Workshop “Agronomy and logistic of fibre crops”

Rome, 20/3/13

Yields of flax and hemp in Europe

1

P. Baraniecki, K. HellerInstitute of Natural Fibres & Medicinal Plants, Poznań, Poland

Workshop “Agronomy and logistic of fibre crops” Rome, 20/3/13

Liebig's Law states that

growth only occurs at the

rate permitted by the most

limiting

In EU region the most

limiting factor effected on

flax yields very often is the

weather conditions

(precipitations)

1. Whater availability

1. Wheather conditions

3

Fibre flax should be grown in area where the

annual precipitation is at least 600-650 mm,

and where at least 110-150 mm of rainfalls in

the vegetation period

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Dry years

<100 mm

Medium humid

years (100-

300 mm)

Humid years

<300 mm

Very cold years (<13,6 C)

Cold years (13,6-15,4 C)

Medium warm years (15,5-17,2 C)

Warm years >17,2 C

The effect of the weather conditions on flax straw yield

(1967-2012) average from 312 field trials

The effect of forecrop on fibre flax yield (1967-2012) average from 312 field trials

6,28

56,31

7,88

66,45

9,57

68,2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

potato sugar beet winter wheat

Yield of seed (dT/ha)

Yield of deseeded straw (dT/ha)

Place in crop rotation - forecrops – the best for flax are cereals crops (wheat)

1. Forecrop

Fertile, medium-heavy soil, in good culture, particularly humus

sandy clay soils, that create no crust, and with regulated

water/soil/air ratio19 th March 2013 Technical meeting, Rome 5

1. Soil requirements

Integrated method of fibre flax growingCULTIVARS (acc. M. Pavelek 2012)

6

• Resistance to pathogen complex: 8 p.

• Resistance to abiotic stresses (drought,

high temp.): 5-6 p.

• Middle vegetation period;

• Yielding potential of unretted stem – 7-8 t.

ha-1;

•Yielding potential of seeds – 1.10-1.30t.ha-1

• Long fibre content potential – 22-25 %

• Total fibre content potential – 39-41 %

• Long fibre yielding potential reached In

trials: 1,25-1,40 t.ha-1;

• Total fibre yielding potential reached in

trials: 2,50-3,50 t.ha-1

Currently registred in UE:

• 73 fibre flax cultivars

• 77 linseed cultivars

• 6 varietes - "forma aestiva"

• 4 varietes "forma hibernalis"

Cultivar selection and regionalization in ICM Systems

Resistance to drought

The effect of sowing time on fibre flax yield(1967-2012) average from 312 field trials

7,92

63,62

6,83

56,52

6,2

52,6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

before 20th

April

20th April-1st

May

after 1st May

Yield of seed (dT/ha)

Yield of deseeded straw(dT/ha)

sowing time – a few days after oat sowing –

when marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris L.)

is flowering

(

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

110 kg/ha [stripe] 110 kg/ha [row] 140 kg/ha [stripe] 140 kg/ha [row]

Yie

ld o

f fl

ax f

ibre

[k

g/h

a]

BBCH 65

BBCH 75

BBCH 83

The effect of sowing method and harvest date on

fibre yield. Pętkowo, Stary Sielec (2005-2006)

Modran (PL)

sowing density – 24 –26 mln seeds per 1 ha which accounts to 120-130 kg/ha

depth of planting - 2 cm

High plant population density gives high stem yields and fibre quality, suppresing stem

branching

The effect of the level of weed infestation on fibre

flax yield(1967-2001) average from 301 field trials

7,64

65,38

7,08

55,58

6,31

50,4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Weed mass

<1 T/ha

Weed mass

1-3 T/ha

Weed mass

>3 T/ha

Yield of seed (dT/ha)

Yield of deseeded straw(dT/ha)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

110 kg/ha [stripe] 110 kg/ha [row] 140 kg/ha [stripe] 140 kg/ha [row]

Yie

ld o

f fl

ax f

ibre

[k

g/h

a]

BBCH 65

BBCH 75

BBCH 83

The effect of sowing method and harvest date on fibre yieldCv Modran (PL) - EF Pętkowo, EF Stary Siels (2005-2006)

the optimum harvest time is the beginning of flax green - yellow maturity stage (BBCH 83)

The effect of plants density and harvesting time

on the linear mass of fibre

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

Lin

ear m

ass

[te

x]

2200 2800 2200 2800 2200 2800 2200 2700

Artemida (PL) Modran (PL) Hermes (F) Agata (NL)

■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 65

■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 75

■ ■ ■ ■ BBCH 83

Self thinning in function of plant population Self thinning in function of plant population

and N fertilization

y = 0.0205x + 44.972

R20.84 =

y = 0.0153x + 40.935

R20.90 =

40

60

80

320 520 720 920 1120

[szt/m]

[sz

t/m

]

Sielec Stary Wojciechów

y = 0.0159x + 46.5

R20.74 =

y = 0.025x + 44

R20.91 =

y = 0.0206x + 44.5

R20.87 =

40

60

80

320 640 960 1280 [szt/m]

[%

]

40 kgN/ha 80 kgN/ha 120 kgN/ha

Effect of plant population, N fertilization on

Straw yield in early harvest

Effect of plant population, N fertilization on

Straw yield in late harvest

y = -7E-06x20.0114x + 64.25 +

R20.85 =

6,6

6,8

7

7,2

7,4

7,6

7,8

320 640 960 1280[szt/m]

[t/

ha

]

40 kg N/ha 80 kg N/ha 120 kg N/ha

y = -1E-05x20.0209x + 71.5 +

R20.87 =

7,2

7,4

7,6

7,8

8

320 640 960 1280 [szt/m]

[t/

ha

]

40kg N/ha 80 kg n/ha 120 kg N/ha

Effect of N fertilization on short fibre

yield

Effect of N fertilization on scutched fibre

efficiency

y = 0.0075x + 1

R21 =

y = 0.0138x + 1.1

R20.82 =

0,12

0,17

0,22

0,27

40 60 80 100 120 [kg/ha]

[t/

ha

]

Sielec Stary Wojciechów

y = -0.0475x + 70.3

R20.93 =

y = -0.1025x + 75.133

R20.84 =

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

40 60 80 100 120[kg/ha]

[%

]

Sielec Stary Wojciechów

Flax area in European Union and some

non-EU countries [ha]

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Czech Rep. 4318 2736 824 156 145 13/4000 n/a 1/1700

France 81508 76497 75523 67688 56637 54679 60828 67760

Belgium 18670 16354 14630 12230 10350 11377 11555 11500

Lithuania 3599 1057 950 247 34 12/448 61/494 8/337

Latvia 2072 1420 220 356 39 n/a

Netherlands 4691 4366 3458 2572 2086 1900 2075 2030

Poland 6843 4225 2056 1991 547 500 400/600 500

Total EU 84070 69868 73029

Ukraine 25530 16164 12000 5760 2275 1280 1790 2184

Russia 95450 86000 75000 81000 70000 46800 52400 55000

Belarus 78500 75200 78500 78000 69000 58005 68400 63200

Fibrous flax yielding potential

CountryFrance Netherlands Poland

Ginned straw yield [t/ha] 10.8 6.0 10.3

Seed yield [t/ ha] 1.9 1.0 1.7

Total fiber yield [t/ ha] 3.6 2.4 2.3

Long fiber yield [t/ ha] 2.9 1.4 1.7

Short fiber yield [t/ ha] 0.71 1.1 0.5

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Survey of the average commercial yields of fibrous flax in

flax producing countries in EU

Country

Straw yield

[t/ha]

Seed yield

[t/ha]

Long fiber

yield [t/ha]

Short fiber

yield [t/ha]

Belgium 4.99 0.93 1.13 0.55

Czech Rep. 3.11 0.51 0.41 0.51

Estonia 0.89 0.9 n/a n/a

France 7.05 0.47 1.46 0.90

Latvia n/a 0.29 0.07 n/a

Lithuania 3.15 0.39 0.33 0.50

Netherlands 5.01 0.80 1.04 0.66

Poland 4.43 0.70 0.73 0.41

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Hemp harvested area in EU & Ukraine [ha]

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Austria 342 545 500 500 500 200 100

Czech Rep. 156 1 086 1 200 700 1 200 n/a

Finland 0 0 n/a 0 500 500

France 9315 8083 8103 7500 11326 10500 7000

Germany 1985 1233 824 896 1203 800 400

Italy 157 500 450 263 250 n/a 0

Latvia 0 n/a n/a 5 136 300 100

Netherlands 49 23 274 886 1200 100

Poland 129 1007 1376 1200 1200 282 100

Sweden n/a n/a 700 200 700 n/a n/a

UK 1274 1671 800 1362 2500 1500 1300

Total EU 14541 13974 14261 12650 18750 15014 8000

Ukraine 1940 2490 760 910 266 780 430 648

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Fibrous hemp yielding potential

Specification

The best results in fibrous hemp cultivars

Country France HungaryPoland

UkraineAgronomic Breeding

Total yield [t/ha] 28.20 20.0 14.73 23.5 15.0

Ginned straw yield [t/ha] 23.76 18.0 13.54 22.0 12.0

Seed yield [t/ ha] 1.0 1.14 1.4 0.2

Yield of total fiber [t/ ha] 10.50 4.3 3.6 6.16 3.0

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Commercial yields of fibrous hemp in Poland

Specification

YearsAverage

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Total straw yield [t /ha] 6.7 8.6 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 8.1 7.77

Ginned straw yield [t/ha] 5.4 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.0 5.6 6.5 6.23

Seed yield [t/ha] 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.10 0.7 0.8 0.81

Yield of total fiber [t/ha] 1.62 2. 35 2.18 2.11 2.04 1.96 2.15 2.06

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Commercial yields of fibrous hemp in some European countries

Specification France Hungary Romania Ukraine

Total straw yield [t /ha] 8.6 3.24 2.16

Ginned straw yield [t/ha] 7.5 2.92 1.70

Seed yield [t/ha] 0.9 0.7-0.9 0.5 0.24

Yield of total fibre [t/ha] 2.7 3.00 0.98 0.42

Source: Project 4F CROPS, http://www.4fcrops.eu/pdf/intranet-wp2/D6_TASK2.3_inf.pdf

Comparison of potential and commercial yields of flax

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Ginned straw Seed Long fibre Short fibre

Potential yield Commercial yield

Comparison of potential and commercial yields of hemp

0

5

10

15

20

25

Ginned straw Seed Total fibre

Potential yield Commercial yield