, but the millionaire will be but a trustee for the poor; intrusted [sic] for a season with a great part of the increased wealth of the community, but administering it for the community far better than it could or would have done for itself. Such, in my opinion, is the true Gospel concerning Wealth, obedience to which is destined some day to solve the problem of the Rich and the Poor, and to bring "Peace on earth, among men Good-Will."
BIG BUSINESS p. 8 Andrew Carnegie was one of the first _____________________________ He entered the ___________ industry in 1873 By 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than ___________________________ combined
CARNEGIE BUSINESS PRACTICES Carnegie initiated many new _____________________________ such as;
o Searching for ways to make better products _________________________o Accounting systems to ____________________________o Attracting quality people by offering them ______________________________
CARNEGIE’S VERTICAL INTEGRATION Carnegie attempted to control as much of the steel industry as possible How? _________________________; he bought out his _______________ (coal fields, iron mines, ore
freighters, and rail lines) in order to control materials and transportation Definition - Vertical Integration - a company taking over its suppliers, distributors, and
transportation to gain total control over ___________________________ of its product.HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
Additionally, Carnegie ______________________________________ through friendly and hostile takeovers
This is known as ____________________________________; buying companies that produce similar products – in this case other steel companies
Definition - Horizontal Integration - the merging of companies that make similar products.(Carnegie also attempted this)
BUSINESS GROWTH & CONSOLIDATION Mergers could result in a monopoly (Trust) A monopoly is complete control over an industry An example of consolidation: In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the
country’s crude oil By 1880 – it controlled 90% of U.S. crude oil
LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS “HANDS OFF” One of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that an economic system should be free from
government ________________________________________, and be driven only by the market forces. SOCIAL DARWINISM
The philosophy known as Social Darwinism has its origins in Darwin’s theory of _________________ Darwin theorized that some individuals in a species flourish and pass their traits on while others do not Social Darwinists (like Herbert Spencer) believed _________ was a sign of God’s favor, and ________________
was a sign of inferiority and lazinessROBBER BARONS
Alarmed at the ______________________ of industrialists, critics began to call them “Robber Barons”
Famous “Robber Barons” included Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Stanford, and J.P. MorganROBBER BARONS WERE GENEROUS, TOO
Despite being labeled as greedy barons, rich industrialists did have a generous side When very rich people give away lots of money it is called “______________________” Carnegie built _____________, Rockefeller, Leland Stanford, and Cornelius Vanderbilt built
______________ SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT
In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a __________________________ ________________ companies under the Act _____________ – a business would simply reorganize into
_____________________________ to avoid prosecution _____________________ brought before the Supreme Court were thrown out
p. 9
Document 2It is true that wealth has been greatly increased, and that the average comfort, leisure, and refinement have been raised, but these gains are not general. In them the lowest class do not share…There is a vague but general feeling of disappointment; and increases bitterness among the working classes; a widespread feeling of unrest and brooding revolution. Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1905.
John D. Rockefeller
Why did Henry George warn against dissatisfaction among the working classes?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
According to Samuel Gompers, what are the differences between the goals of employers and employees?
Document 5What does this poster to the right show about the government response to the Haymarket affair? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________
Document 6How did government and management respond to strikes between 1902 and 1904 according to the graph below?
Document 3The employer desires to reduce wages and lengthen the hours of labor, while the desire of employees is to obtain shorter hours of labor and better wages, and better surroundings. Strikes establish or maintain the rights of unionism; that is, to establish and maintain the organization by which the rights of worker can be better protected. Samuel Gompers
Document 4I am going to fight… If it takes all summer and all winter, and all next summer and all next winter. Yes, even life itself. I will fight this to the bitter end. I will never recognize the union, never, never. HC Frick, President, Carnegie Steel, 1892
The Rise of Labor Unions p. 10WORKERS HAD POOR CONDITIONS
Workers routinely worked 6 or 7 days a week, had no vacations, no sick leave, and no compensation for injuries Injuries were common – In 1882, an average of _______ workers were killed _______________ on the job
LABOR UNIONS EMERGE As conditions for laborers worsened, workers realized they needed to organize The first large-scale national organization of workers was the ________________________________ The Colored National Labor Union followed
CRAFT UNIONS Craft Unions were unions of workers in a ___________________ Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Makers’ International Union to join with other craft unions in 1886 Gompers became president of the _____________________________________________ (AFL)
He focused on ___________________________ to improve conditions, wages and hours
INDUSTRIAL UNIONISM Some unions were formed with workers within a
specific industry Eugene Debs attempted this Industrial Union with the
__________________________
Samuel Gompers
In 1894, the new union won a strike for higher wages and at its peak had 150,000 members SOCIALISM AND THE IWW
Some unionists (including Debs) turned to a ___________ – an economic and political system based on __________________________ of business and property and an ______________________ of wealth among all citizens
The _______________________________________ (IWW) or Wobblies, was one such socialist union STRIKES TURN VIOLENT
Several strikes turned deadly in the late 19th century as workers and owners clashed The Great Strike of 1877: Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad struck to ____________________ Other rail workers across the country struck in _________________ _________________________ were called in to end the strike
THE HAYMARKET AFFAIR Labor leaders continued to push for change – and on _______________ 3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket
Square to protest ______________________________ of striking workers A ______________________ near the police line – killing 7 cops and several workers Radicals were rounded up and ________________ for the crime
THE HOMESTEAD STRIKE Even _______________________________ could not escape a workers strike Conditions and wages were not satisfactory in his _____________________________________ and workers struck in 1892 Carnegie hired __________________________________ to guard the plant and allow __________ to work Detectives and strikers clashed – 3 detectives and 9 strikers died The _________________________ restored order – workers returned to work
THE PULLMAN STRIKE After the Pullman Company ______________________________________, the workers went on strike in the
spring of 1894 ___________________ (American Railroad Union) tried to settle dispute which turned violent Pullman hired scabs and fired the strikers – Federal troops were brought in Debs was ____________
WOMEN ORGANIZE Although women were barred from most unions, they did organize behind powerful leaders such as ___________________ She organized the ___________________________________________ Mine workers gave her the nickname, “Mother Jones” Pauline Newman organized the International Ladies Garment Workers Union at the age of 16
TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FIRE In 1911, a fire broke out in a _____________________. Almost ______________________ died, in part because they had been locked inside. The public was outraged and some reforms favoring workers were passed.
EMPLOYERS FIGHT UNIONS The more powerful the unions became, the more employers came to fear them Employers often forbade _______________________________ and refused to recognize unions Employers forced new workers to sign “_______________________,” swearing that they would never join a union Despite those efforts, the AFL had over ________________________________________
Eugene V. Debs
p.11
1a.What group accounted for the greatest increase in immigration between 1840–60 and 1880–90?
3a.What was the difference between the immigrant girl’s dream
of America and the reality she encountered?
I dreamed of golden stairs leading to the top of the American palace where father was supposed to live. (I) went “home” to . . . an ugly old tenement in the heart of the Lower East Side. There were stairs to climb but they were not golden.—Anonymous immigrant girl
7a. How does the cartoon above make fun of the nativist response to Chinese immigration?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7b.Why did many nativists oppose Chinese immigration?
IMMIGRATION: AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT IN THE LATE 19TH & EARLY 20TH CENTURY p. 12THE NEW IMMIGRANTS
Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Some came to escape difficult conditions, others known as “__________________________” intended to stay
only temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homelandEUROPEANS
Between 1870 and 1920, about ______________________________ arrived in the United States Before 1890, most were from _____________________________ Europe. Examples: ______________________ After 1890, most came from ______________________________ Europe. Examples: ______________________ All were looking for opportunity
CHINESE Between 1851 and 1882, about ________________________ arrived on the West Coast Some were attracted by the __________________, others went to work for the ________________, farmed or
worked as domestic servants An _________________________________________ by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882
JAPANESE In 1884, the Japanese government allowed ____________________ to recruit Japanese workers The U.S. _________________________________ increased Japanese immigration to the west coast By 1920, more than _____________ Japanese lived on the west coast
THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States form
the __________________ They came from _________________________________, and other islands Mexicans, too, immigrated to the U.S. to ________________________________________________– 700,000
Mexicans arrived in the early 20th centuryLIFE IN THE NEW LAND
In the late 19th century most immigrants arrived via boats The trip from Europe took about ______________, while it took about _____________ from Asia The trip was arduous and many died along the way Destination was ______________ for Europeans, and ________________ for Asians
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK Ellis Island was the arrival point for European immigrants They had to pass __________________ at the immigration stations Processing took hours, and __________________________________ Immigrants also had to show that they were_______________, had ________________, and were able to work From 1892-1924, _________________ immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities
ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay Processing was __________________ than Ellis Island as immigrants withstood tough questioning and long
detentions in filthy conditionsFRICTION DEVELOPS
While some immigrants tried to _______________ into American culture, others kept to themselves and created
______________________________ Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves
as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc Some native born Americans disliked the immigrant’s unfamiliar customs and languages –
As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives ____________ (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and
governmental restrictions against immigration In 1882, Congress passed the _________________________ which limited Chinese immigration until ______
p. 13
4a.Why does Riis describe the tenements in which many immigrants live as “dens of death”? ____________________________________________________________________________________________4b.What were living conditions like in many tenements as described by Riis? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Look at the “dens of death” in Baxter Street . . . says the health inspector, “into which the sunlight never enters . . . that are dark, damp, dismal throughout all the days of the year, and for which it is no exaggeration to say that the money paid to the owners as rent is literally the ‘price of blood.’”. . . The mortality officially registered in those “dens of death” was 17.5 percent of their population. . . . Bedrooms in tenements were dark closets, utterly without ventilation. There couldn’t be any. The houses were built like huge square boxes, covering nearly the whole of the lot. Some light came in at the ends, but the middle was always black. Forty thousand windows, cut by order of the Health Board that first year, gave us a daylight view of the slum: “damp and rotten and dark,” walls and banisters sticky with constant moisture.—Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Look at the photographs below. What are the conditions like in the city? Why do you think Jacob Riis took these photos? What was he trying to accomplish? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is URBANIZATION? p. 14
THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the __________________________ Most immigrants settled in cities because of the ______________________________________ By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of ____________ American cities
MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY Rapid improvements in _________________ (tractors, reapers, steel
plows) made farming more ____________ in the late 19th century It also meant ______________ was needed to do the job Many _______ people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼
million __________________URBAN PROBLEMS
Problems in American cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included:
o Housing: overcrowded tenements were ________________o Sanitation : garbage was often _________________, polluted air o Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate ____________________o Water: Without safe drinking water ___________________________ fever was commono Crime: As populations increased __________________________o Fire: Limited _________ supply and wooden structures combined with the use
of candles led to many major urban fires – ___________ 1871 and ______________ 1906 were two major fires
PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITYREFORMERS MOBILIZE
________________ was a reformer who through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many
The ___________________________________ preached salvation through service to the poor
Some reformers established __________________________ These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services _________________ was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House
in Chicago)
Jacob Riis
Jane Addams
Chicago Fire
p. 15
According to the author, what new form of politics was created in the cities? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What was the relationship between immigrants and urban political machines? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Boss Tweed, “As long as I count the Votes, what are you going to do about it? Say?”
Interpret this political cartoon. How does it represent political corruption?
Document 5 “The sheer size of cities helped create a new form of politics…Many city problems were handled by local political bosses who traded in patronage favors and graft. Big city political machines were not altogether sinister [threatening] in their effects; they provided food and money for the poor, fixed problems at city hall, and generally helped immigrants in their adjustment to a new life…” Tindall and Shi, “City Politics” America, A Narrative History, 1999
GILDED – p. 16
1. covered or highlighted with gold or something of a golden color. 2. having a pleasing or showy appearance that ________________________________________.
APPLY THIS TERM TO POLITICS. WOULD THERE BE A POSTIVIE OR NEGATIVE CONNOTATION USING THIS WORD?_______________________________________________________________________________________
POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did ____________________________ Political machines controlled the _______________________________ in a city Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure _____________________________
ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled _______, __________________, and influenced the
_______________________ Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants so they helped
immigrants with ________________________________ in exchange for _________ MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL
Some political bosses were _______________ Some political machines used fake names and voted ________________ to
ensure victory (“Vote early and often”) – called Election ___________ __________ (bribes) was common among political bosses Construction contracts often resulted in “_________________” The fact that police forces were hired by the boss prevented close scrutiny
THE TWEED RING SCANDAL ______________________, known as Boss Tweed, became head of
Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city
Tweed was indicted on ______________________ of fraud and extortion Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and escaped to Spain
CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the
____________________ The system had been based on ______________; giving jobs and
favors to those who helped a candidate get elected Reformers pushed for an adoption of a _____________ of hiring the
________________ for jobs The ___________________________________ authorized a
bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on _____________________
