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p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most...

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Page 1: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging
Page 2: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

p-Block Elements

Page 3: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group-13 Boron Family

Page 4: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

•Shows non-metallic character.

•Boron is a metalloid, it has characteristics intermediate between metals and non-metals,

•The rest of the elements of group are metals.

•These elements are characterized by having three valence electrons. The metals can loose

all three electrons to form ions with a three plus charge in ionic compounds, but boron

tends to form covalent bonds.

•The oxides of the metals dissolve in acids so may be considered basic, but aluminum oxide

also dissolves in bases. It is amphoteric; that is, it displays both acidic and basic

characteristics.

• Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is

widely used in packaging materials. Aluminum is an active metal, but the stable oxide forms

a protective coating over the metal making resistant to corrosion.

Page 5: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

ऄधात ुचररत्र को दर्ााता ह।ै

बोरॉन एक मटेलॉआड ह,ै आसमें धातओुं और ऄधात ुके बीच मध्यवती ववर्षेताएं हैं,

समहू के बाकी तत्व धात ुहैं।

आन तत्वों में तीन वलैेंस आलके्ट्रॉन होन ेकी ववर्षेता ह।ै अयन यौवगकों में तीन प्लस अवरे् के साथ अयन बनान े

के वलए धात ुसभी तीन आलके्ट्रॉनों को हटा सकत ेहैं, लकेकन बोरान सहसयंोजक बधंन बनाता ह।ै

धातओुं के ऑक्ट्साआड एवसड में घलु जात ेहैं, आसवलए आन्हें मलूभतू माना जा सकता ह,ै लकेकन एल्यमूीवनयम

ऑक्ट्साआड भी क्षारों में ववलीन हो जाता ह।ै यह ईभयधमी है; ऄथाात,् यह ऄम्लीय और बवुनयादी ववर्षेताओं

दोनों को प्रदर्शर्त करता ह।ै

एल्यमूीवनयम भपूपाटी (7.4 प्रवतर्त) में तीसरा सबस ेप्रचरु तत्व ह,ै और व्यापक रूप स ेपकेैजजग सामग्री में

ईपयोग ककया जाता ह।ै एल्यमूीवनयम एक सकिय धात ुहै, लकेकन वथथर ऑक्ट्साआड धात ुपर एक सरुक्षात्मक

कोटटग बनाता ह ैजो जगं के वलए प्रवतरोधी होता ह।ै

Page 6: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 14-Carbon Family

Page 7: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 14 (Carbon Group)

Element with the non-metal carbon, two metalloids, and two metals.

Four valence electrons.

The two metals, tin and lead, are fairly unreactive metals and both can form ions

Carbon forms four covalent bonds in compounds

Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust (25.7 percent) Ex- Bricks, pottery, porcelain, lubricants, sealants, computer chips, and solar cells. The simplest oxide, silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silica, is a component of many rocks and minerals.

Page 8: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

ऄधात ुकाबान, दो मटेलॉयड और दो धातओुं के साथ तत्व।

चार वलैेंस आलेक्ट्रॉन।

दो धातएु,ं रटन और सीसा, काफी ऄप्रभावी धातएुं हैं और दोनों ही अयन बना

सकत ेहैं

काबान यौवगकों में चार सहसयंोजक बधं बनाता है

वसवलकॉन भपूपाटी में दसूरा सबस ेप्रचरु तत्व ह ै(25.7 प्रवतर्त)

ईंटों, वमट्टी के बतानों, चीनी वमट्टी के बरतन, स्नहेक, सीलेंट, कंप्यूटर वचप्स, और सौर

कोवर्काओं। सरलतम ऑक्ट्साआड, वसवलकॉन डाआऑक्ट्साआड (SiO2) या वसवलका,

कइ चट्टानों और खवनजों का एक घटक ह।ै

Page 9: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 15-Nitrogen Family

Page 10: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 15-Nitrogen Familyhave five valence electrons.

Nitrogen and Phosphorous are non-metals. They can gain three electrons to form

fairly unstable ions with a three minus charge, the nitride and phosphide ions.

Nitrogen comprises about 3 percent of the weight of the human body and

phosphorous about 1.2 percent.

Arsenic and Antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is the only metal in the group.

Bismuth can lose three electrons to form an ion with a three plus charge.

Bismuth is also the heaviest completely stable element that does not decay

radioactively to other simpler elements.

Page 11: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

पाचं वलैेंस आलके्ट्रॉन होते हैं।

नाआरोजन और फॉथफोरस ऄधात ुहैं। व ेतीन आलके्ट्रॉनों को एक तीन ऋण अवरे्, नाआराआड और

फॉथफाआड अयनों के साथ काफी ऄवथथर अयन बनाने के वलए प्राप्त कर सकते हैं।

नाआरोजन में मानव र्रीर के वजन का लगभग 3 प्रवतर्त और फॉथफोरस का लगभग 1.2 प्रवतर्त

होता ह।ै

असेवनक और एंटीमनी मटेलॉयड हैं, और वबथमथ समहू में एकमात्र धातु ह।ै एक तीन प्लस चाजा के

साथ एक अयन बनाने के वलए वबथमथ तीन आलके्ट्रॉनों को खो सकता ह।ै

वबथमथ भी परूी तरह से वथथर तत्व ह ैजो ऄन्य सरल तत्वों के वलए रेवडयोधमी रूप से क्षय नहीं

करता ह।ै

Page 12: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 16 – Oxygen Family (Chalcogens)

Page 13: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 16 – Oxygen Family (Chalcogens)

This group has six valence electrons.

Oxygen and sulfur are non-metals and they can gain two electrons to form ions with a two

minus charge.

Oxygen is by far the most abundant element in the earth's crust (49.5 percent), and is present in

almost everything.

Sulfur has probably the most allotropes of any element, though the most common and stable

form is the yellow crystals of S8 molecules.

The name chalcogen is generally considered to mean "ore former" from the Greek chalcos

"ore" and -gen "formation.”

Page 14: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

आस समहू में छह वैलेंस आलके्ट्रॉन हैं।

ऑक्ट्सीजन और सल्फर ऄधात ुहैं और वे दो आलके्ट्रॉनों को दो माआनस चाजा के साथ

अयन बनान ेके वलए प्राप्त कर सकत ेहैं।

ऑक्ट्सीजन भपूपाटी (49.5 प्रवतर्त) में ऄब तक का सबसे प्रचरु तत्व ह,ै और लगभग

हर चीज में मौजदू ह।ै

सल्फर में सभंवतः ककसी भी तत्व का सबसे ऄवधक अवटंन ह,ै हालाकंक सबस ेअम

और वथथर रूप S8 ऄणओुं का पीला किथटल ह।ै

काल्कोजन नाम को अम तौर पर ग्रीक ऄयथक "ऄयथक" और -जने "गठन स"े ऄयथक

पूवा "माना जाता ह।ै"

Page 15: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 17 – Fluorine Family (Halogens)

Page 16: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 17 – Fluorine Family (Halogens)These elements have seven valence electrons.

This group is the first one to consist of entirely non-metals.

They exist as diatomic molecules in their natural state

Fluorine and chlorine exist as gases at room temperature, bromine as a liquid, and iodine as a solid.

They require one more electron to fill their outer electron shells, and so have a tendency to gain one electron to form a singly-charged negative ions.

These negative ions are referred to as halide ions, and salts containing these ions are known as halides.

Page 17: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

आन तत्वों में सात वलैेंस आलके्ट्रॉन होते हैं।

यह समहू परूी तरह से ऄधातओुं से युक्त पहला समहू ह।ै

वे ऄपन ेप्राकृवतक ऄवथथा में डायटोवमक ऄणओुं के रूप में मौजदू हैं

फ्लोरीन और क्ट्लोरीन कमरे के तापमान पर गसैों के रूप में मौजदू होते हैं, तरल के रूप में ब्रोमीन,

और ठोस के रूप में अयोडीन।

ईन्हें ऄपन ेबाहरी आलके्ट्रॉन गोल ेको भरने के वलए एक और आलके्ट्रॉन की अवश्यकता होती है, और

आसवलए एक एकल-चाजा नकारात्मक अयनों को बनाने के वलए एक आलके्ट्रॉन प्राप्त करन ेकी प्रववृि

होती ह।ै

आन नकारात्मक अयनों को हवैलड अयनों के रूप में जाना जाता है, और आन अयनों वाल ेलवणों को

हलाआड्स के रूप में जाना जाता ह।ै

Page 18: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Halogens are highly reactive,

Fluorine is the most reactive element in the periodic table and the

reactivity declines as we go down the group.

Chlorine and iodine are both used as disinfectants.

The oxides and hydrides, like those of most non-metals, of the

halogens are acidic.

Halide ions combined with single hydrogen atoms form the

hydrohalic acids (i.e., HF, HCl, HBr, HI)

and can combine with oxygen

Page 19: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Halogens ऄत्यवधक प्रवतकियार्ील हैं,

अवता सारणी में फ्लोरीन सबस ेऄवधक प्रवतकियार्ील तत्व ह ैऔर समहू में जात ेही

प्रवतकियार्ीलता घट जाती ह।ै

क्ट्लोरीन और अयोडीन दोनों कीटाणनुार्क के रूप में ईपयोग ककए जात ेहैं।

ऑक्ट्साआड और हाआड्राआड, हलैोजन के ऄवधकारं् ऄधातओुं की तरह ऄम्लीय होत ेहैं।

एकल हाआड्रोजन परमाणओुं के साथ वमलकर हलाआड अयन हाआड्रोवहवलक एवसड

बनात ेहैं (यानी, एचएफ, एचसीएल, एचबीअर, एचअइ)

और ऑक्ट्सीजन के साथ संयोजन कर सकत ेहैं

Page 20: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 18 – Stable Group (Noble Gases)

Page 21: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

Group 18 – Stable Group (Noble Gases)

The noble gasses are all non-metals and are characterized by having completely

filled shells of electrons.

In general this makes them very unreactive chemically since it is difficult to add

or remove electrons.

This is because they have very weak inter-atomic forces of attraction, and

consequently very low melting points and boiling points.

Because of their unreactivity, the noble gases were not discovered until 1868,

when helium was detected spectrographically in the Sun.

Page 22: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

वनवरिय गसै सभी ऄधातुए ंहैं और आलेक्ट्रॉनों के पूरी तरह स ेभरे हुए

तत् व हैं।

सामान्य तौर पर यह ईन्हें रासायवनक रूप स ेबहुत ऄप्राप्य बनाता ह ै

क्ट्योंकक आलके्ट्रॉनों को जोड़ना या वनकालना मुवश्कल होता ह।ै

आसका कारण यह ह ैकक ईनके पास अकषाण के बहुत कमजोर ऄंतर-

परमाण ुबल हैं, और पररणामथवरूप बहुत कम गलनांक और क्वथनांक

जबद ुहैं।

ईनकी ऄप्रत्यक्षता के कारण, 1868 तक नोल गसै की खोज नहीं की गइ

थी, जब सयूा में हीवलयम थपके्ट्रोग्राकफक रूप स ेपाया गया था।

Page 23: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

The isolation of helium on Earth had to wait until 1895.

The noble gasses are commonly encountered in helium

balloons (safer than flammable hydrogen) and lighting.

Some of the

noble gases glow distinctive colors when used inside

discharge tubes (neon lights), and

Argon is often used inside filament light bulbs.

Page 24: p-Block Elements · p-Block Elements . Group-13 Boron Family ... •Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (7.4 percent), and is widely used in packaging

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