70 5.1 Methodologies for development of watersheds and decision support systems for interventions Resource conservation and management in Nethranahalli watershed Chithradurga district, Karnataka (R.N. Adhikari, S.L. Patil, A. Raizada, M. Prabhavathi, D. Ramajayam, N. Loganandhan and B. Mondal) - Bellary The Netrenahalli watershed covering the villages of Netranahalli and Konasagara, in Molakalmuru Taluk, was identified by the state department under IWDP scheme by proper prioritization of different parameters. The watershed is located in the north of the o o Chitradurga district (14 37'50? to 14 38'47? N o o Latitude and 76 42'46? to 76 44'51? E Longitude). Its altitude ranges between 550 to 570 above MSL. The watershed has a rugged topography with small rocky hills. The drainage pattern in the watershed is of the third order. The annual rainfall of 2011 was 388.5 mm received in 37 rainy days against a normal annual rainfall of 417.3 mm. The crop season (July to December) rainfall has been 215 mm received over 23 rainy days and has been totally a failure for rainfed crops, where the yields have declined by more than 70%. Most bore wells have turned dry further aggravating the crisis. Rainfall received during April (34.0 mm), May (45.4 mm) and June (44.2 mm) whereas during July it was almost 50% of normal rainfall i.e. 37.2 mm in the watershed. For effective sampling, the watershed was divided into 3 groups based on field positions (top, middle and bottom). Soil samples from 46 farmers field were collected at 2 depths (0-15 cm and 15- 30 cm) and analysed for various fertility characteristics (Table 72). Texture of the soil varied from loamy sand to sandy clay loam with bulk density ranges between 1.36 and 1.65 g/cc with an average of 1.48 g/cc. The status of micronutrient is high to very high except Zinc. Hence, application of FYM or vermin-compost @ 5-7.5t/ ha along with additional dose of Nitrogen fertilizer and Zinc sulphate @ 20 kg/ha is highly recommended. During 2011-12, groundnut seeds of cultivar TMV-2 and K-6, which were distributed during 2010-11 were multiplied and sown by farmers in addition to the seeds supplied by the State Government (TMV-2). Groundnut was sown at optimum time of sowing in the region (15-28 July) and 80% crop germination was recorded in the initial stages due to 87.7 mm rainfall received during August. The lower yields are attributed to the lower rainfall received during the flowering to pegging stage and to pod development stage which resulted in deficit soil moisture. Cultivation of improved groundnut cultivars that were cultivated by the farmers during 2010 and sowing the same seeds during 2011 increased the pods yield of groundnut by 23% and 26% and straw yield increased up to 16% and 27% with cultivation of TMV-2 and K-6 over control, respectively. The pod yield with TMV-2 and K-6 -1 -1 were 288 kg ha and 297 kg ha (Table 73). The pod yields of TMV-2 (Karnataka State -1 Government seed 2011) increased to 318 kg ha -1 from the local cultivated variety i.e. 246 kg ha and the increase in pod yield was 29% (Table 14). -1 The straw yield also increased by 22% (4.91 q ha -1 to 5.97 q ha ) with cultivation of TMV-2 over local cultivar. Crop demonstrations : P-5: PARTICIAPTORY INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT Soil depth (cm) pH EC OC (%) Available N (kg ha -1 ) Available P (kg ha -1 ) Available K (kg ha -1 ) Zinc (ppm) Copper (ppm) Iron (ppm) 0-15 Average 7.85 0.13 0.4 273 70.9 452 0.49 1.27 19.25 Range 6.71-8.83 0.01-0.40 0.08-0.84 90.9-573 10.7-339 137-1102 0.19-0.70 0.31-2.47 2.06-33.5 15-30 Average 7.65 0.12 0.44 284 51.6 376 0.45 2.01 20 Range 6.34-8.82 0.01-0.29 0.12-0.82 103-572 11.8-276 137-794 0.19-0.78 0.24-3.11 1.83-35.0 ds-e`-t-la-vuq-iz-la- okf"kZd izfrosnu 2011&12 ds-e`-t-la-vuq-iz-la- okf"kZd izfrosnu 2011&12 ds-e`-t-la-vuq-iz-la- okf"kZd izfrosnu 2011&12 ds-e`-t-la-vuq-iz-la- okf"kZd izfrosnu 2011&12
Transcript
70 71
5.1 Methodologies for development of watersheds and decision support systems for interventions
Resource conservation and management in Nethranahalli watershed Chithradurga district, Karnataka (R.N. Adhikari, S.L. Patil, A. Raizada, M. Prabhavathi, D. Ramajayam, N. Loganandhan and B. Mondal) - Bellary
The Netrenahalli watershed covering the villages of Netranahalli and Konasagara, in Molakalmuru Taluk, was identified by the state department under IWDP scheme by proper prioritization of different parameters. The watershed is located in the north of the
o oChitradurga district (14 37'50? to 14 38'47? N o o
Latitude and 76 42'46? to 76 44'51? E Longitude). Its altitude ranges between 550 to 570 above MSL. The watershed has a rugged topography with small rocky hills. The drainage pattern in the watershed is of the third order.
The annual rainfall of 2011 was 388.5 mm received in 37 rainy days against a normal annual rainfall of 417.3 mm. The crop season (July to December) rainfall has been 215 mm received over 23 rainy days and has been totally a failure for rainfed crops, where the yields have declined by more than 70%. Most bore wells have turned dry further aggravating the crisis. Rainfall received during April (34.0 mm), May (45.4 mm) and June (44.2 mm) whereas during July it was almost 50% of normal rainfall i.e. 37.2 mm in the watershed.
For effective sampling, the watershed was divided into 3 groups based on field positions (top, middle and bottom). Soil samples from 46 farmers field were collected at 2 depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) and analysed for various fertility
characteristics (Table 72). Texture of the soil varied from loamy sand to sandy clay loam with bulk density ranges between 1.36 and 1.65 g/cc with an average of 1.48 g/cc. The status of micronutrient is high to very high except Zinc. Hence, application of FYM or vermin-compost @ 5-7.5t/ ha along with additional dose of Nitrogen fertilizer and Zinc sulphate @ 20 kg/ha is highly recommended.
During 2011-12, groundnut seeds of cultivar TMV-2 and K-6, which were distributed during 2010-11 were multiplied and sown by farmers in addition to the seeds supplied by the State Government (TMV-2). Groundnut was sown at optimum time of sowing in the region (15-28 July) and 80% crop germination was recorded in the initial stages due to 87.7 mm rainfall received during August. The lower yields are attributed to the lower rainfall received during the flowering to pegging stage and to pod development stage which resulted in deficit soil moisture.
Cultivation of improved groundnut cultivars that were cultivated by the farmers during 2010 and sowing the same seeds during 2011 increased the pods yield of groundnut by 23% and 26% and straw yield increased up to 16% and 27% with cultivation of TMV-2 and K-6 over control, respectively. The pod yield with TMV-2 and K-6
-1 -1 were 288 kg ha and 297 kg ha (Table 73). The pod yields of TMV-2 (Karnataka State
-1 Government seed 2011) increased to 318 kg ha-1 from the local cultivated variety i.e. 246 kg ha
and the increase in pod yield was 29% (Table 14). -1
The straw yield also increased by 22% (4.91 q ha-1
to 5.97 q ha ) with cultivation of TMV-2 over local cultivar.
upper, middle and lower reaches of treated arable area of the watershed spread over 165 ha. Study reveals that 685 cum of soil from 165 ha has been conserved in the watershed due to adoption of soil conservation measures, like bunding along with waste weirs, gabions, rock fill dam etc. Market value of the soil conserved is equivalent to ` 2,39750, while the cost could be higher if the value of nutrients conserved were to be added.
As part of promoting organic farming, 25 units (3x2 m) of vermi-compost pits through farmer's participation had been constructed earlier. One farmer has shown keen interest in constructing vermin-compost unit and he has constructed two units of bigger size (5.8m x 2.6m x 0.70 m) on his field at a cost of ` 40,000 with asbestos sheet roofing on wooden frame with brick masonry walls and pillars (Plate 8).
Three recharge filters have been constructed besides a water course and a pipe provided to divert water from the recharge filter to defunct well situated in the farmers field in order to recharge the well artificially. A recharge filter of size 1.5m depth, 5m width and 5m length was constructed nearby a nala course. The recharge filter was filled from bottom to a depth of 0.6m with 20-40 mm size cut stone, followed by a layer of 0.6m depth with 15-20 mm size cut stone and top 0.3 m filled up with coarse sand. A PVC pipe of 3? diameter was installed in the bottom of the filter and connected to an open well. Coconut/jute thread was provided at the entry point of the pipe in the filter to prevent choking up of the pipe by fine nala debris.
A kissan mela was organised on October 13, 2011 at Konasagara village in which about 200 participants from government and non-
Contour/field bunding activity was continued using manual labour and
2bunds of 0.81 m cross section (top width - 0.45 m, bottom width - 2.25 m and depth - 0.6 m) were made. To expedite the work JCB was also employed and 50 ha of bunding was completed. Waste weirs, wherever necessary, were also constructed.
Gabion structure 12m long was constructed in the main nala draining out, with side revetment made of loose boulders in the lower reach of the catchment. Large waste weirs along with bunds are also constructed on nala course for safe disposal of runoff water and to prevent theft of cut stones used by farmers for construction of houses and to evaluate the efficacy of these structures.
Large scale de-siltation work was carried out in village tanks (5 no.), ponds (9 nos.) and check dam (1) using machines. An additional storage of 4657 cu-m (1958, 2612 and 87 cu-m from tanks, ponds and check dam, respectively) was created by incurring an expenditure @ ̀ 22.5 per cu-m of ̀ 1, 04,783 only. The silt was put back into agricultural fields by many farmers and some used them as pit filling material for fruit plants. Additional storage can be used to facilitate pisci-culture and irrigation. Fish fingerlings of three major Indian carps (Rohu, Katla and Common carp) were introduced in 11 ponds of farmers who were willing to take up pisci-culture as a secondary income generating activity.
Silt survey has been conducted using standard procedures by taking the observation to compute the volume of silt held against the waste weirs located in the
Particulars Multiply seeds distributed in project (2010) Seeds distributed by State Govt. (2011)
5.1 Methodologies for development of watersheds and decision support systems for interventions
Resource conservation and management in Nethranahalli watershed Chithradurga district, Karnataka (R.N. Adhikari, S.L. Patil, A. Raizada, M. Prabhavathi, D. Ramajayam, N. Loganandhan and B. Mondal) - Bellary
The Netrenahalli watershed covering the villages of Netranahalli and Konasagara, in Molakalmuru Taluk, was identified by the state department under IWDP scheme by proper prioritization of different parameters. The watershed is located in the north of the
o oChitradurga district (14 37'50? to 14 38'47? N o o
Latitude and 76 42'46? to 76 44'51? E Longitude). Its altitude ranges between 550 to 570 above MSL. The watershed has a rugged topography with small rocky hills. The drainage pattern in the watershed is of the third order.
The annual rainfall of 2011 was 388.5 mm received in 37 rainy days against a normal annual rainfall of 417.3 mm. The crop season (July to December) rainfall has been 215 mm received over 23 rainy days and has been totally a failure for rainfed crops, where the yields have declined by more than 70%. Most bore wells have turned dry further aggravating the crisis. Rainfall received during April (34.0 mm), May (45.4 mm) and June (44.2 mm) whereas during July it was almost 50% of normal rainfall i.e. 37.2 mm in the watershed.
For effective sampling, the watershed was divided into 3 groups based on field positions (top, middle and bottom). Soil samples from 46 farmers field were collected at 2 depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) and analysed for various fertility
characteristics (Table 72). Texture of the soil varied from loamy sand to sandy clay loam with bulk density ranges between 1.36 and 1.65 g/cc with an average of 1.48 g/cc. The status of micronutrient is high to very high except Zinc. Hence, application of FYM or vermin-compost @ 5-7.5t/ ha along with additional dose of Nitrogen fertilizer and Zinc sulphate @ 20 kg/ha is highly recommended.
During 2011-12, groundnut seeds of cultivar TMV-2 and K-6, which were distributed during 2010-11 were multiplied and sown by farmers in addition to the seeds supplied by the State Government (TMV-2). Groundnut was sown at optimum time of sowing in the region (15-28 July) and 80% crop germination was recorded in the initial stages due to 87.7 mm rainfall received during August. The lower yields are attributed to the lower rainfall received during the flowering to pegging stage and to pod development stage which resulted in deficit soil moisture.
Cultivation of improved groundnut cultivars that were cultivated by the farmers during 2010 and sowing the same seeds during 2011 increased the pods yield of groundnut by 23% and 26% and straw yield increased up to 16% and 27% with cultivation of TMV-2 and K-6 over control, respectively. The pod yield with TMV-2 and K-6
-1 -1 were 288 kg ha and 297 kg ha (Table 73). The pod yields of TMV-2 (Karnataka State
-1 Government seed 2011) increased to 318 kg ha-1 from the local cultivated variety i.e. 246 kg ha
and the increase in pod yield was 29% (Table 14). -1
The straw yield also increased by 22% (4.91 q ha-1
to 5.97 q ha ) with cultivation of TMV-2 over local cultivar.
upper, middle and lower reaches of treated arable area of the watershed spread over 165 ha. Study reveals that 685 cum of soil from 165 ha has been conserved in the watershed due to adoption of soil conservation measures, like bunding along with waste weirs, gabions, rock fill dam etc. Market value of the soil conserved is equivalent to ` 2,39750, while the cost could be higher if the value of nutrients conserved were to be added.
As part of promoting organic farming, 25 units (3x2 m) of vermi-compost pits through farmer's participation had been constructed earlier. One farmer has shown keen interest in constructing vermin-compost unit and he has constructed two units of bigger size (5.8m x 2.6m x 0.70 m) on his field at a cost of ` 40,000 with asbestos sheet roofing on wooden frame with brick masonry walls and pillars (Plate 8).
Three recharge filters have been constructed besides a water course and a pipe provided to divert water from the recharge filter to defunct well situated in the farmers field in order to recharge the well artificially. A recharge filter of size 1.5m depth, 5m width and 5m length was constructed nearby a nala course. The recharge filter was filled from bottom to a depth of 0.6m with 20-40 mm size cut stone, followed by a layer of 0.6m depth with 15-20 mm size cut stone and top 0.3 m filled up with coarse sand. A PVC pipe of 3? diameter was installed in the bottom of the filter and connected to an open well. Coconut/jute thread was provided at the entry point of the pipe in the filter to prevent choking up of the pipe by fine nala debris.
A kissan mela was organised on October 13, 2011 at Konasagara village in which about 200 participants from government and non-
Contour/field bunding activity was continued using manual labour and
2bunds of 0.81 m cross section (top width - 0.45 m, bottom width - 2.25 m and depth - 0.6 m) were made. To expedite the work JCB was also employed and 50 ha of bunding was completed. Waste weirs, wherever necessary, were also constructed.
Gabion structure 12m long was constructed in the main nala draining out, with side revetment made of loose boulders in the lower reach of the catchment. Large waste weirs along with bunds are also constructed on nala course for safe disposal of runoff water and to prevent theft of cut stones used by farmers for construction of houses and to evaluate the efficacy of these structures.
Large scale de-siltation work was carried out in village tanks (5 no.), ponds (9 nos.) and check dam (1) using machines. An additional storage of 4657 cu-m (1958, 2612 and 87 cu-m from tanks, ponds and check dam, respectively) was created by incurring an expenditure @ ̀ 22.5 per cu-m of ̀ 1, 04,783 only. The silt was put back into agricultural fields by many farmers and some used them as pit filling material for fruit plants. Additional storage can be used to facilitate pisci-culture and irrigation. Fish fingerlings of three major Indian carps (Rohu, Katla and Common carp) were introduced in 11 ponds of farmers who were willing to take up pisci-culture as a secondary income generating activity.
Silt survey has been conducted using standard procedures by taking the observation to compute the volume of silt held against the waste weirs located in the
Particulars Multiply seeds distributed in project (2010) Seeds distributed by State Govt. (2011)
Evaluation of fish based integrated farming systems in foothills and mid-hills of Himalayas (M. Muruganandam and C.P. Arora) - Dehradun
Experiments on low-input fish farming were carried out in seven new Integrated Fish Farming Systems (IFFS) in farmers' field established. A density of 1 or 2 fish
-2m is observed to give faster and higher yield as compared to the
2higher density of 10 per m practiced by local farmers. Bigger size fish seedlings (yearlings; 50-70 gm) grew to 2-3 times more than hatchery-fresh small size
seeds (2-5 gm) that normally farmers stock in the region. Water requirement for culture of fish, poultry and pigs and agriculture is greatly reduced by at least 30-50% since the same water from water mill or ghul is recycled. Feed requirement for fish, pigs and fertilizer requirement for fishponds and agriculture crops is almost halved due to the recycling of system generated wastes. Wastes from about 100-150 poultry birds and 3-4 pigs suffice the feed and fertilizer needs of 3-4 pigs, 150-200 fish and
2crops in 1000 m area with minimum external feeds and fertilizers. Poultry farming during summer was more profitable than monsoon and winter, mainly due to increased mortality. Farming of cattle and buffalos requires additional area for cultivation of fodder and arrangement for daily disposal of milk production, which were felt as constrain by 20% of the farmers practicing integrated farming. About 15% higher fish yield with 35% minimum input cost was achieved in integrated ponds over non-integrated fishponds. The net profit is 10% higher in poultry and fish farming in foothills than in mid-hill Himalayas. Overall, watermill and dairy yields higher net profit, followed by poultry, goatary, fish farming and agriculture for a total net profit of ` 48,000 annually.
carried out (i) Engineering measures, and (ii) Development of dry land horticulture as under (Table 74a & b):
government organizations and farmers participated. Technologies demonstrated in the watershed and their benefits were briefed by the scientists. Farmers exposure visit were also conducted to interventions like vegetable cultivation, recharge filter, pond rejuvenation etc.
Two animal health and vaccination camps were organized (on 3.1.12 & 20.1.12) covering the activities like endo & ecto-parasite control, vaccination for FMD, skin diseases etc. A total of 364 cattle heads and 1864 sheep/ goats were treated/ vaccinated against various seasonal/ chronic ailments. Artificial insemination for female animals and castration of male animals were also done during the event. Feed supplements were also distributed among the farmers for improving the productivity of cows and buffaloes.
During October - November 2011, 35 honey bee colonies were procured from Dharwad and distributed to the farmers (Photo 27). Hands on training by experts from Dharwad were also arranged to them on bee rearing. Maintenance tips like safeguarding the colonies from
Animal health and vaccination camp:
Apiculture:
enemies like lizards, ants, moths were given to the farmers. Further, a honey bee extraction machine was also purchased and given to selected farmers.
Dry land horticulture has been carried out in 40 ha of area covering more than 50 farmers' fields for securing both nutritional and income. Vegetables like hybrid tomato, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, brinjal and flower crops like jasmine and roses were introduced. One year old fruit grafts plants like mango (variety Baneshan, Mallika, Alphanso), sapota (var. Cricket ball and kalipatti), guava (var. L-49), lime (var. Balaji), coconut (var. Tiptur tall) have been provided to farmers who have planted them under protective irrigated conditions, due to the extremely hot summers in the watershed. The performance of the fruit plants has been satisfactory with mortality on an average being about 27%. The survival of sapota is the highest (75%) and lowest in coconut (50%) due to low level of irrigation. On-farm skills were provided to the farmers in horticultural crops before and after taking up the program.
Olericultural interventions were carried out in the fields of 6 farmers who were provided with vegetables seeds of hybrid tomato (H. No.618), cabbage (F1- Balaji, Photo 28), carrot (var. Tokito), cauliflower (F1- Utapati), for an area of 0.5 acre each. These interventions yielded a net return of ` 5,000 each in a period of 3 months, indicating a high rate of return. One watershed farmer (Shri B. Boraiah) has earned ` 20,000 from 15 tomatos pluckings over a period of 6 months, from well managed and staked tomato plants.
Casual employment has been generated in two major interventions
Development of dryland horticulture:
Employment generation:
Name of the work Man days generated 2009-10 2010 2011 Total
Bunding 1123 525 745 2393Waste weir 362 306 232 900Revetment 77 23 55 155Tank construction 85 - - 85Gabion structure - 90 - 90Total man days 1647 944 1032 3623
Name of the work Man days generated2010-11 2011-12 Total
Area covered (ha) 10.9 34.4 45.3No. of pits excavated 1603 5524 7127Man days utilized (nos.) (@ 3 pits 534.3 1841.33 2375per day of 1 cu m each)
-1Avg. generated man days ha (no.) 49 53.52 52.42Employment generated per ha of 7154 7814fruit trees planted ( )Total worth of employment* 78008 268834 346842
Evaluation of fish based integrated farming systems in foothills and mid-hills of Himalayas (M. Muruganandam and C.P. Arora) - Dehradun
Experiments on low-input fish farming were carried out in seven new Integrated Fish Farming Systems (IFFS) in farmers' field established. A density of 1 or 2 fish
-2m is observed to give faster and higher yield as compared to the
2higher density of 10 per m practiced by local farmers. Bigger size fish seedlings (yearlings; 50-70 gm) grew to 2-3 times more than hatchery-fresh small size
seeds (2-5 gm) that normally farmers stock in the region. Water requirement for culture of fish, poultry and pigs and agriculture is greatly reduced by at least 30-50% since the same water from water mill or ghul is recycled. Feed requirement for fish, pigs and fertilizer requirement for fishponds and agriculture crops is almost halved due to the recycling of system generated wastes. Wastes from about 100-150 poultry birds and 3-4 pigs suffice the feed and fertilizer needs of 3-4 pigs, 150-200 fish and
2crops in 1000 m area with minimum external feeds and fertilizers. Poultry farming during summer was more profitable than monsoon and winter, mainly due to increased mortality. Farming of cattle and buffalos requires additional area for cultivation of fodder and arrangement for daily disposal of milk production, which were felt as constrain by 20% of the farmers practicing integrated farming. About 15% higher fish yield with 35% minimum input cost was achieved in integrated ponds over non-integrated fishponds. The net profit is 10% higher in poultry and fish farming in foothills than in mid-hill Himalayas. Overall, watermill and dairy yields higher net profit, followed by poultry, goatary, fish farming and agriculture for a total net profit of ` 48,000 annually.
carried out (i) Engineering measures, and (ii) Development of dry land horticulture as under (Table 74a & b):
government organizations and farmers participated. Technologies demonstrated in the watershed and their benefits were briefed by the scientists. Farmers exposure visit were also conducted to interventions like vegetable cultivation, recharge filter, pond rejuvenation etc.
Two animal health and vaccination camps were organized (on 3.1.12 & 20.1.12) covering the activities like endo & ecto-parasite control, vaccination for FMD, skin diseases etc. A total of 364 cattle heads and 1864 sheep/ goats were treated/ vaccinated against various seasonal/ chronic ailments. Artificial insemination for female animals and castration of male animals were also done during the event. Feed supplements were also distributed among the farmers for improving the productivity of cows and buffaloes.
During October - November 2011, 35 honey bee colonies were procured from Dharwad and distributed to the farmers (Photo 27). Hands on training by experts from Dharwad were also arranged to them on bee rearing. Maintenance tips like safeguarding the colonies from
Animal health and vaccination camp:
Apiculture:
enemies like lizards, ants, moths were given to the farmers. Further, a honey bee extraction machine was also purchased and given to selected farmers.
Dry land horticulture has been carried out in 40 ha of area covering more than 50 farmers' fields for securing both nutritional and income. Vegetables like hybrid tomato, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, brinjal and flower crops like jasmine and roses were introduced. One year old fruit grafts plants like mango (variety Baneshan, Mallika, Alphanso), sapota (var. Cricket ball and kalipatti), guava (var. L-49), lime (var. Balaji), coconut (var. Tiptur tall) have been provided to farmers who have planted them under protective irrigated conditions, due to the extremely hot summers in the watershed. The performance of the fruit plants has been satisfactory with mortality on an average being about 27%. The survival of sapota is the highest (75%) and lowest in coconut (50%) due to low level of irrigation. On-farm skills were provided to the farmers in horticultural crops before and after taking up the program.
Olericultural interventions were carried out in the fields of 6 farmers who were provided with vegetables seeds of hybrid tomato (H. No.618), cabbage (F1- Balaji, Photo 28), carrot (var. Tokito), cauliflower (F1- Utapati), for an area of 0.5 acre each. These interventions yielded a net return of ` 5,000 each in a period of 3 months, indicating a high rate of return. One watershed farmer (Shri B. Boraiah) has earned ` 20,000 from 15 tomatos pluckings over a period of 6 months, from well managed and staked tomato plants.
Casual employment has been generated in two major interventions
Development of dryland horticulture:
Employment generation:
Name of the work Man days generated 2009-10 2010 2011 Total
Bunding 1123 525 745 2393Waste weir 362 306 232 900Revetment 77 23 55 155Tank construction 85 - - 85Gabion structure - 90 - 90Total man days 1647 944 1032 3623
Name of the work Man days generated2010-11 2011-12 Total
Area covered (ha) 10.9 34.4 45.3No. of pits excavated 1603 5524 7127Man days utilized (nos.) (@ 3 pits 534.3 1841.33 2375per day of 1 cu m each)
-1Avg. generated man days ha (no.) 49 53.52 52.42Employment generated per ha of 7154 7814fruit trees planted ( )Total worth of employment* 78008 268834 346842
Multiple criteria desision for identifying suitable integrated farming systems in different agro-ecological regions for optimizing resource conservation and productivity
A. Dehradun
B. Chandigarh
The project, initiated in 2008 as a core project, envisages formulating IFS for different agro-climatic and topo-situations using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools and implementing them on ground for their validation. The implemented IFSs will serve as models for formulating IFSs for similar farming situations in a region with different components and for different categories of stakeholders. Progress of the study s as below:
(Pradeep Dogra, N.K. Sharma, A.C. Rathore, M. Muruganandam and S. Patra)
Primary data of the selected farmer, Sh. Bhagat Ram of Ashti watershed (Dehradun) has been collected, which is being analysed for generation of the optimal IFS Plan and its implementation.
IFS optimal plans were generated (using MCDM technique) for implementation in respective farmer's fields at the eight research Centres of CSWCRTI. The final form of each optimal plan was generated after thorough discussion and approval by the farmer. IFS plans of 10 farmers have been generated / implemented on respective farmer's fields. The selected farmers for IFS representing different farming situations are diverse in terms of resources availability, production enterprises, and farming objectives and weights. Expected changes in objective function values based on the generated optimal plans vary from 1% to 56% indicating variable scope in achieving the maximizing objectives. In case of minimizing objectives, it ranges from 0% to 60%.
(S.L. Arya, Pratap Singh, Sharmishtha Pal and Ram Prasad)
Two farmers namely Sh. Jeet Singh from Janoulli and Sh. Dharam Pal from Kajiana villages were selected for implementation of IFS plan on the field. Crop husbandry was the main activity, which is judiciously integrated with vegetables and animal husbandry component to ensure regular cash flow throughout the year.
Enhancement of livelihood security through sustainable farming systems and related farm enterprises in North-West Himalayas (B.L. Dhyani, Ambrish Kumar and D. Mandal) - Dehradun
The project was initiated during 2008 in consortia mode with 4 partners in three clusters, (Hadiyagoan, Jamnikhal and Mujhgaon) in Tehri Garhwal District of Uttarakhand. During the year 2011, 12 farmers' fields were renovated with stone risers, which were severally damaged by high
-1intense rainfall (> 120 mm hr ) during monsoon period in Hadiyagaon cluster. These stone risers were able to retain 11 to 14% higher soil moisture in comparison to farmer's practice, possibly due to non-exposure of surface of terrace riser to the air. Consequently 20-30% higher wheat yield was recorded over existing traditional terraces constructed with traditional methods. After introduction of drip irrigation on 23 farmer's field, the cropping pattern 1.5 ha area was shifted from cereals (maize/upland paddy - wheat) to vegetables (tomato - carrot/radish - onion/garlic) based cropping system. The analysis reveals that the productivity of land enhanced by more than 220% over existing and 5 to 6 folds increase in income compared to farmer's practices. Realizing the benefits of micro-irrigation system (MIS) users group, the farmers having fields down below existing MIS system are also asking for equipping their terraces with MIS, arising conflict with the user groups. Analysis on silting up of staggered contour trenches (SCT) indicates that the SCT of size: 2.0x0.45x0.30 m constructed in 2008 in degraded chir pine forest area (Jamnikhal cluster) and community/agricultural wasteland (Hadiyagaon cluster) was fully silted up (76% of total SCTs) and remaining upto 82 or higher in 2011 (Table 75).
The MCDM model was run for these two selected farmers based on farmers' objectives of maximizing income, food security and employment utilization. The input-output data for existing cropping system alongwith the present resource availability and use, as reported by farmer, was analysed with this tool suggest optimal crop plan. The generated plans were implemented in farmers field in the kharif and rabi seasons in 2011-12 and continuous monitoring was done with the objective of field validation and evaluation of the formulated IFS in meeting the desired objectives. Comparative performance of the plans in the field of Sh. Dharam Pal and Sh. Jeet Singh is presented in Table 76.
The actual yields as obtained in the field in case of wheat under both rainfed and irrigated conditions were higher in comparison with the optimum plan during rabi season. Similarly, yields of maize, ginger, tomato, kulthi and sorghum obtained under field conditions was higher in comparison with the yields as per the optimum plan. Photo 29a and 29b shows various activities in the farm of Sh. Dharam Pal and Sh. Jeet Singh.
The net returns in case of Sh Jeet Singh in actual field were obtained as high as 46% in comparison with MCDM plan. The actual yields as obtained in the fields of Jeet Singh were also very high except onion and paddy hybrid due to excess water given to the crops at the initial stages.
Watershed Site Siltation (%)Jamnikhal Sisarpani 91
Jogpani 100 Kholi 82Hadiyagaon Goire 100
Dande 85Charghada 100
-1Crops Condition Yield (q ha ) DifferenceOptimum Actual (%) plan
Multiple criteria desision for identifying suitable integrated farming systems in different agro-ecological regions for optimizing resource conservation and productivity
A. Dehradun
B. Chandigarh
The project, initiated in 2008 as a core project, envisages formulating IFS for different agro-climatic and topo-situations using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools and implementing them on ground for their validation. The implemented IFSs will serve as models for formulating IFSs for similar farming situations in a region with different components and for different categories of stakeholders. Progress of the study s as below:
(Pradeep Dogra, N.K. Sharma, A.C. Rathore, M. Muruganandam and S. Patra)
Primary data of the selected farmer, Sh. Bhagat Ram of Ashti watershed (Dehradun) has been collected, which is being analysed for generation of the optimal IFS Plan and its implementation.
IFS optimal plans were generated (using MCDM technique) for implementation in respective farmer's fields at the eight research Centres of CSWCRTI. The final form of each optimal plan was generated after thorough discussion and approval by the farmer. IFS plans of 10 farmers have been generated / implemented on respective farmer's fields. The selected farmers for IFS representing different farming situations are diverse in terms of resources availability, production enterprises, and farming objectives and weights. Expected changes in objective function values based on the generated optimal plans vary from 1% to 56% indicating variable scope in achieving the maximizing objectives. In case of minimizing objectives, it ranges from 0% to 60%.
(S.L. Arya, Pratap Singh, Sharmishtha Pal and Ram Prasad)
Two farmers namely Sh. Jeet Singh from Janoulli and Sh. Dharam Pal from Kajiana villages were selected for implementation of IFS plan on the field. Crop husbandry was the main activity, which is judiciously integrated with vegetables and animal husbandry component to ensure regular cash flow throughout the year.
Enhancement of livelihood security through sustainable farming systems and related farm enterprises in North-West Himalayas (B.L. Dhyani, Ambrish Kumar and D. Mandal) - Dehradun
The project was initiated during 2008 in consortia mode with 4 partners in three clusters, (Hadiyagoan, Jamnikhal and Mujhgaon) in Tehri Garhwal District of Uttarakhand. During the year 2011, 12 farmers' fields were renovated with stone risers, which were severally damaged by high
-1intense rainfall (> 120 mm hr ) during monsoon period in Hadiyagaon cluster. These stone risers were able to retain 11 to 14% higher soil moisture in comparison to farmer's practice, possibly due to non-exposure of surface of terrace riser to the air. Consequently 20-30% higher wheat yield was recorded over existing traditional terraces constructed with traditional methods. After introduction of drip irrigation on 23 farmer's field, the cropping pattern 1.5 ha area was shifted from cereals (maize/upland paddy - wheat) to vegetables (tomato - carrot/radish - onion/garlic) based cropping system. The analysis reveals that the productivity of land enhanced by more than 220% over existing and 5 to 6 folds increase in income compared to farmer's practices. Realizing the benefits of micro-irrigation system (MIS) users group, the farmers having fields down below existing MIS system are also asking for equipping their terraces with MIS, arising conflict with the user groups. Analysis on silting up of staggered contour trenches (SCT) indicates that the SCT of size: 2.0x0.45x0.30 m constructed in 2008 in degraded chir pine forest area (Jamnikhal cluster) and community/agricultural wasteland (Hadiyagaon cluster) was fully silted up (76% of total SCTs) and remaining upto 82 or higher in 2011 (Table 75).
The MCDM model was run for these two selected farmers based on farmers' objectives of maximizing income, food security and employment utilization. The input-output data for existing cropping system alongwith the present resource availability and use, as reported by farmer, was analysed with this tool suggest optimal crop plan. The generated plans were implemented in farmers field in the kharif and rabi seasons in 2011-12 and continuous monitoring was done with the objective of field validation and evaluation of the formulated IFS in meeting the desired objectives. Comparative performance of the plans in the field of Sh. Dharam Pal and Sh. Jeet Singh is presented in Table 76.
The actual yields as obtained in the field in case of wheat under both rainfed and irrigated conditions were higher in comparison with the optimum plan during rabi season. Similarly, yields of maize, ginger, tomato, kulthi and sorghum obtained under field conditions was higher in comparison with the yields as per the optimum plan. Photo 29a and 29b shows various activities in the farm of Sh. Dharam Pal and Sh. Jeet Singh.
The net returns in case of Sh Jeet Singh in actual field were obtained as high as 46% in comparison with MCDM plan. The actual yields as obtained in the fields of Jeet Singh were also very high except onion and paddy hybrid due to excess water given to the crops at the initial stages.
Watershed Site Siltation (%)Jamnikhal Sisarpani 91
Jogpani 100 Kholi 82Hadiyagaon Goire 100
Dande 85Charghada 100
-1Crops Condition Yield (q ha ) DifferenceOptimum Actual (%) plan
C. Udhagamandalam (K. Kannan, D.V. Singh and V. Selvi)
The MCDSS model was run for one farmer based on the farmer's objectives, i.e. less labour and more income. Two optimum plans were generated by the model to achieve these two objectives. According to the farmer's preference the optimum plan second was selected and implemented during the reporting period. Area and actual yield of different production activities before and after implementation of optimal IFS plan during the second year of implementation is given in Table 77. In this plan, to optimize the yield and reduce the labour requirement, area under maize was increased to 0.56 ha from the existing 0.4 ha and ground nut area was reduced to 0.4 ha from 0.8 ha. Gross cropped area under annual crops was reduced to 2.96 ha from 3.2 ha. Actual yield of production activities, viz; groundnut, and maize and fodder sorghum and coconut was more than the yield as per optimum plan, while the yield of tobacco and milk was lesser compare to optimum plan yield due to season, input and management.
There was an increase in total net income (7.56%) from various production systems after the implementation of the model (Table 78). Even though 0.24 ha of area was kept fallow under this model, the net income was increased due to better yield in case of groundnut, increase in area of maize and increase in yield and price of tobacco during the reporting period. Labour requirement was reduced by 2.5% due to the change in the cropping pattern (Table 78). There was a 3.6% reduction in fodder production due to the reduction in groundnut area (Table 79). As a result there was an increase (13%) increase in fodder deficit.
(P.K. Panda, A.K. Singh and R.B. Meena)
This project has been implemented in Jalalpur village of Jagner block in Agra district. The selected farmer is a small farmer with 1.2 ha land. The socio-economic, agricultural, animal husbandry and other related data were collected from the farmers to generating suitable IFS set up for optimizing productivity along with resource
D. Agra
Production Season and Original area Optimal plan Yield as per Actual yield DifferenceActivity (Unit) irrigation condition (ha / Nos.) (ha / Nos.) optimal plan during 2010-11 (% )Groundnut Zaid (Irrigated) 0.8 0.4 13.75 14.10 +2.5Tobacco Rabi (Irrigated) 1.6 1.6 32.50 31.75 -3.1Maize(Imp) Zaid (Irrigated) 0.4 0.56 68.75 70.10 +1.9Fodder sorghum Zaid (Irrigated) 0.4 0.4 90.00 91.00 +1.1Coconut Permanent (Irrigated) 0.37 0.37 20100 nuts 20120 nuts +0.09Cow - 2 2 1780 litre 1710 litre -4.0Bullock - 2 2 -Goat - 1 1 -Heifer - 1 1 -Gross cropped area 3.2 2.96under annual crops
Production activities Area(ha)/ Nos. Net income ( ) Area(ha)/ No. Net income ( ) Labour requirement (man days) Before intervention After intervention Before intervention After intervention
conservation using Multiple Criteria Decision making software. The optimum plant so generated again subjected to farmers feedback and modified suitability (Table 80). Finally the optimum plan generated by the model was implemented in toto in the farmers field to generate data set for comparison.
(Ashok Kumar, H.R. Meena and B.K. Sethy)
During the 2009-10 an optimal plan for a small farmer having irrigation facilities was
E. Kota
devised by applying MODSS, which is executed once again during 2010-11 with a modification as the farmer was not ready to sow the improved wheat as per optimal plan in rabi due to scarcity of water in tube well. Therefore, mustard was sown as per his preference and its valuation was done in wheat equivalent as per optimal plan. The results indicated that the yield of crops recorded under optimal plan was higher in all crops except maize (Table 81). The range of increase varied from 11% in pure soybean to 29% in case of soybean under intercropping system. The crop yield under various crops in rabi season has also shown increased trend from 3% (coriander) to 20% (wheat).The objective values of existing and optimal plan have been calculated to assess the difference in income and nutrient energy for food security in order to validate the MODSS (Table 82). The analysis shows an increase of 11% in income as result of optimal plan. However, it was interesting to note that nutrient energy in terms of
C. Udhagamandalam (K. Kannan, D.V. Singh and V. Selvi)
The MCDSS model was run for one farmer based on the farmer's objectives, i.e. less labour and more income. Two optimum plans were generated by the model to achieve these two objectives. According to the farmer's preference the optimum plan second was selected and implemented during the reporting period. Area and actual yield of different production activities before and after implementation of optimal IFS plan during the second year of implementation is given in Table 77. In this plan, to optimize the yield and reduce the labour requirement, area under maize was increased to 0.56 ha from the existing 0.4 ha and ground nut area was reduced to 0.4 ha from 0.8 ha. Gross cropped area under annual crops was reduced to 2.96 ha from 3.2 ha. Actual yield of production activities, viz; groundnut, and maize and fodder sorghum and coconut was more than the yield as per optimum plan, while the yield of tobacco and milk was lesser compare to optimum plan yield due to season, input and management.
There was an increase in total net income (7.56%) from various production systems after the implementation of the model (Table 78). Even though 0.24 ha of area was kept fallow under this model, the net income was increased due to better yield in case of groundnut, increase in area of maize and increase in yield and price of tobacco during the reporting period. Labour requirement was reduced by 2.5% due to the change in the cropping pattern (Table 78). There was a 3.6% reduction in fodder production due to the reduction in groundnut area (Table 79). As a result there was an increase (13%) increase in fodder deficit.
(P.K. Panda, A.K. Singh and R.B. Meena)
This project has been implemented in Jalalpur village of Jagner block in Agra district. The selected farmer is a small farmer with 1.2 ha land. The socio-economic, agricultural, animal husbandry and other related data were collected from the farmers to generating suitable IFS set up for optimizing productivity along with resource
D. Agra
Production Season and Original area Optimal plan Yield as per Actual yield DifferenceActivity (Unit) irrigation condition (ha / Nos.) (ha / Nos.) optimal plan during 2010-11 (% )Groundnut Zaid (Irrigated) 0.8 0.4 13.75 14.10 +2.5Tobacco Rabi (Irrigated) 1.6 1.6 32.50 31.75 -3.1Maize(Imp) Zaid (Irrigated) 0.4 0.56 68.75 70.10 +1.9Fodder sorghum Zaid (Irrigated) 0.4 0.4 90.00 91.00 +1.1Coconut Permanent (Irrigated) 0.37 0.37 20100 nuts 20120 nuts +0.09Cow - 2 2 1780 litre 1710 litre -4.0Bullock - 2 2 -Goat - 1 1 -Heifer - 1 1 -Gross cropped area 3.2 2.96under annual crops
Production activities Area(ha)/ Nos. Net income ( ) Area(ha)/ No. Net income ( ) Labour requirement (man days) Before intervention After intervention Before intervention After intervention
conservation using Multiple Criteria Decision making software. The optimum plant so generated again subjected to farmers feedback and modified suitability (Table 80). Finally the optimum plan generated by the model was implemented in toto in the farmers field to generate data set for comparison.
(Ashok Kumar, H.R. Meena and B.K. Sethy)
During the 2009-10 an optimal plan for a small farmer having irrigation facilities was
E. Kota
devised by applying MODSS, which is executed once again during 2010-11 with a modification as the farmer was not ready to sow the improved wheat as per optimal plan in rabi due to scarcity of water in tube well. Therefore, mustard was sown as per his preference and its valuation was done in wheat equivalent as per optimal plan. The results indicated that the yield of crops recorded under optimal plan was higher in all crops except maize (Table 81). The range of increase varied from 11% in pure soybean to 29% in case of soybean under intercropping system. The crop yield under various crops in rabi season has also shown increased trend from 3% (coriander) to 20% (wheat).The objective values of existing and optimal plan have been calculated to assess the difference in income and nutrient energy for food security in order to validate the MODSS (Table 82). The analysis shows an increase of 11% in income as result of optimal plan. However, it was interesting to note that nutrient energy in terms of
food security has increased by 28% because of increased productivity of different crops.
(V.C. Pande, Gopal Kumar and A.K. Vishwakarma)
Two farmers with representative farming systems were identified for field validation of optimal crop plans after applying multi-criteria decision making tool. The sole criterion in respect of the farmers was maximization of income subject to resource constraint. The crops as per the plan were sown in their fields in the respective seasons.
Farmers reported crop failure in their fields during kharif season. While maize failed in the field of Sh. Kalabhai and pigeonpea failed in the field of Sh. Rabha Bhai (Table 83). Though no definite trend is observed, the year 2011-12 received poor rainfall (424 mm). Farmer's crop management also partly explains this. The yield realized in the other crops showed an increased trend. Bajra (Pearl millet) realized higher yields as compared to cotton crop. Overall, the net returns realized worked out to be at par with the optimal plan (Table 84).
F. Vasad
G. Datia
Optimal plan:
(Dev Narayan, P.P. Adhikary and M.N. Ramesha)
In less favourable environments and regions like Bundelkhand, livelihood security of the rural poor is absent. There is a need for developing integrated farming systems for achieving goals for more food production and conserving natural resources in a sustainable manner. Therefore, physiographic, water resources and land use data of the watershed has been collected. One marginal farmer with land holding of 0.62 ha was selected to develop the IFS. Detail farming activities, viz; data on season wise crop, live stock, labour, and farm resources have been collected, analyzed and submitted to the PI for further analysis and generating the optimal plan for implementation. The optimal plan has been generated and the interventions at selected farmer's field will be undertaken from kharif season of 2012 as per optimal plan.
In optimal plan, green gram has been included as a new intervention on an area of 0.21 ha during kharif season, otherwise, it is kept fallow as per traditional practice and it attract considerable runoff and soil loss (Table 85). The
improved varieties of all the crops will be grown following recommended package of practices for obtaining higher production as per the optimal plan. The brinjal has not been included in the new plan and the area allocated to brinjal under existing plan will be allocated to onion. There will be no change in animal component in optimal plan.
The total net returns will be increased by 14% and food security by 4%, further there will be reduction in soil loss to the tune of 60% with the interventions as per optimal plan over existing plan (Table 86).
Expected outcome:
H. Bellary (S.L. Patil, R.N. Adhikari and M. Prabhavathi)
Working out the optimum area for cultivation of individual crops in the farmers' fields and to optimize the resources for working out the suitable IFS system in individual families through Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools is in progress. Maximization of farm income was most preferred by three farmers compared to maximization of farm employment, maximization of food security and minimization of labour hiring. Average size of selected farmers is 9 indicating joint family culture, male female ratio was 1:0.9. The total number of family members of three farmers selected for IFS, 15 adults (7 male and 8 female) contribute to the agriculture activities as against 12 children. All 3 IFS farmers own bullocks and cow and one farmer has buffaloes that yield milk. All the three farmers have the poultry birds and Mr. G. Ganganna has got sheep and goats. In IFS programme, 3 farmers were supplied with groundnut i.e. TMV-2, maize cv. i.e. Super 900M Gold and Cotton Bt. hybrids
Production Activity (Unit) Seasons & Rainfed / Optimal Yield as per Actual yield DifferenceIrrigated plan optimal plan during 2010-11 (% )
food security has increased by 28% because of increased productivity of different crops.
(V.C. Pande, Gopal Kumar and A.K. Vishwakarma)
Two farmers with representative farming systems were identified for field validation of optimal crop plans after applying multi-criteria decision making tool. The sole criterion in respect of the farmers was maximization of income subject to resource constraint. The crops as per the plan were sown in their fields in the respective seasons.
Farmers reported crop failure in their fields during kharif season. While maize failed in the field of Sh. Kalabhai and pigeonpea failed in the field of Sh. Rabha Bhai (Table 83). Though no definite trend is observed, the year 2011-12 received poor rainfall (424 mm). Farmer's crop management also partly explains this. The yield realized in the other crops showed an increased trend. Bajra (Pearl millet) realized higher yields as compared to cotton crop. Overall, the net returns realized worked out to be at par with the optimal plan (Table 84).
F. Vasad
G. Datia
Optimal plan:
(Dev Narayan, P.P. Adhikary and M.N. Ramesha)
In less favourable environments and regions like Bundelkhand, livelihood security of the rural poor is absent. There is a need for developing integrated farming systems for achieving goals for more food production and conserving natural resources in a sustainable manner. Therefore, physiographic, water resources and land use data of the watershed has been collected. One marginal farmer with land holding of 0.62 ha was selected to develop the IFS. Detail farming activities, viz; data on season wise crop, live stock, labour, and farm resources have been collected, analyzed and submitted to the PI for further analysis and generating the optimal plan for implementation. The optimal plan has been generated and the interventions at selected farmer's field will be undertaken from kharif season of 2012 as per optimal plan.
In optimal plan, green gram has been included as a new intervention on an area of 0.21 ha during kharif season, otherwise, it is kept fallow as per traditional practice and it attract considerable runoff and soil loss (Table 85). The
improved varieties of all the crops will be grown following recommended package of practices for obtaining higher production as per the optimal plan. The brinjal has not been included in the new plan and the area allocated to brinjal under existing plan will be allocated to onion. There will be no change in animal component in optimal plan.
The total net returns will be increased by 14% and food security by 4%, further there will be reduction in soil loss to the tune of 60% with the interventions as per optimal plan over existing plan (Table 86).
Expected outcome:
H. Bellary (S.L. Patil, R.N. Adhikari and M. Prabhavathi)
Working out the optimum area for cultivation of individual crops in the farmers' fields and to optimize the resources for working out the suitable IFS system in individual families through Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) tools is in progress. Maximization of farm income was most preferred by three farmers compared to maximization of farm employment, maximization of food security and minimization of labour hiring. Average size of selected farmers is 9 indicating joint family culture, male female ratio was 1:0.9. The total number of family members of three farmers selected for IFS, 15 adults (7 male and 8 female) contribute to the agriculture activities as against 12 children. All 3 IFS farmers own bullocks and cow and one farmer has buffaloes that yield milk. All the three farmers have the poultry birds and Mr. G. Ganganna has got sheep and goats. In IFS programme, 3 farmers were supplied with groundnut i.e. TMV-2, maize cv. i.e. Super 900M Gold and Cotton Bt. hybrids
Production Activity (Unit) Seasons & Rainfed / Optimal Yield as per Actual yield DifferenceIrrigated plan optimal plan during 2010-11 (% )
i.e. Super Mallika, Sashyashyamala Kanaka and Sarvodaya Kanaka. Lower yields of rainfed crops were attributed to low rainfall of 391.0 mm during 2011 with severe drought during flowering to pegging in groundnut (critical stage) and lower rainfall in early vegetative stages up to flowering in redgram with low crop season rainfall (50% of normal). Mr. Ramesh from 1.27 ha rainfed cultivated area realized lower yields due to drought during 2011 and resulted in loss of ̀ 8097. Mr. Marenna had 1.75 ha irrigated area, in which he cultivated maize cultivar Super 900 Gold , Bt. cotton, hybrid sorghum, napier grass during kharif and maize & groundnut during rabi. Mr. G. Ganganna cultivated groundnut + redgram in 5.46 ha under rainfed during kharif. In irrigated area he cultivated Bt. Cotton and chilli during kharif and maize, groundnut and paddy during rabi/early summer. Due to low rainfall that resulted in drought situation during 2011, the income from crops under rainfed conditions was negative i.e. loss, whereas income from irrigated IFS farmers were higher and was attributed to cultivation of improved cultivars with application of micronutrients and improved management practices with pest and disease control. Net income from the rainfed crops was -29.1% (Ramesh), whereas net income from crops varied from 53.6% (E. Marenna) to 75.3% (G. Ganganna). The income from the livestock was 17.9% (G. Ganganna), 43.9% (E. Marenna) and 50.1% (Ramesh), whereas the off - farm income varied from 6.8% (G. Ganganna) to 79.0% (Ramesh) (Table 87).
I. Koraput (P. Jakhar, B.S. Naik and D. Barman)
As per the optimized plan generated inputs were provided to the farmer, D. Jani, of Lachhaputtraghati watershed. The socio-economic and yield data was collected as per the standard devised performa. The collected data of farmer Damodar Jani was analyzed on statistical software and comparison was done with the optimum plan. The yield and net returns under different crops is as follows (Table 88):
Farmer has 1.2 ha of cultivable land out of which 1 ha is rainfed and only 0.2 ha is irrigated, which falls under jhola land (the perennial stream of water). Farmer has two bullocks for draught purpose and occasionally given on custom hire basis. Under the optimal plan prominent changes are in kharif season area under Niger crop has increased and in rabi season new forage cum green manure crop is proposed. For generation of extra income rearing of desi cow is proposed which fits well under the IFS model. The data collected from this year treatments are presented in table. The optimum plan shows an increase of 9% in net returns. There is increase in change in labour utilization due to new intervention of cow and cowpea crop. However under optimal plan instead of decreasing soil loss is increasing but it is insignificant. Net returns and man days calculated from the treatments shows the results in confirmation with the optimized plan.
5.5 Watershed technologies (Strategic research)
Development of model watershed Iduhatti in the Nilgiris (D.V. Singh, V. Selvi, P. Sundarambal, R. Raghupathy and K. Kannan) - Udhagamandalam
Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) implemented in the Nilgiris district had entrusted the task of developing Iduhatti micro-watershed as a Model Watershed in the district to CSWCRTI, Research Centre, Udhagamandalam. This watershed project is being implemented since 2008 with the objectives of participatory planning and demonstration of suitable conservation measures and land use options for sustainable production, improvement in socio-economic conditions of resource poor section of the watershed community and monitoring and assessment of hydrological, bio-physical and socio-economic impacts on watershed basis.
Community Organization Activities:
Livelihood Support Activities:
Five meetings of the Iduhatti Watershed Executive Committee were conducted during the period of report in which all the social and technical interventions were thoroughly discussed with the watershed community. General body meeting of Iduhatti watershed association was held on 28-1-2012.
With the concurrence of the Executive Committe, four new Self Help Groups (SHGs) were formed for taking up income generating activities among the resource poor sections of the watershed community, making the total number of SHGs as 17 till date. Among these groups, 13 SHGs were initially formed with a revolving fund of ` 2,90,000 and four more SHGs were formed from the amount paid pack by these groups. A total amount of ̀ 1,85,700 had been paid back by these seventeen SHGs till date out of which ` 60,020 had been ploughed back to form the new groups (Table 89). The overall repayment was 53.05%.
Farmers Land holding (ha) Income source Gross income Net income % of totalRainfed Irrigated (`) (`) net income
SHG activities No. of groups No. of members Seed money ( ) Amount paid back ( )SHG initially formed from project fundSheep rearing 1 8 25000 25000Cow/heifer rearing 5 17 115000 40200Vegetable cultivation by leasing in the land 5 25 125000 82600Black smithy 1 5 25000 9500Coffee seed grinding 1 4 To be commenced -Total 13 60 290000 157300SHG formed from paid back amount Cow/heifer rearing 1 1 12000 7500Vegetable cultivation by leasing in the land 1 5 25000 14500Tailoring 2 2 23020 6400Total 4 8 60020 28400
i.e. Super Mallika, Sashyashyamala Kanaka and Sarvodaya Kanaka. Lower yields of rainfed crops were attributed to low rainfall of 391.0 mm during 2011 with severe drought during flowering to pegging in groundnut (critical stage) and lower rainfall in early vegetative stages up to flowering in redgram with low crop season rainfall (50% of normal). Mr. Ramesh from 1.27 ha rainfed cultivated area realized lower yields due to drought during 2011 and resulted in loss of ̀ 8097. Mr. Marenna had 1.75 ha irrigated area, in which he cultivated maize cultivar Super 900 Gold , Bt. cotton, hybrid sorghum, napier grass during kharif and maize & groundnut during rabi. Mr. G. Ganganna cultivated groundnut + redgram in 5.46 ha under rainfed during kharif. In irrigated area he cultivated Bt. Cotton and chilli during kharif and maize, groundnut and paddy during rabi/early summer. Due to low rainfall that resulted in drought situation during 2011, the income from crops under rainfed conditions was negative i.e. loss, whereas income from irrigated IFS farmers were higher and was attributed to cultivation of improved cultivars with application of micronutrients and improved management practices with pest and disease control. Net income from the rainfed crops was -29.1% (Ramesh), whereas net income from crops varied from 53.6% (E. Marenna) to 75.3% (G. Ganganna). The income from the livestock was 17.9% (G. Ganganna), 43.9% (E. Marenna) and 50.1% (Ramesh), whereas the off - farm income varied from 6.8% (G. Ganganna) to 79.0% (Ramesh) (Table 87).
I. Koraput (P. Jakhar, B.S. Naik and D. Barman)
As per the optimized plan generated inputs were provided to the farmer, D. Jani, of Lachhaputtraghati watershed. The socio-economic and yield data was collected as per the standard devised performa. The collected data of farmer Damodar Jani was analyzed on statistical software and comparison was done with the optimum plan. The yield and net returns under different crops is as follows (Table 88):
Farmer has 1.2 ha of cultivable land out of which 1 ha is rainfed and only 0.2 ha is irrigated, which falls under jhola land (the perennial stream of water). Farmer has two bullocks for draught purpose and occasionally given on custom hire basis. Under the optimal plan prominent changes are in kharif season area under Niger crop has increased and in rabi season new forage cum green manure crop is proposed. For generation of extra income rearing of desi cow is proposed which fits well under the IFS model. The data collected from this year treatments are presented in table. The optimum plan shows an increase of 9% in net returns. There is increase in change in labour utilization due to new intervention of cow and cowpea crop. However under optimal plan instead of decreasing soil loss is increasing but it is insignificant. Net returns and man days calculated from the treatments shows the results in confirmation with the optimized plan.
5.5 Watershed technologies (Strategic research)
Development of model watershed Iduhatti in the Nilgiris (D.V. Singh, V. Selvi, P. Sundarambal, R. Raghupathy and K. Kannan) - Udhagamandalam
Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) implemented in the Nilgiris district had entrusted the task of developing Iduhatti micro-watershed as a Model Watershed in the district to CSWCRTI, Research Centre, Udhagamandalam. This watershed project is being implemented since 2008 with the objectives of participatory planning and demonstration of suitable conservation measures and land use options for sustainable production, improvement in socio-economic conditions of resource poor section of the watershed community and monitoring and assessment of hydrological, bio-physical and socio-economic impacts on watershed basis.
Community Organization Activities:
Livelihood Support Activities:
Five meetings of the Iduhatti Watershed Executive Committee were conducted during the period of report in which all the social and technical interventions were thoroughly discussed with the watershed community. General body meeting of Iduhatti watershed association was held on 28-1-2012.
With the concurrence of the Executive Committe, four new Self Help Groups (SHGs) were formed for taking up income generating activities among the resource poor sections of the watershed community, making the total number of SHGs as 17 till date. Among these groups, 13 SHGs were initially formed with a revolving fund of ` 2,90,000 and four more SHGs were formed from the amount paid pack by these groups. A total amount of ̀ 1,85,700 had been paid back by these seventeen SHGs till date out of which ` 60,020 had been ploughed back to form the new groups (Table 89). The overall repayment was 53.05%.
Farmers Land holding (ha) Income source Gross income Net income % of totalRainfed Irrigated (`) (`) net income
SHG activities No. of groups No. of members Seed money ( ) Amount paid back ( )SHG initially formed from project fundSheep rearing 1 8 25000 25000Cow/heifer rearing 5 17 115000 40200Vegetable cultivation by leasing in the land 5 25 125000 82600Black smithy 1 5 25000 9500Coffee seed grinding 1 4 To be commenced -Total 13 60 290000 157300SHG formed from paid back amount Cow/heifer rearing 1 1 12000 7500Vegetable cultivation by leasing in the land 1 5 25000 14500Tailoring 2 2 23020 6400Total 4 8 60020 28400
Through these SHG activities 4232 man days of employment and a net income of ̀ 18, 29,161 have been generated.
Twenty one crop demonstrations were conducted on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), twelve on potato, seven on vatex beans and two on carrot crop during kharif 2011. Data on yield and cost of inputs was recorded and presented in Table 5.6. The average increase in the yield of potato, vatex beans and carrot was 15, 13 and 20.4%, respectively due to the introduction of INM practices in comparison with the farmers' practice of using low analysis fertilizer mixture (Table 90). The additional monetary benefit due to the practice of INM were ̀ 31,520, ̀ 25,765
-1and `61,827 ha for potato, vatex beans and carrot, respectively.
In Trichigadi village of Iduhatti watershed, five acres of community waste land have been developed into tea plantation. Village people were trained for taking up contour staggered trenches as soil and water conservation measures to develop this area as a community property resource.
Four collection wells were installed in Iduhatti watershed for harvesting the sub-surface flow and increasing the water availability during lean season (Photo 30a).
In the current year, two new check dams for harvesting surface water were constructed in Iduhatti watershed (Photo 30b). Through these
Crop demonstrations:
Community property resources development:
Sub-surface water harvesting:
Surface water harvesting:
3interventions around 680 m of additional space for water storage has been created in the watershed. The harvested surface flow is being utilized by the farmers whose fields are adjoining the check dams for irrigation purpose.
Ten units of sprinkler irrigation systems have been introduced in the watershed during the period of report (Photo 30c). An amount of ̀ 80,000 was contributed by the 10 beneficiaries while ̀ 1,60,240 was met out from the project fund for this intervention.
One community hall in tribal hamlet and one gabion retaining wall in SC hamlet was constructed (Photo 30d) by converging other developmental schemes of the HADP.
Animal health camp for livestock improvement was jointly organized by the Research Centre and Animal Husbandry Deptt., The Nilgiris on 06-08-2011 in Idhuhatti watershed
Introduction of sprinkler irrigation:
Interventions through convergence approach:
Animal health camp:
(Photo 31). About 100 farmers participated in this programme and 81 animals including heifers and calves were treated by the veterinarians for various ailments and disorders. Vaccination was given for foot and mouth diseases, de-worming were done for animals and mineral mixtures were distributed to weak as well as high yielding animals.
A farmers scientists interaction meet was conducted on 25-01-2012 in Iduhatti watershed (Photo 33). About 100 farmers from the watershed and experts from different research and developmental organizations in the Nilgiris participated in this meet. Farmers of the watershed got acquainted with new agricultural technologies and their various queries were addressed by experts from different organizations.
The monthly evaporation rates recorded at Iduhatti watershed for the year 2011 are depicted in Fig.22. The month of March had
-1the highest evaporation rate (4.7 mm day ) while september had the lowest evaporation rate (1.5
-1mm day ).
Farmers - scientists interaction meet:
Evaporation:
Rainfall:
Runoff measurement in Iduhatti watershed:
Watershed development fund:
Monthly rainfall recorded in three locations (Bhartinagar (1034.1 mm) and Ganganagar (1123.3 mm) in sub-watershed W 1
and Morakutti (1139.0 mm) in sub-watershed W ) with number of 2
rainy days as 67, 68 and 63, respectively for the year 2011 (Table 91). The average rainfall for the year 2011 recorded in W and 1
W sub-watersheds are 1078.7 mm 2
and 1139.0 mm, respectively.
Runoff monitoring is being carried out through gauging station constructed at the outlet of W 1
sub-watershed where agriculture is the major land use in Iduhatti watershed. The total runoff from W sub-watershed during the year 2011 was 95.2 1
mm which works out to 8.8% of rainfall received.
Watershed community in Iduhatti is contributing for different activities in terms of cash and kind. A total of ` 2,15,688 upto Feb., 2012 includes the membership fee of ` 25 collected from each member of the watershed association was deposited in the watershed development fund of Iduhatti watershed.
-1 -1Crop Area No.of Avg. yield (t ha ) Cost of inputs ( ha ) Additional benefit-1(ha) farmers Farmers practice INM* Farmers practice INM due to INM ( ha )
Through these SHG activities 4232 man days of employment and a net income of ̀ 18, 29,161 have been generated.
Twenty one crop demonstrations were conducted on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), twelve on potato, seven on vatex beans and two on carrot crop during kharif 2011. Data on yield and cost of inputs was recorded and presented in Table 5.6. The average increase in the yield of potato, vatex beans and carrot was 15, 13 and 20.4%, respectively due to the introduction of INM practices in comparison with the farmers' practice of using low analysis fertilizer mixture (Table 90). The additional monetary benefit due to the practice of INM were ̀ 31,520, ̀ 25,765
-1and `61,827 ha for potato, vatex beans and carrot, respectively.
In Trichigadi village of Iduhatti watershed, five acres of community waste land have been developed into tea plantation. Village people were trained for taking up contour staggered trenches as soil and water conservation measures to develop this area as a community property resource.
Four collection wells were installed in Iduhatti watershed for harvesting the sub-surface flow and increasing the water availability during lean season (Photo 30a).
In the current year, two new check dams for harvesting surface water were constructed in Iduhatti watershed (Photo 30b). Through these
Crop demonstrations:
Community property resources development:
Sub-surface water harvesting:
Surface water harvesting:
3interventions around 680 m of additional space for water storage has been created in the watershed. The harvested surface flow is being utilized by the farmers whose fields are adjoining the check dams for irrigation purpose.
Ten units of sprinkler irrigation systems have been introduced in the watershed during the period of report (Photo 30c). An amount of ̀ 80,000 was contributed by the 10 beneficiaries while ̀ 1,60,240 was met out from the project fund for this intervention.
One community hall in tribal hamlet and one gabion retaining wall in SC hamlet was constructed (Photo 30d) by converging other developmental schemes of the HADP.
Animal health camp for livestock improvement was jointly organized by the Research Centre and Animal Husbandry Deptt., The Nilgiris on 06-08-2011 in Idhuhatti watershed
Introduction of sprinkler irrigation:
Interventions through convergence approach:
Animal health camp:
(Photo 31). About 100 farmers participated in this programme and 81 animals including heifers and calves were treated by the veterinarians for various ailments and disorders. Vaccination was given for foot and mouth diseases, de-worming were done for animals and mineral mixtures were distributed to weak as well as high yielding animals.
A farmers scientists interaction meet was conducted on 25-01-2012 in Iduhatti watershed (Photo 33). About 100 farmers from the watershed and experts from different research and developmental organizations in the Nilgiris participated in this meet. Farmers of the watershed got acquainted with new agricultural technologies and their various queries were addressed by experts from different organizations.
The monthly evaporation rates recorded at Iduhatti watershed for the year 2011 are depicted in Fig.22. The month of March had
-1the highest evaporation rate (4.7 mm day ) while september had the lowest evaporation rate (1.5
-1mm day ).
Farmers - scientists interaction meet:
Evaporation:
Rainfall:
Runoff measurement in Iduhatti watershed:
Watershed development fund:
Monthly rainfall recorded in three locations (Bhartinagar (1034.1 mm) and Ganganagar (1123.3 mm) in sub-watershed W 1
and Morakutti (1139.0 mm) in sub-watershed W ) with number of 2
rainy days as 67, 68 and 63, respectively for the year 2011 (Table 91). The average rainfall for the year 2011 recorded in W and 1
W sub-watersheds are 1078.7 mm 2
and 1139.0 mm, respectively.
Runoff monitoring is being carried out through gauging station constructed at the outlet of W 1
sub-watershed where agriculture is the major land use in Iduhatti watershed. The total runoff from W sub-watershed during the year 2011 was 95.2 1
mm which works out to 8.8% of rainfall received.
Watershed community in Iduhatti is contributing for different activities in terms of cash and kind. A total of ` 2,15,688 upto Feb., 2012 includes the membership fee of ` 25 collected from each member of the watershed association was deposited in the watershed development fund of Iduhatti watershed.
-1 -1Crop Area No.of Avg. yield (t ha ) Cost of inputs ( ha ) Additional benefit-1(ha) farmers Farmers practice INM* Farmers practice INM due to INM ( ha )
2000 litres tank was created and handed over to the community. ` 2.50 lakhs were invested on different entry point interventions.
Three gauging stations were constructed to monitor runoff and soil loss from (i) waste land, (ii) agricultural land and (iii) mix land uses (waste land +Agriculture) at a cost of ̀ 3.5 lakhs.
Dhanina village having one old WHS (village pond) used for drinking water to cattle, bath and washing clothes. Due to siltation its capacity has been considerably reduced. Desi l t ing
3(approx.1000 m ) at a cost of ` 0.90 lakhs was carried out to enhance ground water recharge and rain water storage.
Four animal health camps were organized in Jalalpur and Dhanina (one in each village) with the help of animal health department, Agra and CIRG, Makhdum (Mathura). More than 500 animals were treated for various diseases at a cost of ̀ 0.59 lakhs.
Twelve vermin-compost units (twine set) were constructed in the all three villages of Jalalpur, watershed at a cost of ̀ 0.92 lakhs for improve the livelihood of BPL farmers having sufficient cattle.
Twenty five units of honey bee boxes having 10 plates and high quality bees were procured from Pune at a cost of ̀ 0.82 lakhs for distribution among BPL and landless farmers in order to improve their livelihood and economic status.
Four kisan gosthis with a expenditure of ` 0.20 lakh were organized (two each in Jalalpur and Dhanina village) at the beginning of kharif and rabi seasons to provide information on package of practices of different crops, agronomical demonstrations, on farm trials and other interventions to be taken up in the watershed. Experts from agricultural department and animal husbandry were also called for providing guidance. About 300 farmers benefited from deliberations.
Construction of gauging station:
Desiltation work from existing water bodies:
Animal health camps:
Construction of vermi compost pits:
Bee keeping unit distribution:
Kisan gosthis:
Farmer training:
Dry land horticulture and silvi-pastoral system:
Renovation/construction of bunds:
Staggered trenching:
Recharge filters:
Six short duration farmer training programs on soil and water conservation, agro forestry and other profitable land use options, improved package of practices of crops, live stock management, bee keeping, mushroom cultivation were organized at Research Centre, Agra. Exclusive women training program was also organized. Training module comprised of an optimum blend of lectures and field visits. Total expenditure on farmer training was ̀ 4.80 lakhs.
2238 fruit trees were planted on an area of 14.32 ha that comprised of aonla (788, 5.04 ha), bael (615, 3.94 ha) and ber (835, 5.34 ha) seedlings. These
3tree seedlings were planted in pits of 1 m by the farmers who gave willingness for future care and management of plants. Silvi-pastoral systems were also developed on 3.08 ha area by planting 1119 seedlings of Prosopis julifera (168, 0.17 ha), Acacia nilotica (168, 0.41 ha), Acacia arabica (162, 0.42 ha), Azadirachta indica (379, 1.11 ha), papdi (142, 0.61 ha) and karanj (100, 0.36 ha) with grasses like napier, para, guinea and anjan. Tree seedlings were planted in pits of 60x60x60 cm after filling the pit with farm yard manure (2 cft), Malathion (100 g) and good quality soil. The cost of development of the systems was ̀ 1.75 lakhs.
Old bunds of 2cross sectional area 0.38 m (top width 0.45 m,
bottom width 1.45 m and height 0.5 m) were 2renovated with cross sectional area of 0.9 m by
increasing height to 0.75 m in 20 ha area (3500 rm length). New bunds (2500 rm length) with same dimensions were constructed. Total cost of bunding was ̀ 2.22 lakhs.
Staggered trenches (bottom width 30 cm, top width 120 cm and depth 45 cm) were dug out in 7.0 ha area (2000 rm) with a cost of `1.86 lakhs.
Five recharge filters were constructed in two bandhis submergence areas in villages of Jalalpur and Dhanina at a cost of ` 2.35 lakhs to augment artificial ground water recharge.
Development of Watersheds under NWDPRA watershed project at Institute HQs and 8 Research Centres
A. Dehradun
Water resource development:
Soil conservation works:
Horticultural development:
An externally funded programme under NWDPRA watershed project approved under Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India during the XI Five Year Plan is being implemented from 2008-09 at the Institute Headquarters and its 8 Research Centres for development of model watersheds. Location/watershed-wise progress of the scheme is as under:
(Ashti watershed)
At Ashti watershed (473 ha) different watershed development activities were carried out during 2011-12 as per DPR and funds availability in 393 ha of treatable area..
A RCC water storage tank of 27.0 cum capacity (6x3x1.5 m) was constructed at village Jamuwa. Trenching for HDPE pipe line (786 m) at Jamuwa was laid through the villagers. Due to installation of HDPE pipe line (about 5.7 km), farmers have started growing to vegetable crops (mainly tomato) with
-1yield of 35-40 t ha . Construction of six polylined tanks (Silpaulin - 120 gsm) of 7-8 cum capacity are working well and no seepage loss was observed. The polytanks were integrated with low cost drip system working on about 4 m available head.
Executed soil conservation works were, viz; loose boulders check dams (4 nos., 48.81 cum) for drainage line treatment, stone risers on terraces (4 nos., 33.77 cum), contour trenches (300 no., 81.0 cum) and shoulder bunds on sloping fields (4 nos., 33.77 cum).
To promote horticulture, a total of 3726 fruit plants (mango, guava, anar, citrus, litchi, jack) were planted on different altitudes covering 18 ha area. This year, mango (500), guava (200) and pomegranate (550) were planted in the watershed. Pomegranate,
citrus and mango showed good survival whereas in case of jackfruit and litchi it was poor. Mean survival of fruit plants was about 70%. Performance of pomegranate, citrus, guava and jackfruit were not much influenced by altitudinal variations except litchi.
Fish farming in water tanks (10 nos.) and paddy fields through raised
2bunds (4 nos.) provided 34-40 kg fish for 100 m area. The Kroiler chicks introduced for back yard poultry liked by farmers and providing nutritional security as well as income source to poor farmers.
Animal health camps were th
organized in the watershed on 15 April, 2011 and 28 March, 2012. A massive animal vaccination programme was carried out in the watershed against foot and mouth disease and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats and sheep covering 2230 and 160 animals, respectively. Treatment of animals against endo-parasites and ecto-parasites benefitted 280 and 370 animals, respectively. Vaccination and medication against major animal diseases reduced the age of first calving and inter-calving periods of farm animals by 7 to 12 months and 4-6 months, respectively; increased milk yield in cows and buffaloes by 8 to 15% and body weight by 5-15% in goats and sheep.
Application of RS/GIS in Ashti watershed was carried out on collaboration with IIRS, Dehradun using Resource Sat-I Satellite data of LISS-IV (5.8 m resolution) and Cartosat-I (2.5 m spatial resolution) to generate landuse/cover, slope, aspect, drainage maps etc.
(Jalalpur watershed)
Jalalpur watershed (697.5 ha) comprises of 3 villages; namely jallpur, Dhanina and Deori, in Jagner block of district Agra. Watershed development activities carried out are as under:
Construction of waste weir and two bath rooms for women in Dhanina village near main water body (catering multiple uses like drinking water for human and livestock), bathing and washing etc. A drinking water supply through
2000 litres tank was created and handed over to the community. ` 2.50 lakhs were invested on different entry point interventions.
Three gauging stations were constructed to monitor runoff and soil loss from (i) waste land, (ii) agricultural land and (iii) mix land uses (waste land +Agriculture) at a cost of ̀ 3.5 lakhs.
Dhanina village having one old WHS (village pond) used for drinking water to cattle, bath and washing clothes. Due to siltation its capacity has been considerably reduced. Desi l t ing
3(approx.1000 m ) at a cost of ` 0.90 lakhs was carried out to enhance ground water recharge and rain water storage.
Four animal health camps were organized in Jalalpur and Dhanina (one in each village) with the help of animal health department, Agra and CIRG, Makhdum (Mathura). More than 500 animals were treated for various diseases at a cost of ̀ 0.59 lakhs.
Twelve vermin-compost units (twine set) were constructed in the all three villages of Jalalpur, watershed at a cost of ̀ 0.92 lakhs for improve the livelihood of BPL farmers having sufficient cattle.
Twenty five units of honey bee boxes having 10 plates and high quality bees were procured from Pune at a cost of ̀ 0.82 lakhs for distribution among BPL and landless farmers in order to improve their livelihood and economic status.
Four kisan gosthis with a expenditure of ` 0.20 lakh were organized (two each in Jalalpur and Dhanina village) at the beginning of kharif and rabi seasons to provide information on package of practices of different crops, agronomical demonstrations, on farm trials and other interventions to be taken up in the watershed. Experts from agricultural department and animal husbandry were also called for providing guidance. About 300 farmers benefited from deliberations.
Construction of gauging station:
Desiltation work from existing water bodies:
Animal health camps:
Construction of vermi compost pits:
Bee keeping unit distribution:
Kisan gosthis:
Farmer training:
Dry land horticulture and silvi-pastoral system:
Renovation/construction of bunds:
Staggered trenching:
Recharge filters:
Six short duration farmer training programs on soil and water conservation, agro forestry and other profitable land use options, improved package of practices of crops, live stock management, bee keeping, mushroom cultivation were organized at Research Centre, Agra. Exclusive women training program was also organized. Training module comprised of an optimum blend of lectures and field visits. Total expenditure on farmer training was ̀ 4.80 lakhs.
2238 fruit trees were planted on an area of 14.32 ha that comprised of aonla (788, 5.04 ha), bael (615, 3.94 ha) and ber (835, 5.34 ha) seedlings. These
3tree seedlings were planted in pits of 1 m by the farmers who gave willingness for future care and management of plants. Silvi-pastoral systems were also developed on 3.08 ha area by planting 1119 seedlings of Prosopis julifera (168, 0.17 ha), Acacia nilotica (168, 0.41 ha), Acacia arabica (162, 0.42 ha), Azadirachta indica (379, 1.11 ha), papdi (142, 0.61 ha) and karanj (100, 0.36 ha) with grasses like napier, para, guinea and anjan. Tree seedlings were planted in pits of 60x60x60 cm after filling the pit with farm yard manure (2 cft), Malathion (100 g) and good quality soil. The cost of development of the systems was ̀ 1.75 lakhs.
Old bunds of 2cross sectional area 0.38 m (top width 0.45 m,
bottom width 1.45 m and height 0.5 m) were 2renovated with cross sectional area of 0.9 m by
increasing height to 0.75 m in 20 ha area (3500 rm length). New bunds (2500 rm length) with same dimensions were constructed. Total cost of bunding was ̀ 2.22 lakhs.
Staggered trenches (bottom width 30 cm, top width 120 cm and depth 45 cm) were dug out in 7.0 ha area (2000 rm) with a cost of `1.86 lakhs.
Five recharge filters were constructed in two bandhis submergence areas in villages of Jalalpur and Dhanina at a cost of ` 2.35 lakhs to augment artificial ground water recharge.
Development of Watersheds under NWDPRA watershed project at Institute HQs and 8 Research Centres
A. Dehradun
Water resource development:
Soil conservation works:
Horticultural development:
An externally funded programme under NWDPRA watershed project approved under Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India during the XI Five Year Plan is being implemented from 2008-09 at the Institute Headquarters and its 8 Research Centres for development of model watersheds. Location/watershed-wise progress of the scheme is as under:
(Ashti watershed)
At Ashti watershed (473 ha) different watershed development activities were carried out during 2011-12 as per DPR and funds availability in 393 ha of treatable area..
A RCC water storage tank of 27.0 cum capacity (6x3x1.5 m) was constructed at village Jamuwa. Trenching for HDPE pipe line (786 m) at Jamuwa was laid through the villagers. Due to installation of HDPE pipe line (about 5.7 km), farmers have started growing to vegetable crops (mainly tomato) with
-1yield of 35-40 t ha . Construction of six polylined tanks (Silpaulin - 120 gsm) of 7-8 cum capacity are working well and no seepage loss was observed. The polytanks were integrated with low cost drip system working on about 4 m available head.
Executed soil conservation works were, viz; loose boulders check dams (4 nos., 48.81 cum) for drainage line treatment, stone risers on terraces (4 nos., 33.77 cum), contour trenches (300 no., 81.0 cum) and shoulder bunds on sloping fields (4 nos., 33.77 cum).
To promote horticulture, a total of 3726 fruit plants (mango, guava, anar, citrus, litchi, jack) were planted on different altitudes covering 18 ha area. This year, mango (500), guava (200) and pomegranate (550) were planted in the watershed. Pomegranate,
citrus and mango showed good survival whereas in case of jackfruit and litchi it was poor. Mean survival of fruit plants was about 70%. Performance of pomegranate, citrus, guava and jackfruit were not much influenced by altitudinal variations except litchi.
Fish farming in water tanks (10 nos.) and paddy fields through raised
2bunds (4 nos.) provided 34-40 kg fish for 100 m area. The Kroiler chicks introduced for back yard poultry liked by farmers and providing nutritional security as well as income source to poor farmers.
Animal health camps were th
organized in the watershed on 15 April, 2011 and 28 March, 2012. A massive animal vaccination programme was carried out in the watershed against foot and mouth disease and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in goats and sheep covering 2230 and 160 animals, respectively. Treatment of animals against endo-parasites and ecto-parasites benefitted 280 and 370 animals, respectively. Vaccination and medication against major animal diseases reduced the age of first calving and inter-calving periods of farm animals by 7 to 12 months and 4-6 months, respectively; increased milk yield in cows and buffaloes by 8 to 15% and body weight by 5-15% in goats and sheep.
Application of RS/GIS in Ashti watershed was carried out on collaboration with IIRS, Dehradun using Resource Sat-I Satellite data of LISS-IV (5.8 m resolution) and Cartosat-I (2.5 m spatial resolution) to generate landuse/cover, slope, aspect, drainage maps etc.
(Jalalpur watershed)
Jalalpur watershed (697.5 ha) comprises of 3 villages; namely jallpur, Dhanina and Deori, in Jagner block of district Agra. Watershed development activities carried out are as under:
Construction of waste weir and two bath rooms for women in Dhanina village near main water body (catering multiple uses like drinking water for human and livestock), bathing and washing etc. A drinking water supply through
Diversion drain (1837 m) was excavated at the cost of ` 84,130 along the foot of hillocks in the upper and middle of the watershed (Photo 33). On the downstream side runoff was diverted safely into natural stream. Original drainage line was also restored by widening and deepening the nala for the safe disposal of runoff from arable lands. Bed stabilizers were constructed to prevent erosion in the diversion drains.
Capacity building of beneficiaries is a major activity in the project so as to ensure sustainability of the production system. As per DPR, all the trainings were completed and the individual farmers were contacted for the farming activities and were advised suitably. Exposure visits were conducted for 6 farmers to sensitize them on 7.2.2012 about the advantages vermi-compos t , horticultural plantation under salinity conditions improved rabi crop practices. Moreover, centre organized one kisan gosthi on 13.09.2012 at Venkatapura village to make farmers aware about the soil and rainwater conservation, improved crop cultivation practices, hor t icul ture planta t ion and
management, fodder cultivation, animal health and improved management practices and natural vegetation management to meet the food, fuel and fodder needs of the region.
A dugout percolation tank (1222 cum) was constructed at a cost of ` 83,900 on the natural depression in the nala course to augment the ground water recharge (Photo 34). A multiple use water storage pond (capacity 421 cum) was desilted at the cost of ` 28,644 for providing irrigation to the crops as well as fish rearing.
Percolation tank and fish pond:
Gully plugs:
Hydrological and meteorological observation:
Crop productivity and cropping intensity:
C. Bellary
Ten gully plug structures (masonry retaining wall type) were constructed at a cost of ̀ 1.87 lakhs to harvest rain water and to retain sediment behind the structures to enhance available soil moisture regime at upper reaches.
A meteorological observatory was set-up at a cost of ̀ 1.60 lakhs to record daily weather parameters.
-1Runoff (7.35 mm) and sediment (1.74 t ha ) were recorded against an effective rainfall of 300.2 mm for the entire watershed in a nested configuration.
20 crop demonstrations (0.25 ha each) were undertaken to increase wheat productivity using line sowing, balanced use of fertilizers (NPK) and plant protection measures including use of low dose herbicides. To increase the productivity of mustard crops both in rainfed and irrigated ecosystems 50 demonstrations (25 each with area 0.25 ha) were undertaken using complete package of practices (line sowing, proper spacing, balanced nutrition, application of sulphur and plant protection chemicals). Demonstration of pulse crops (lentil and gram) were undertaken in 20 farmers field with 0.25 ha area to increase cropping intensity from single cropping to double cropping and the return from the rainfed area. Being restorative crop, it helped in building soil fertility.
(Ramasagara watershed)
The Ramasagara watershed (Code 4D3C6A2c) located in Chitradurga district has diversified land uses i.e. both rainfed and irrigated, pasture land (open scrub) and hillock with degraded forest. Total cultivated area in the watershed is 355.48 ha (74% of area) of which 303.48 ha (63.2%) is under rainfed and 52 ha (10.8%) under irrigation from the bo rewe l l s . Cu l t i va t ed c rops a r e supplemented with protective irrigation in border strips. The beneficiaries of the watershed
belong to Ramasagara (86), Devasamudra (50), Hanumapur (19), and Venkatapur (20). Nearly 20 landless beneficiaries exist in the watershed.
The land use pattern has changed significantly due to impact of the project with and under rainfed agriculture has reduced from 258.9 ha (2008-09) to 218.3 ha (2011-12) and irrigated area has registered an increase from 72.19 ha (2008-09) to 120.11 ha (2011-12). Due to introduction of improved agricultural inputs and methods, crop productivity has also been improved significantly.
Trapezoidal earthen contour 2bunds of cross section 0.82 m were constructed
across the major slope (1 to 3%) in 178 ha of arable areas (19400 rm) at a cost of ` 4,51,293 for conserving soil and rainwater, increasing the in-situ soil water storage in the profile besides controlling soil erosion (Photo 32). S. hamata grass seed were broadcasted on bunds for stabilization and castor, greengram and horsegram crops were cultivated on bunds by farmers for utilization of the newly bunded area.
A total of 76 nos. of waste weirs using rubbles and 2 nos. of RFDs were constructed at the cost of ̀ 2,12,760 for safe disposal of the excess runoff water at the depressions of the contour bunds/field bunds and waterways.
Area, production and productivity:
Field bunding:
Waste weirs/stone checks in arable lands:
Diversion drain at foot of hillock Nalabund with spillway for storing water
Diversion drain (1837 m) was excavated at the cost of ` 84,130 along the foot of hillocks in the upper and middle of the watershed (Photo 33). On the downstream side runoff was diverted safely into natural stream. Original drainage line was also restored by widening and deepening the nala for the safe disposal of runoff from arable lands. Bed stabilizers were constructed to prevent erosion in the diversion drains.
Capacity building of beneficiaries is a major activity in the project so as to ensure sustainability of the production system. As per DPR, all the trainings were completed and the individual farmers were contacted for the farming activities and were advised suitably. Exposure visits were conducted for 6 farmers to sensitize them on 7.2.2012 about the advantages vermi-compos t , horticultural plantation under salinity conditions improved rabi crop practices. Moreover, centre organized one kisan gosthi on 13.09.2012 at Venkatapura village to make farmers aware about the soil and rainwater conservation, improved crop cultivation practices, hor t icul ture planta t ion and
management, fodder cultivation, animal health and improved management practices and natural vegetation management to meet the food, fuel and fodder needs of the region.
A dugout percolation tank (1222 cum) was constructed at a cost of ` 83,900 on the natural depression in the nala course to augment the ground water recharge (Photo 34). A multiple use water storage pond (capacity 421 cum) was desilted at the cost of ` 28,644 for providing irrigation to the crops as well as fish rearing.
Percolation tank and fish pond:
Gully plugs:
Hydrological and meteorological observation:
Crop productivity and cropping intensity:
C. Bellary
Ten gully plug structures (masonry retaining wall type) were constructed at a cost of ̀ 1.87 lakhs to harvest rain water and to retain sediment behind the structures to enhance available soil moisture regime at upper reaches.
A meteorological observatory was set-up at a cost of ̀ 1.60 lakhs to record daily weather parameters.
-1Runoff (7.35 mm) and sediment (1.74 t ha ) were recorded against an effective rainfall of 300.2 mm for the entire watershed in a nested configuration.
20 crop demonstrations (0.25 ha each) were undertaken to increase wheat productivity using line sowing, balanced use of fertilizers (NPK) and plant protection measures including use of low dose herbicides. To increase the productivity of mustard crops both in rainfed and irrigated ecosystems 50 demonstrations (25 each with area 0.25 ha) were undertaken using complete package of practices (line sowing, proper spacing, balanced nutrition, application of sulphur and plant protection chemicals). Demonstration of pulse crops (lentil and gram) were undertaken in 20 farmers field with 0.25 ha area to increase cropping intensity from single cropping to double cropping and the return from the rainfed area. Being restorative crop, it helped in building soil fertility.
(Ramasagara watershed)
The Ramasagara watershed (Code 4D3C6A2c) located in Chitradurga district has diversified land uses i.e. both rainfed and irrigated, pasture land (open scrub) and hillock with degraded forest. Total cultivated area in the watershed is 355.48 ha (74% of area) of which 303.48 ha (63.2%) is under rainfed and 52 ha (10.8%) under irrigation from the bo rewe l l s . Cu l t i va t ed c rops a r e supplemented with protective irrigation in border strips. The beneficiaries of the watershed
belong to Ramasagara (86), Devasamudra (50), Hanumapur (19), and Venkatapur (20). Nearly 20 landless beneficiaries exist in the watershed.
The land use pattern has changed significantly due to impact of the project with and under rainfed agriculture has reduced from 258.9 ha (2008-09) to 218.3 ha (2011-12) and irrigated area has registered an increase from 72.19 ha (2008-09) to 120.11 ha (2011-12). Due to introduction of improved agricultural inputs and methods, crop productivity has also been improved significantly.
Trapezoidal earthen contour 2bunds of cross section 0.82 m were constructed
across the major slope (1 to 3%) in 178 ha of arable areas (19400 rm) at a cost of ` 4,51,293 for conserving soil and rainwater, increasing the in-situ soil water storage in the profile besides controlling soil erosion (Photo 32). S. hamata grass seed were broadcasted on bunds for stabilization and castor, greengram and horsegram crops were cultivated on bunds by farmers for utilization of the newly bunded area.
A total of 76 nos. of waste weirs using rubbles and 2 nos. of RFDs were constructed at the cost of ̀ 2,12,760 for safe disposal of the excess runoff water at the depressions of the contour bunds/field bunds and waterways.
Area, production and productivity:
Field bunding:
Waste weirs/stone checks in arable lands:
Diversion drain at foot of hillock Nalabund with spillway for storing water
buffaloes, 182 young stocks, 1040 sheep and 454 goats totalling to 2458 animals were treated for Anorexia, vaccinated against FMD, de-worming of sheep and goats were done for internal parasites with vaccination for PPR, animals were provided with mineral mixture. Even infertile cows and buffaloes were vaccinated for Haemorrhagia septicemia and treated for other common diseases.
Two human health camps were organized in the watershed in collaboration with PHC, Ashok Siddapur in which nearly 124 children (71 male and 53 female) and 225 adults (86 men and 139 women) were physically examined and treated and all the farmers were supplied with medicines free of cost from the project funds.
(Kajiyana watershed)
Total area of the watershed is 509 ha, out of which 500 ha area is available for treatment under watershed development plan. More than half of the watershed i.e. 284 ha is under forest. Limited facility for supplemental irrigations is available through kuhls drawing water from surface and sub-surface sources. Rainfed areas produce maize, kulthi, wheat, gram etc. while irrigated areas produces a diverse range of cereals and cash crops like paddy, ginger, tomato, colocasia, turmeric, chillies, wheat, mustard etc.
Watershed Association namely Watershed Committee, Kajiyana was constituted by selecting president, secretary and ten members including 2 women and 2 SCs in the general body meeting of the association from all the 144 heads of families in five villages its members. The society was registered under societies act with Register, Panchkula district, Haryana. WC Account and WDF accounts were opened in SBI, Pinjore, Panchkula (Haryana).
A total of 1335.7 mm rainfall was recorded during June to September 2011. This year proved a good monsoon year with a maximum rainfall of 693.4 mm in August followed by 379.2 mm in July month. Four natural micro-watersheds were selected in the Kajiana watershed for monitoring
Human health camp:
D. Chandigarh
of runoff and soil loss. Areas of these watersheds vary from 5.62 to 481 ha. Three watersheds having mixed landuse (forest and agricultural) as shown in Table 92.
Development of dryland horticulture:
Development of fodder resources:
Kitchen garden:
Vermi-compost:
Dairy:
Dry land horticulture (mango, sapota, guava, lime, pomegranate and coconut) was promoted in the watershed covering 16 farmers' fields for securing both nutritional and income security to the farmers. Coconut trees were planted in irrigation channels. The performance of fruit plants has been satisfactory with mortality about 30%. Survival of sapota is the highest (75%) and lowest in coconut (mortality of about 50%).
Grasses were provided to 8 farmers in the watershed to farmers with irrigated lands and who had the animal component as one of the major component next to crop cultivation. Nearly 4000 slips of hybrid Napier, 2000 slips each of Panicum maximum and Bracharia decumbens were distributed to the farmers to develop green fodder banks for their animals during 2011. These grasses were procured from IGFRI, Dharwad. Nearly 20 kg of Styloxanthus hamata seeds were sown on the newly formed bunds and the germination was only 10%.
Sixty farmers were supplemented with 10 varieties of vegetable seeds at a cost of ̀ 10,500 to be cultivated in and around their house & in the farm in all the 4 villages of the watershed.
Among the interested 9 beneficiaries that constructed permanent masonry vermi-compost units at a cost of ` 63,000 from project with a beneficiary's contribution of ` 12,600 only 6 beneficiaries produced the vermi-compost. The production of vermi-compost
-1during 2011-12 ranged from 5 to 21 q unit . Low cost conversions of FYM pits to Vermi-compost unit were not successful.
Four beneficiaries interested in dairy were provided with cross breed Jersey cows at a cost of ` 44,000 from project with 20% contribution from the beneficiaries in 3 villages to improve milk production. All the beneficiaries purchased four cows ranging from ` 12,500 to ` 15,500 with a total cost of ` 57,000 and the total additional cost borne by the beneficiaries being `13,000 in
addition to their 20% contribution to WDF. Present market value of cows including calves is ̀ 81,500.
Twenty four rams were distributed to 20 farmers belong to the marginal section of society from three villages (Ramasagara, Venkatapura and Hanumapura) during 2009-10. The income derived from the sale of rams during 2010-11 was `1,26,320 against expenditure of ̀ 60,000 for their purchase. Eight farmers have purchased the rams after selling grown up rams and the number of rams purchased varied from 2 to 4 in general, except one farmer who has purchased 10 rams after selling 4 rams. Total purchase value of rams after sale was ̀ 61,100 and the present value as on March 2012 of the rams is ̀ 1,09,100.
Purchased 20 more birds at ` 60 during September 2011 and now their cost is around ` 8,000. Twelve beneficiaries from Ramasagara, Devasamudra and Hanumapura were provided with more birds at a cost of ` 10,500 with the beneficiary's contribution of ` 4200 towards WDF. Sale of poultry birds has resulted in income of ` 40,375 and the total present value of birds is ̀ 58,735.
To improve the livelihood of the local artisans, carpentry and masonry kits were distributed to 3 farmers who readily agreed to provide their share to the WDF.
Certified seeds of groundnut cv. TMV-2, bajra (ICTP-8203), redgram (BRG-2) and cowpea (C152) were introduced in the watershed during kharif (rainy) season of 2011-12 along with low cost inputs like Trichoderma and Rhizobium for seed treatment against fungal disease and N-fixing to the beneficiaries for increased productivity and income.
Four animal health camps were organized this year in the watershed in collaboration with Animal Husbandry deptt., Molkalmur in which 308 bullocks, 183 cows, 291
Distribution of Rams (goats) to beneficiaries:
Poultry birds:
Artisan tools to weaker sections of society:
Crop diversification:
Livestock management:
Improving water use efficiency:
Improving crop productivity:
Kuhl system in the village Janouli was in the bad shape particularly in the tail end supplying irrigation water to Bhutali village. The 120 m stretch was open earthen kuhl resulting in heavy conveyance losses. It was renovated by laying underground PVC pipeline of 20 cm dia at a cost of ̀ 1.25 lakhs. Now irrigation water reaching at same capacity as in Janouli village.
Crop production technologies demonstration of INM (20 nos.), crop diversification (31 nos.) and organic farming (26 dos.) were demonstrated. A total 77 numbers of demonstration were laid on farmers' fields on important crops of maize, black gram, sorghum, kulthi, greengram and dhaincha during kharif and wheat, mustard, onion, potato and tomato during rabi season. Integrated nutrient system was found effective in rehabilitation of degraded lands. Study was conducted in 15 fields (5 farmers) at different physiographic situations. Yield data revealed significant improvement in productivity of maize crop. INM with ZnSO application 4
proved most effective practice of nutrient management (Table 93).
Watersheds Area (ha)
Land use (%) Runoff (mm) Agriculture Forest
WS 22.0 30 70 6.291
WS 5.6 100 0 34.732
WS 11.0 80 20 18.813
WS 481.0 20 80 6.854
Treatment Yield range(q ha-1)
T1: Farmers practice (Urea @80 kg ha-1 21 DAS 23.8 -33.2
T2: RDF (NPK @ 100:40:20 kg ha-1) 26.9 35.5T3: INM (25% N replacement by FYM) 38.5 -42.6T4: INM + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 40.0 - 47.5
buffaloes, 182 young stocks, 1040 sheep and 454 goats totalling to 2458 animals were treated for Anorexia, vaccinated against FMD, de-worming of sheep and goats were done for internal parasites with vaccination for PPR, animals were provided with mineral mixture. Even infertile cows and buffaloes were vaccinated for Haemorrhagia septicemia and treated for other common diseases.
Two human health camps were organized in the watershed in collaboration with PHC, Ashok Siddapur in which nearly 124 children (71 male and 53 female) and 225 adults (86 men and 139 women) were physically examined and treated and all the farmers were supplied with medicines free of cost from the project funds.
(Kajiyana watershed)
Total area of the watershed is 509 ha, out of which 500 ha area is available for treatment under watershed development plan. More than half of the watershed i.e. 284 ha is under forest. Limited facility for supplemental irrigations is available through kuhls drawing water from surface and sub-surface sources. Rainfed areas produce maize, kulthi, wheat, gram etc. while irrigated areas produces a diverse range of cereals and cash crops like paddy, ginger, tomato, colocasia, turmeric, chillies, wheat, mustard etc.
Watershed Association namely Watershed Committee, Kajiyana was constituted by selecting president, secretary and ten members including 2 women and 2 SCs in the general body meeting of the association from all the 144 heads of families in five villages its members. The society was registered under societies act with Register, Panchkula district, Haryana. WC Account and WDF accounts were opened in SBI, Pinjore, Panchkula (Haryana).
A total of 1335.7 mm rainfall was recorded during June to September 2011. This year proved a good monsoon year with a maximum rainfall of 693.4 mm in August followed by 379.2 mm in July month. Four natural micro-watersheds were selected in the Kajiana watershed for monitoring
Human health camp:
D. Chandigarh
of runoff and soil loss. Areas of these watersheds vary from 5.62 to 481 ha. Three watersheds having mixed landuse (forest and agricultural) as shown in Table 92.
Development of dryland horticulture:
Development of fodder resources:
Kitchen garden:
Vermi-compost:
Dairy:
Dry land horticulture (mango, sapota, guava, lime, pomegranate and coconut) was promoted in the watershed covering 16 farmers' fields for securing both nutritional and income security to the farmers. Coconut trees were planted in irrigation channels. The performance of fruit plants has been satisfactory with mortality about 30%. Survival of sapota is the highest (75%) and lowest in coconut (mortality of about 50%).
Grasses were provided to 8 farmers in the watershed to farmers with irrigated lands and who had the animal component as one of the major component next to crop cultivation. Nearly 4000 slips of hybrid Napier, 2000 slips each of Panicum maximum and Bracharia decumbens were distributed to the farmers to develop green fodder banks for their animals during 2011. These grasses were procured from IGFRI, Dharwad. Nearly 20 kg of Styloxanthus hamata seeds were sown on the newly formed bunds and the germination was only 10%.
Sixty farmers were supplemented with 10 varieties of vegetable seeds at a cost of ̀ 10,500 to be cultivated in and around their house & in the farm in all the 4 villages of the watershed.
Among the interested 9 beneficiaries that constructed permanent masonry vermi-compost units at a cost of ` 63,000 from project with a beneficiary's contribution of ` 12,600 only 6 beneficiaries produced the vermi-compost. The production of vermi-compost
-1during 2011-12 ranged from 5 to 21 q unit . Low cost conversions of FYM pits to Vermi-compost unit were not successful.
Four beneficiaries interested in dairy were provided with cross breed Jersey cows at a cost of ` 44,000 from project with 20% contribution from the beneficiaries in 3 villages to improve milk production. All the beneficiaries purchased four cows ranging from ` 12,500 to ` 15,500 with a total cost of ` 57,000 and the total additional cost borne by the beneficiaries being `13,000 in
addition to their 20% contribution to WDF. Present market value of cows including calves is ̀ 81,500.
Twenty four rams were distributed to 20 farmers belong to the marginal section of society from three villages (Ramasagara, Venkatapura and Hanumapura) during 2009-10. The income derived from the sale of rams during 2010-11 was `1,26,320 against expenditure of ̀ 60,000 for their purchase. Eight farmers have purchased the rams after selling grown up rams and the number of rams purchased varied from 2 to 4 in general, except one farmer who has purchased 10 rams after selling 4 rams. Total purchase value of rams after sale was ̀ 61,100 and the present value as on March 2012 of the rams is ̀ 1,09,100.
Purchased 20 more birds at ` 60 during September 2011 and now their cost is around ` 8,000. Twelve beneficiaries from Ramasagara, Devasamudra and Hanumapura were provided with more birds at a cost of ` 10,500 with the beneficiary's contribution of ` 4200 towards WDF. Sale of poultry birds has resulted in income of ` 40,375 and the total present value of birds is ̀ 58,735.
To improve the livelihood of the local artisans, carpentry and masonry kits were distributed to 3 farmers who readily agreed to provide their share to the WDF.
Certified seeds of groundnut cv. TMV-2, bajra (ICTP-8203), redgram (BRG-2) and cowpea (C152) were introduced in the watershed during kharif (rainy) season of 2011-12 along with low cost inputs like Trichoderma and Rhizobium for seed treatment against fungal disease and N-fixing to the beneficiaries for increased productivity and income.
Four animal health camps were organized this year in the watershed in collaboration with Animal Husbandry deptt., Molkalmur in which 308 bullocks, 183 cows, 291
Distribution of Rams (goats) to beneficiaries:
Poultry birds:
Artisan tools to weaker sections of society:
Crop diversification:
Livestock management:
Improving water use efficiency:
Improving crop productivity:
Kuhl system in the village Janouli was in the bad shape particularly in the tail end supplying irrigation water to Bhutali village. The 120 m stretch was open earthen kuhl resulting in heavy conveyance losses. It was renovated by laying underground PVC pipeline of 20 cm dia at a cost of ̀ 1.25 lakhs. Now irrigation water reaching at same capacity as in Janouli village.
Crop production technologies demonstration of INM (20 nos.), crop diversification (31 nos.) and organic farming (26 dos.) were demonstrated. A total 77 numbers of demonstration were laid on farmers' fields on important crops of maize, black gram, sorghum, kulthi, greengram and dhaincha during kharif and wheat, mustard, onion, potato and tomato during rabi season. Integrated nutrient system was found effective in rehabilitation of degraded lands. Study was conducted in 15 fields (5 farmers) at different physiographic situations. Yield data revealed significant improvement in productivity of maize crop. INM with ZnSO application 4
proved most effective practice of nutrient management (Table 93).
Watersheds Area (ha)
Land use (%) Runoff (mm) Agriculture Forest
WS 22.0 30 70 6.291
WS 5.6 100 0 34.732
WS 11.0 80 20 18.813
WS 481.0 20 80 6.854
Treatment Yield range(q ha-1)
T1: Farmers practice (Urea @80 kg ha-1 21 DAS 23.8 -33.2
T2: RDF (NPK @ 100:40:20 kg ha-1) 26.9 35.5T3: INM (25% N replacement by FYM) 38.5 -42.6T4: INM + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1 40.0 - 47.5
Development of community land/ forestry/ horticulture and agro-forestry activities:
During the year 2011-12, a percolation stop dam was constructed at the middle reach of a drainage line in the watershed, on farmer's field through participation with the basic objective to augment ground water recharge. To harvest the water yield of catchment area (nearly 40 ha) for percolation, the storage capacity of 0.2 ha-m was created and 129 man days were generated.
A WHS was constructed across the drainage line at the lower reach in Tibaripura village of the watershed. Catchment area of the structure is about 180 ha. It is estimated that structure will harvest nearly 4% of the catchment yield in storage area of 0.81 ha-m, which may benefit to adjacent 52 ha area by life saving irrigation and 245 man days were generated.
Two gauging structures were constructed one at the middle reach and other at the outlet of the watershed to monitor the runoff and soil loss for developing the runoff and soil loss models for planning and management.
Construction of series of gully plugs (10 nos.) slabs across nala were undertaken during 2001-12 for stabilizing the gullies/drainage line and preventing their further advancement. This activity accounts for 60 man days.
Community land having hilly slope (approx. 3.0 ha) was also taken up for development. For providing protection against wild life/stray cattle a
3cattle prevention trench (CPT) of size 1 m was excavated around the hills. It was further
strengthened by seeding (4 kg) and planting of Prosopis juliflora (220 saplings) as hedge row. Trenches (>300) bunds were also strengthened with four grass species (Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerous, Stylosanthus hamata and guinea grass). The area was also seeded with subabul and siris as fodder trees. Considering the aesthetic value of the community land adjoining with temple, some hardy ornamental species e.g. pepal, bargad, pakhar, gulmohar, bougainvillea and cassia spp. were also planted. 60 number of karonda plants were also planted on community lands. During the year 2011-12, 6 farmers planted 300 fruit (mango-120, aonla-120, lemon-20 and guava-40) and 5 farmers planted 280 forestry species (Sagaun-260 and bans-20) of their choice in participatory mode.
One human health camp was organized in the watershed on 25.4.2011 with the help of Health Department, Datia. A team of Doctors and other medical staff (12 nos.) examined the patient and prescribed medicines which were distributed free of cost to 248 patients of different villages of watershed. An animal health and AI camp was also organized on 26.4.2012 with the help of Animal Husbandry Department, Datia. Team of Doctors and other staff (8 nos.) examined the diseased animals (cow, buffalo and goat). Medicines were also distributed free of cost to 674 cattle owners of the watershed.
Seventy dug wells/tube wells spread in upper, middle and lower reachs of the watershed were setected for recording ground water table at fortnightly interval (Photo 36). Analysis revealed that average depth of ground water level varied from
Organization of human and animal health camps:
Ground water monitoring:
Organic farming: Crop demonstrations (6 nos.) were undertaken under maize-wheat rotation with two nutrient management practices: i) 100% nutrients through organic composts or FYM; ii) INM through equal ratio of compost and inorganic fertilizers (DAP urea + potash). Results showed that although the wheat grain yields were almost equal under both the nutrient management practices, the grains under 100% organic treatments were bolder as compared to integrated treatments.
To promote organic farming, the vermi-composting sheds (3 nos.) have been erected by SHGs of farmers (8 nos.) and each unit is producing 2-2.5 t vermi-compost per year (Photo 35). After using vermi-compost in their fields, farmers have sold about 10-12 q vermi-compost from each unit, giving an additional annual income of about ` 4,000-5,000. Tomato nurseries were raised on vermi-compost and transplanted. Disease control was done by neem pesticides and Tichoderma products for root fungal diseases. Green biomass of coriander grown with vermi-composts also fetched higher income to these farmers over a short duration of 30 days as compared to farmer's conventional practice.
constituted to take various income generating activities. About 130 people were involved in tailoring and embroidery, paper and cloth bag making, carpet weaving, silage making and vermin-composting through constitution of six SHGs.
Benefits of the activities undertaken under SHGs were worked out by taking the additional income generated or saving incurred on account of products produced or charges saved like stitching or carpet weaving. It ranged between ̀ 11,868 to ̀ 50,400 for different SHGs, maximum being from making of dari by carpet weaving machines provided from the project (Table 94).
Particulars No. of females Income earned/participated saved (`)
Paper bag 20 11,868Soft toys 47 29,380Stitching of cloths 36 31,190Making of Dari 30 50,400Cloth bag 10 11,500
B. Datia (Jigna watershed)
A model watershed Jigna (620 ha) spread over in three villages namely, Jigna, Imaliya and Tibaripura was taken up under NWDPRA scheme of MoA, GoI, which represents the typical soil-agro climatic conditions of Bundelkhand region. Acute shortage of water for drinking as well as for other purpose, undulating rugged terrain with preponderance of degraded lands and potential for development of land productivity through scientific interventions were major considerations during selection of the area. The watershed has both typical red and black soils of the Bundelkhand region which have developed from vindhyan ranges of rocks. Watershed having mean elevation of 260 m above msl with the altitude ranging from 240 to 280 m above msl. It is 4.8 km long and 1.65 km wide with length: width ratio of 3:1. Various activities undertaken in the watershed during the current year 2011-12 are summarized below:
Livelihood security for landless: To provide a source of income to landless, marginal farmers and weaker section of the society, six SHGs were
Development of community land/ forestry/ horticulture and agro-forestry activities:
During the year 2011-12, a percolation stop dam was constructed at the middle reach of a drainage line in the watershed, on farmer's field through participation with the basic objective to augment ground water recharge. To harvest the water yield of catchment area (nearly 40 ha) for percolation, the storage capacity of 0.2 ha-m was created and 129 man days were generated.
A WHS was constructed across the drainage line at the lower reach in Tibaripura village of the watershed. Catchment area of the structure is about 180 ha. It is estimated that structure will harvest nearly 4% of the catchment yield in storage area of 0.81 ha-m, which may benefit to adjacent 52 ha area by life saving irrigation and 245 man days were generated.
Two gauging structures were constructed one at the middle reach and other at the outlet of the watershed to monitor the runoff and soil loss for developing the runoff and soil loss models for planning and management.
Construction of series of gully plugs (10 nos.) slabs across nala were undertaken during 2001-12 for stabilizing the gullies/drainage line and preventing their further advancement. This activity accounts for 60 man days.
Community land having hilly slope (approx. 3.0 ha) was also taken up for development. For providing protection against wild life/stray cattle a
3cattle prevention trench (CPT) of size 1 m was excavated around the hills. It was further
strengthened by seeding (4 kg) and planting of Prosopis juliflora (220 saplings) as hedge row. Trenches (>300) bunds were also strengthened with four grass species (Cenchrus ciliaris, C. setigerous, Stylosanthus hamata and guinea grass). The area was also seeded with subabul and siris as fodder trees. Considering the aesthetic value of the community land adjoining with temple, some hardy ornamental species e.g. pepal, bargad, pakhar, gulmohar, bougainvillea and cassia spp. were also planted. 60 number of karonda plants were also planted on community lands. During the year 2011-12, 6 farmers planted 300 fruit (mango-120, aonla-120, lemon-20 and guava-40) and 5 farmers planted 280 forestry species (Sagaun-260 and bans-20) of their choice in participatory mode.
One human health camp was organized in the watershed on 25.4.2011 with the help of Health Department, Datia. A team of Doctors and other medical staff (12 nos.) examined the patient and prescribed medicines which were distributed free of cost to 248 patients of different villages of watershed. An animal health and AI camp was also organized on 26.4.2012 with the help of Animal Husbandry Department, Datia. Team of Doctors and other staff (8 nos.) examined the diseased animals (cow, buffalo and goat). Medicines were also distributed free of cost to 674 cattle owners of the watershed.
Seventy dug wells/tube wells spread in upper, middle and lower reachs of the watershed were setected for recording ground water table at fortnightly interval (Photo 36). Analysis revealed that average depth of ground water level varied from
Organization of human and animal health camps:
Ground water monitoring:
Organic farming: Crop demonstrations (6 nos.) were undertaken under maize-wheat rotation with two nutrient management practices: i) 100% nutrients through organic composts or FYM; ii) INM through equal ratio of compost and inorganic fertilizers (DAP urea + potash). Results showed that although the wheat grain yields were almost equal under both the nutrient management practices, the grains under 100% organic treatments were bolder as compared to integrated treatments.
To promote organic farming, the vermi-composting sheds (3 nos.) have been erected by SHGs of farmers (8 nos.) and each unit is producing 2-2.5 t vermi-compost per year (Photo 35). After using vermi-compost in their fields, farmers have sold about 10-12 q vermi-compost from each unit, giving an additional annual income of about ` 4,000-5,000. Tomato nurseries were raised on vermi-compost and transplanted. Disease control was done by neem pesticides and Tichoderma products for root fungal diseases. Green biomass of coriander grown with vermi-composts also fetched higher income to these farmers over a short duration of 30 days as compared to farmer's conventional practice.
constituted to take various income generating activities. About 130 people were involved in tailoring and embroidery, paper and cloth bag making, carpet weaving, silage making and vermin-composting through constitution of six SHGs.
Benefits of the activities undertaken under SHGs were worked out by taking the additional income generated or saving incurred on account of products produced or charges saved like stitching or carpet weaving. It ranged between ̀ 11,868 to ̀ 50,400 for different SHGs, maximum being from making of dari by carpet weaving machines provided from the project (Table 94).
Particulars No. of females Income earned/participated saved (`)
Paper bag 20 11,868Soft toys 47 29,380Stitching of cloths 36 31,190Making of Dari 30 50,400Cloth bag 10 11,500
B. Datia (Jigna watershed)
A model watershed Jigna (620 ha) spread over in three villages namely, Jigna, Imaliya and Tibaripura was taken up under NWDPRA scheme of MoA, GoI, which represents the typical soil-agro climatic conditions of Bundelkhand region. Acute shortage of water for drinking as well as for other purpose, undulating rugged terrain with preponderance of degraded lands and potential for development of land productivity through scientific interventions were major considerations during selection of the area. The watershed has both typical red and black soils of the Bundelkhand region which have developed from vindhyan ranges of rocks. Watershed having mean elevation of 260 m above msl with the altitude ranging from 240 to 280 m above msl. It is 4.8 km long and 1.65 km wide with length: width ratio of 3:1. Various activities undertaken in the watershed during the current year 2011-12 are summarized below:
Livelihood security for landless: To provide a source of income to landless, marginal farmers and weaker section of the society, six SHGs were
embankment type pond for harvesting runoff water, LBCD (20 nos.), gabion structure (9 nos.) to reduce soil erosion and check dam (2 nos.) constructed in the jhola bed to divert the spring water were constructed. An additional area of 15.2 ha was brought under irrigation through the construction of check dam (2 nos.), embankment type pond and renovation of conveyance channel (Photo 38). Jhola kundi (10 nos.) were constructed along the jhola bed to harvest the sub-surface flow. Expenditure of `13.5 lakhs was made on various watershed activities.
Silvi-pastoral system, bamboo plantation, Bio-fuel plantation and horticulture block plantation were done in 1, 0.5, 1 and 0.5 ha, respectively. Acacia auriculiformis, Simaruba gluca seedlings were grown under energy and bio-fuel plantation, respectively. Grafted mango seedlings were used in horticultural plantation. For bank stabilization in lower reaches of watershed bamboo plantation (Dendrocalamus strictus) was carried out in 300 RMT for stream bank stabilization.
For improving the livelihood of landless persons specially women, SHGs (12 nos.) were formed and based on their potential, different activities were assigned to them with initial inputs provided from project. Under biomass production and recycling leaf plate making machines were given to two SHGs. For improving the quality of livestock products, milk cans and fodder cutting machines were provided. For improving the milk yield of cattle's, mineral
Plantation activity:
Livelihood activities:
1.3 to 7.5 m in the month October, 2011 and 4.35 to 7.8 m in the month of February 2012. The water storage in WHS was utilized by 13 farmers covering 32 ha area for supplemental irrigation to groundnut, greengram, and sesame during kharif 2011 and pre-sowing irrigation to mustard and wheat during rabi 2011-12.
Eighty-five surface (0-15 cm ) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil samples were collected at the beginning of the project on 300x300 m grid basis to analyze the soil physicochemical parameters and nutrient status sampling points were marked by using a hand held GPS. In continuation of spatial maps prepared in 2010-11 for pH, EC etc, mapping of OC status in the watershed is done this year using GIS. OC content ranged from low to medium. Range of SOC varies from 0.21% to 1.69% with average value of 0.57%.
A survey of 40 farmers was conducted on different social, economic and communicational aspects. Besides data on GWR, analysis of responses of interviewed farmers clearly indicated that watershed interventions could help in increasing the water availability (38% respondent) not only in WHSs but also as ground water particularly in wells in close vicinity to the WHS structures.
(Dhoti watershed)
The watershed (677 ha) is located in village Dhoti of Baran district of south-eastern Rajasthan. Effective treatable area is 660 ha. The expenditure of an amount of ̀ 50,07,783 was incurred so far on various activities carried out.
Based on the critical analysis of bio-physical potential of watershed, SWOT analysis and farmers' preferences the developmental plan is prepared to fulfill the needs of beneficiary families including the asset-less. The proposed developmental plan executed from 2008 onwards and is still continued. Various development and research activities performed during the year 2011-12 are summarized below:
Soil resources inventories:
Socio-economic evaluation/monitoring:
C. Kota
Two SHG comprising 24 women member constituted during 2010-11 for tailoring activity were provided ` 50,000 as revolving fund for purchase sewing machine and other accessories to initiate the income generation.
One 6 days skill development training was conducted for the SHG/UG members.
To prevent FMD disease 2969 animals reared by 354 rural households vaccinated and for controlling the endo and ecto parasites in animals 87 livestock owners were distributed necessary medicines. In order to improve the basic infrastructure facilities for livestock two service crates were established in watershed villages namely Dhoti and Jirod.
Under land improvement activities various work such as renovation of bund (3 ha), CBT (3 ha), graded bunds (6 ha), marginal bunds (30 ha) and loose boulder check dam (4No) were completed. (Photo 37).
Under research activity, impact of different watershed interventions on groundwater charge was monitored and found a rise in ground water table ranging from 4.1 to 8.12 m in the vicinity of the structures.
Analysis of crop demonstrations on improved package of practices of different crops like soybean, greengram, blackgram, til, maize and mustard showed an improvement in net
D. Koraput
Engineering activities:
(Lachhaputtraghati watershed)
Lachhaputtraghati Watershed is spreaded over an area of 610 ha covering three villages ( L a c h h u m a n i , K h a n d p u t t r a g h a t i a n d Ariputtrghati) with a total population of 900. The work done during the year is presented in brief under different activities is as follows:
For reducing soil loss, harvesting the runoff water and increasing the conveyance efficiency, different activities were undertaken. Staggered contour trenches in7 ha for in-situ moisture conservation, renovation of conveyance channel (1000 m) and construction of irrigation channel (70 m) for increasing conveyance efficiency, one farm pond, one
Year Rainfall Runoff Sediment yield-1 -1
(mm) (%) (t ha yr )2009 350.0 23.57 21.32010 406.4 14.59 11.22011 1467.8 10.25 7.8
embankment type pond for harvesting runoff water, LBCD (20 nos.), gabion structure (9 nos.) to reduce soil erosion and check dam (2 nos.) constructed in the jhola bed to divert the spring water were constructed. An additional area of 15.2 ha was brought under irrigation through the construction of check dam (2 nos.), embankment type pond and renovation of conveyance channel (Photo 38). Jhola kundi (10 nos.) were constructed along the jhola bed to harvest the sub-surface flow. Expenditure of `13.5 lakhs was made on various watershed activities.
Silvi-pastoral system, bamboo plantation, Bio-fuel plantation and horticulture block plantation were done in 1, 0.5, 1 and 0.5 ha, respectively. Acacia auriculiformis, Simaruba gluca seedlings were grown under energy and bio-fuel plantation, respectively. Grafted mango seedlings were used in horticultural plantation. For bank stabilization in lower reaches of watershed bamboo plantation (Dendrocalamus strictus) was carried out in 300 RMT for stream bank stabilization.
For improving the livelihood of landless persons specially women, SHGs (12 nos.) were formed and based on their potential, different activities were assigned to them with initial inputs provided from project. Under biomass production and recycling leaf plate making machines were given to two SHGs. For improving the quality of livestock products, milk cans and fodder cutting machines were provided. For improving the milk yield of cattle's, mineral
Plantation activity:
Livelihood activities:
1.3 to 7.5 m in the month October, 2011 and 4.35 to 7.8 m in the month of February 2012. The water storage in WHS was utilized by 13 farmers covering 32 ha area for supplemental irrigation to groundnut, greengram, and sesame during kharif 2011 and pre-sowing irrigation to mustard and wheat during rabi 2011-12.
Eighty-five surface (0-15 cm ) and sub-surface (15-30 cm) soil samples were collected at the beginning of the project on 300x300 m grid basis to analyze the soil physicochemical parameters and nutrient status sampling points were marked by using a hand held GPS. In continuation of spatial maps prepared in 2010-11 for pH, EC etc, mapping of OC status in the watershed is done this year using GIS. OC content ranged from low to medium. Range of SOC varies from 0.21% to 1.69% with average value of 0.57%.
A survey of 40 farmers was conducted on different social, economic and communicational aspects. Besides data on GWR, analysis of responses of interviewed farmers clearly indicated that watershed interventions could help in increasing the water availability (38% respondent) not only in WHSs but also as ground water particularly in wells in close vicinity to the WHS structures.
(Dhoti watershed)
The watershed (677 ha) is located in village Dhoti of Baran district of south-eastern Rajasthan. Effective treatable area is 660 ha. The expenditure of an amount of ̀ 50,07,783 was incurred so far on various activities carried out.
Based on the critical analysis of bio-physical potential of watershed, SWOT analysis and farmers' preferences the developmental plan is prepared to fulfill the needs of beneficiary families including the asset-less. The proposed developmental plan executed from 2008 onwards and is still continued. Various development and research activities performed during the year 2011-12 are summarized below:
Soil resources inventories:
Socio-economic evaluation/monitoring:
C. Kota
Two SHG comprising 24 women member constituted during 2010-11 for tailoring activity were provided ` 50,000 as revolving fund for purchase sewing machine and other accessories to initiate the income generation.
One 6 days skill development training was conducted for the SHG/UG members.
To prevent FMD disease 2969 animals reared by 354 rural households vaccinated and for controlling the endo and ecto parasites in animals 87 livestock owners were distributed necessary medicines. In order to improve the basic infrastructure facilities for livestock two service crates were established in watershed villages namely Dhoti and Jirod.
Under land improvement activities various work such as renovation of bund (3 ha), CBT (3 ha), graded bunds (6 ha), marginal bunds (30 ha) and loose boulder check dam (4No) were completed. (Photo 37).
Under research activity, impact of different watershed interventions on groundwater charge was monitored and found a rise in ground water table ranging from 4.1 to 8.12 m in the vicinity of the structures.
Analysis of crop demonstrations on improved package of practices of different crops like soybean, greengram, blackgram, til, maize and mustard showed an improvement in net
D. Koraput
Engineering activities:
(Lachhaputtraghati watershed)
Lachhaputtraghati Watershed is spreaded over an area of 610 ha covering three villages ( L a c h h u m a n i , K h a n d p u t t r a g h a t i a n d Ariputtrghati) with a total population of 900. The work done during the year is presented in brief under different activities is as follows:
For reducing soil loss, harvesting the runoff water and increasing the conveyance efficiency, different activities were undertaken. Staggered contour trenches in7 ha for in-situ moisture conservation, renovation of conveyance channel (1000 m) and construction of irrigation channel (70 m) for increasing conveyance efficiency, one farm pond, one
Year Rainfall Runoff Sediment yield-1 -1
(mm) (%) (t ha yr )2009 350.0 23.57 21.32010 406.4 14.59 11.22011 1467.8 10.25 7.8
A total of 12 user groups were formed in Ayalur watershed during the period of report. Among them, 10 groups are taking up groundnut decortications activity while rest of them are associated with turmeric boiling activity.
Six single and six double
crop demonstrations on improved seed and INM were conducted in Ayalur watershed for groundnut and maize crops. Higher groundnut yield (24.7%) was obtained with additional
-1income of ` 5875 ha when INM practiced with local varieties. Higher yield (46.8 to 53%) and
-1additional return ` 13,105 to ` 15,450 ha was obtained when improved seed coupled with INM (application of recommended dose of fertilizer, bio fertilizers, gypsum and micro nutrient mixture) was followed. Increase in
-1maize yield (10.42 q ha ) and additional benefit -1
of ` 8,336 ha was achieved over farmers' practice when hybrid seeds and INM were adopted. Coir pith organic manure produced in the previous season from the Research Centre's interventions was tested in maize field. Increase of
-1625 kg ha was obtained in maize yield with -1additional benefit of ` 4,325 ha due to the
-1application of coir pith compost @ 12 t ha over the application of FYM.
Groundnut-tobacco or maize-groundnut is the cropping pattern followed in the partially irrigated area in Ayalur watershed. In order to diversify the crops and increase the income of farmers, marigold cultivation was introduced in place of groundnut crop. Higher net income of `
-139,675 ha was achieved when marigold was cultivated in place of groundnut where net income
-1was only ` 40,625 ha . Particulars related to this intervention are as follows:
land horticulture and agro-forestry interventions were introduced in Ayalur watershed. A total of 940 mango seedlings were planted under dry land horticulture during the current year. Other fruit trees like sapota (100), guava (100) and lemon (100) were planted on field bunds. Plantation crops like coconut (1400) and tree species like teak (2000), Melia dubea (1500) and Ailanthus (200) were planted under agro-forestry system. Survival of Melia dubea and teak were found to be 91.7 and 85% after 14 months of planting. Melia dubea reached an average height of 5.8 m with 12.5 cm average DBH, teak attained average height of 4.1 m with DBH of 4.12 cm after 14 months of planting.
One large percolation pond with surplus weirs was constructed and 2 existing percolation pond were rejuvenated through desilting and bund formation. Three dug out ponds and one RR masonry check dam (Photo 40) was constructed in the watershed.
Water harvesting and DLT measures:
mixture, cattle feeds were distributed. Agabatti making was initiated for sample basis in three villages of the watershed.
This year diverse agronomy activities for different slopes of catchment, viz; off -season vegetable cultivation (1 ha) in post monsoon season (October to January), pond based integrated farming system for medium and small farmer were taken in Lachhamani and Puttraghati villages, respectively. Biofertiliser based treatments were taken in low land rice and pigeonpea crops in 1 ha area each. For intensive paddy cultivation SRI pattern was tested in 1 acre area.
(Ayalur watershed)
Ayalur Watershed in Gobichettipalayam taluk, Erode District, Tamil Nadu is being developed by CSWCRTI, Research Centre, Udhagamandalam, as a model watershed under MMA NWDPRA sponsored by the DAC, MoA,
thGoI, during the XI Five Year Plan. As per the DPR, interventions were carried out in the watershed and their impacts monitored in terms of bio-physical and socio-economic indicators during the period of report.
Four meetings of Watershed Executive Committee were conducted during the period of report in which all watershed development works were discussed before implementing them on farmers' fields. The beneficiaries for the various project interventions in different villages were identified by the members of the respective village resource management committees (VRMCs). All records pertaining to the watershed are being maintained in proper manner by the office bearers of the Executive Committee. A total amount of ̀ 1,33,575 was deposited till date in the Ayalur Watershed Development Fund which was
Agronomy activities:
H. Udhagamandalam
C o m m u n i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n activities:
garnered through contributions from beneficiaries for different interventions.
Seventeen women and 15 men SHGs were formed from the resource poor community in the watershed who had taken up various livelihood support activities (Table 96, Photo 39). A total of ` 3,24,928 was invested for these activities from the project funds. Beneficiaries of these activities had agreed to pay 40% of the cost as contribution through monthly instalments which is being deposited in WDF account. Till Feb., 2012 a total of ̀ 67,630 was paid back by the beneficiaries of these interventions.
Livelihood support activities:
Activity No. of SHGs Amount (`)Women Men Invested To be Repaid
Particulars Groundnut Marigold-1Yield (kg ha ) 1475 8750
-1Cost of cultivation (` ha ) 12475 50950-1Gross income (` ha ) 53100 131250
-1Net income (` ha ) 40625 80300
Plantation activities: Considering frequent crop failure due to erratic monsoon in the region, dry
Seepage control through lining of surface ponds: Low discharge from the bore wells with depth more than 200 m is not adequate for direct surface (flood, furrow or basin) irrigation. Hence, the farmers first pump water from bore wells, mostly fitted with 7.5 hp air compressor pumps, either to open wells or to unlined small surface storage ponds for temporary storage from where it is pumped through centrifugal pump or under gravity flow to irrigate fields. Soils of Ayalur
A total of 12 user groups were formed in Ayalur watershed during the period of report. Among them, 10 groups are taking up groundnut decortications activity while rest of them are associated with turmeric boiling activity.
Six single and six double
crop demonstrations on improved seed and INM were conducted in Ayalur watershed for groundnut and maize crops. Higher groundnut yield (24.7%) was obtained with additional
-1income of ` 5875 ha when INM practiced with local varieties. Higher yield (46.8 to 53%) and
-1additional return ` 13,105 to ` 15,450 ha was obtained when improved seed coupled with INM (application of recommended dose of fertilizer, bio fertilizers, gypsum and micro nutrient mixture) was followed. Increase in
-1maize yield (10.42 q ha ) and additional benefit -1
of ` 8,336 ha was achieved over farmers' practice when hybrid seeds and INM were adopted. Coir pith organic manure produced in the previous season from the Research Centre's interventions was tested in maize field. Increase of
-1625 kg ha was obtained in maize yield with -1additional benefit of ` 4,325 ha due to the
-1application of coir pith compost @ 12 t ha over the application of FYM.
Groundnut-tobacco or maize-groundnut is the cropping pattern followed in the partially irrigated area in Ayalur watershed. In order to diversify the crops and increase the income of farmers, marigold cultivation was introduced in place of groundnut crop. Higher net income of `
-139,675 ha was achieved when marigold was cultivated in place of groundnut where net income
-1was only ` 40,625 ha . Particulars related to this intervention are as follows:
land horticulture and agro-forestry interventions were introduced in Ayalur watershed. A total of 940 mango seedlings were planted under dry land horticulture during the current year. Other fruit trees like sapota (100), guava (100) and lemon (100) were planted on field bunds. Plantation crops like coconut (1400) and tree species like teak (2000), Melia dubea (1500) and Ailanthus (200) were planted under agro-forestry system. Survival of Melia dubea and teak were found to be 91.7 and 85% after 14 months of planting. Melia dubea reached an average height of 5.8 m with 12.5 cm average DBH, teak attained average height of 4.1 m with DBH of 4.12 cm after 14 months of planting.
One large percolation pond with surplus weirs was constructed and 2 existing percolation pond were rejuvenated through desilting and bund formation. Three dug out ponds and one RR masonry check dam (Photo 40) was constructed in the watershed.
Water harvesting and DLT measures:
mixture, cattle feeds were distributed. Agabatti making was initiated for sample basis in three villages of the watershed.
This year diverse agronomy activities for different slopes of catchment, viz; off -season vegetable cultivation (1 ha) in post monsoon season (October to January), pond based integrated farming system for medium and small farmer were taken in Lachhamani and Puttraghati villages, respectively. Biofertiliser based treatments were taken in low land rice and pigeonpea crops in 1 ha area each. For intensive paddy cultivation SRI pattern was tested in 1 acre area.
(Ayalur watershed)
Ayalur Watershed in Gobichettipalayam taluk, Erode District, Tamil Nadu is being developed by CSWCRTI, Research Centre, Udhagamandalam, as a model watershed under MMA NWDPRA sponsored by the DAC, MoA,
thGoI, during the XI Five Year Plan. As per the DPR, interventions were carried out in the watershed and their impacts monitored in terms of bio-physical and socio-economic indicators during the period of report.
Four meetings of Watershed Executive Committee were conducted during the period of report in which all watershed development works were discussed before implementing them on farmers' fields. The beneficiaries for the various project interventions in different villages were identified by the members of the respective village resource management committees (VRMCs). All records pertaining to the watershed are being maintained in proper manner by the office bearers of the Executive Committee. A total amount of ̀ 1,33,575 was deposited till date in the Ayalur Watershed Development Fund which was
Agronomy activities:
H. Udhagamandalam
C o m m u n i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n activities:
garnered through contributions from beneficiaries for different interventions.
Seventeen women and 15 men SHGs were formed from the resource poor community in the watershed who had taken up various livelihood support activities (Table 96, Photo 39). A total of ` 3,24,928 was invested for these activities from the project funds. Beneficiaries of these activities had agreed to pay 40% of the cost as contribution through monthly instalments which is being deposited in WDF account. Till Feb., 2012 a total of ̀ 67,630 was paid back by the beneficiaries of these interventions.
Livelihood support activities:
Activity No. of SHGs Amount (`)Women Men Invested To be Repaid
Particulars Groundnut Marigold-1Yield (kg ha ) 1475 8750
-1Cost of cultivation (` ha ) 12475 50950-1Gross income (` ha ) 53100 131250
-1Net income (` ha ) 40625 80300
Plantation activities: Considering frequent crop failure due to erratic monsoon in the region, dry
Seepage control through lining of surface ponds: Low discharge from the bore wells with depth more than 200 m is not adequate for direct surface (flood, furrow or basin) irrigation. Hence, the farmers first pump water from bore wells, mostly fitted with 7.5 hp air compressor pumps, either to open wells or to unlined small surface storage ponds for temporary storage from where it is pumped through centrifugal pump or under gravity flow to irrigate fields. Soils of Ayalur
were made in 22 ha. Continuous contour trenches of 0.3x0.3 m were made in 10 ha. Plantation and grass sodding was done in these areas. In these trenches, water was stagnant upto 3 days. During this year, despite low rainfall, higher survival and better growth of plants and fodders were recorded.
15 gully plug structures were constructed in drainage line.
3In these structures, upto 25 m silt deposition was recorded and water storage capacity varied from 20 -
3800 m (Photo 41a).
Under water resource development in arable lands, 3 dugout ponds of
3400 m capacity were constructed in farmers fields (Photo 41b). Daily depth of water and water utilization of these ponds were recorded. It is observed that water was stored up to December. Fishes were also introduced in these ponds.
3 -2 -1Seepage losses were 0.030 m m day in unlined 3 -2 -1pond and 0.0042 m m day in lined pond. Ten
recharge filters (Photo 41c) were constructed and
D r a i n a g e l i n e t r e a t m e n t structures:
Water resource development structures:
3 embankment ponds (Photo 41d) were constructed and. The recharge filters are functioning well and increases the water availability of the well. Embankment ponds and check dams were able to store the large quantity of runoff water and increased the water yield of the surrounding wells. The number of irrigations increased and yield increases were recorded upto 50%.
watershed mostly belong to broad group of red soils with predominance of gravelly loamy sand, sandy loam and loamy textural classes. Seepage rate from these soils is quite high and therefore water stored in the surface storage ponds is quickly lost. In order to curtail excessive seepage from the storage ponds, it was decided to demonstrate lining of these ponds with Silpaulin sheet (300 gsm). Through this intervention, an amount of 14.47 cum of water per day is saved.
As part of in-situ soil and moisture conservation activities earthen field bunds was constructed in 2.5 acres covering 725.2 m during the period of report.
During the period of report three Animal health camps for livestock improvement were conducted in collaboration with Animal Husbandry Department, Gobichettipalayam. In these camps, around 2500 animals were administered various treatments. Vaccination was given, pregnancy diagnosis was carried out, de-worming, castration, artificial insemination, infertility test were done for the animals and salt licks and mineral mixture were distributed to weak as well as high yielding animals.
Three integrated farming system models were developed in Ayalur watershed by introducing new enterprises and/or improving the existing component of farming. In case of livestock component, stall feeding is introduced by providing manger and chaff cutter by which a considerable amount of fodder is saved. Compost pits were constructed in each of these models for avoiding wastage and providing better conditions for decomposition. In one of these models, poultry and pisciculture was integrated by constructing poultry house above the pond where farmer store water for irrigation.
Ayalur watershed had received a total rainfall of 728.7 mm in 43 rainy days during this period with 195.3 mm received during the summer and 114.6
Soil and water conservation measures:
Animal health camp for livestock improvement:
Development of IFS model:
Hydrological observations in Ayalur watershed:
mm and 418.8 mm received during the south west and north east monsoons, respectively. The mean monthly evaporation rate of March and April was
-1recorded highest (5.5 mm day ) while it was
-1lowest during Sept. and November (4.8 mm day )
(Vejalpura - Rampura watershed)
At Vejapur-Rampura watershed crop demonstration activities carried out are as under:
Under replacement of old varieties15 ha was demonstrated with cotton crop. It was found that during this year, despite scanty rainfall (424 mm) in the watershed, farmers were able to harvest successfully good
-1crop and under demonstrations (13.77 q ha ) as -1compared to farmers yield (12.13 q ha ) under
rainfed conditions an increase in crop yield by 15% was recorded over farmers practice through demonstrations.
About 14.75 ha were demonstrated with bajra crop. Despite scanty rainfall, farmers were able to harvest good crop and under rainfed
-1conditions from demonstrations (23.29 q ha ) as
-1compared to farmers yield (17.02 q ha ). An increase in crop yield by 36.8% was recorded over farmers practice.
Six ha area was demonstrated with fodder sorghum crop under
-1rainfed conditions fodder yield (15 q ha ) dry weight basis has registered 23.45% increase over
-1farmers yield (12.15 q ha ).
Under arable land treatment, field bunds, land levelling were
2executed. Field bunds of 0.6 m cross section in 2022 m length in 55 ha were constructed. Due to bunding crop yields were increased up to 20%. Gully and rill formations were observed in the fields where field bunds was not constructed and gully was extended up to 1 m.
Staggered contour trenches of sizes 1.2x0.3x0.3 m and 2x0.5x0.5 m
F. Vasad
Replacement of old varieties:
Balanced fertilization and method of application:
Fodder development:
Arable land treatments:
Non arable land treatments:
(a) Gully plug structures (b) Dugout farm ponds with fishes
(c) Construction of recharge filter (d) Embankment ponds
were made in 22 ha. Continuous contour trenches of 0.3x0.3 m were made in 10 ha. Plantation and grass sodding was done in these areas. In these trenches, water was stagnant upto 3 days. During this year, despite low rainfall, higher survival and better growth of plants and fodders were recorded.
15 gully plug structures were constructed in drainage line.
3In these structures, upto 25 m silt deposition was recorded and water storage capacity varied from 20 -
3800 m (Photo 41a).
Under water resource development in arable lands, 3 dugout ponds of
3400 m capacity were constructed in farmers fields (Photo 41b). Daily depth of water and water utilization of these ponds were recorded. It is observed that water was stored up to December. Fishes were also introduced in these ponds.
3 -2 -1Seepage losses were 0.030 m m day in unlined 3 -2 -1pond and 0.0042 m m day in lined pond. Ten
recharge filters (Photo 41c) were constructed and
D r a i n a g e l i n e t r e a t m e n t structures:
Water resource development structures:
3 embankment ponds (Photo 41d) were constructed and. The recharge filters are functioning well and increases the water availability of the well. Embankment ponds and check dams were able to store the large quantity of runoff water and increased the water yield of the surrounding wells. The number of irrigations increased and yield increases were recorded upto 50%.
watershed mostly belong to broad group of red soils with predominance of gravelly loamy sand, sandy loam and loamy textural classes. Seepage rate from these soils is quite high and therefore water stored in the surface storage ponds is quickly lost. In order to curtail excessive seepage from the storage ponds, it was decided to demonstrate lining of these ponds with Silpaulin sheet (300 gsm). Through this intervention, an amount of 14.47 cum of water per day is saved.
As part of in-situ soil and moisture conservation activities earthen field bunds was constructed in 2.5 acres covering 725.2 m during the period of report.
During the period of report three Animal health camps for livestock improvement were conducted in collaboration with Animal Husbandry Department, Gobichettipalayam. In these camps, around 2500 animals were administered various treatments. Vaccination was given, pregnancy diagnosis was carried out, de-worming, castration, artificial insemination, infertility test were done for the animals and salt licks and mineral mixture were distributed to weak as well as high yielding animals.
Three integrated farming system models were developed in Ayalur watershed by introducing new enterprises and/or improving the existing component of farming. In case of livestock component, stall feeding is introduced by providing manger and chaff cutter by which a considerable amount of fodder is saved. Compost pits were constructed in each of these models for avoiding wastage and providing better conditions for decomposition. In one of these models, poultry and pisciculture was integrated by constructing poultry house above the pond where farmer store water for irrigation.
Ayalur watershed had received a total rainfall of 728.7 mm in 43 rainy days during this period with 195.3 mm received during the summer and 114.6
Soil and water conservation measures:
Animal health camp for livestock improvement:
Development of IFS model:
Hydrological observations in Ayalur watershed:
mm and 418.8 mm received during the south west and north east monsoons, respectively. The mean monthly evaporation rate of March and April was
-1recorded highest (5.5 mm day ) while it was
-1lowest during Sept. and November (4.8 mm day )
(Vejalpura - Rampura watershed)
At Vejapur-Rampura watershed crop demonstration activities carried out are as under:
Under replacement of old varieties15 ha was demonstrated with cotton crop. It was found that during this year, despite scanty rainfall (424 mm) in the watershed, farmers were able to harvest successfully good
-1crop and under demonstrations (13.77 q ha ) as -1compared to farmers yield (12.13 q ha ) under
rainfed conditions an increase in crop yield by 15% was recorded over farmers practice through demonstrations.
About 14.75 ha were demonstrated with bajra crop. Despite scanty rainfall, farmers were able to harvest good crop and under rainfed
-1conditions from demonstrations (23.29 q ha ) as
-1compared to farmers yield (17.02 q ha ). An increase in crop yield by 36.8% was recorded over farmers practice.
Six ha area was demonstrated with fodder sorghum crop under
-1rainfed conditions fodder yield (15 q ha ) dry weight basis has registered 23.45% increase over
-1farmers yield (12.15 q ha ).
Under arable land treatment, field bunds, land levelling were
2executed. Field bunds of 0.6 m cross section in 2022 m length in 55 ha were constructed. Due to bunding crop yields were increased up to 20%. Gully and rill formations were observed in the fields where field bunds was not constructed and gully was extended up to 1 m.
Staggered contour trenches of sizes 1.2x0.3x0.3 m and 2x0.5x0.5 m
F. Vasad
Replacement of old varieties:
Balanced fertilization and method of application:
Fodder development:
Arable land treatments:
Non arable land treatments:
(a) Gully plug structures (b) Dugout farm ponds with fishes
(c) Construction of recharge filter (d) Embankment ponds
