Organic Pollution

Persistent OrganicPollutants (POPs)DIOXINPesticidesSigid HariyadiPCBs1POPsPersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment.

The "dirty dozen" includes: PCBsaldrin chlordane DDT dieldrin

(6) endrin (7) heptachlor (8) hexachlorbenzene (9) mirex(10) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins(11) polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and (12) toxaphene.Bahan kimia yang tetap ada di lingkungan (tidak luruh, tidak terurai)Bioakumulasi dalam jejaring makananMenyebabkan resiko yg merusak bagi kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan2POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants)Examples = Dioxin, PCB, DDT (Chlorinated)

Dioxin: stable; slow to degrade

3Persistent Organic Pollutants - DioxinAccumulates in fat of animals biomagnificationGenerated from:burning wood, coal, oil, household trash, and chlorine bleaching of pulp and paper cancer weakened immune responseCauses:4Persistent Organic Pollutants - PCBs non-flammable; not dissolved in water; high boiling points; does not conduct electricity well used for transformers and capacitors.

PCBs :5Sources of PCBsDue to their stability, use in industrial processes and product (e.g. dielectric fluida in capasitor and transformator).

6Production and uses of PCBsCompoundTrade NamesMajor UsesPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)Aroclor; Phemoclor; Kanechlor; ClopenClophen; Fenclor; SantothermCapacitor Dielectric; Transformer collant;Hydraulic fluid; Heat transfer fluid.Polychlorinated triphenyls (PCT)Aroclor; KanechlorAdhesives and sealantsPolychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN)HalowaxCapasitor dielectric, oil additivePolybrominated biphenyls (PBB)FiremasterFire retardant7Persistent Organic Pollutants - PCBsMore than one billion pounds of PCBs have been madeCauses:Accumulates in fat of animals biomagnification cancer hormonal and reproductive disruptions decrease cognitive abilities (dopamine)8

Chemical Structures of PCBs9Chemical Properties of PCBs Chemical characteristics of PCBs are mostly determined by positions and number of chlor contentHigh Stability especially those with more than 5 atomic chlor content;Hydrophobic;Lipophilic;Low solubility.(hydro= air, phobia= takut)(lipo lipid= lemak, philic= suka)10 Behaviour of PCBs in an Ecosystem Dispersion (as a function of solubility);Low Degradation (higher chlor content, more difficult to degrade);Mobility and absorption in sediment (higher chlor content, lower mobility);Availability in sediment depend on its texture and organic material content (High PCBs content in fine sediment).11

Biodegradation of PCBs:12Accumulation of PCBsReadily accumulated through water and food

PCBs is accumulated in lipid.

Sedimentary Organisms are contaminated with a concentration similar or more than that observed in sediment.13Elimination of PCBsElimination of PCBs from organisms is related to the chemical properties

Uptake rate and depuration in mussels is high for higher chlor PCBs, but low for those having low chlor content.

Decreasing consentration of PCBs in female organism occurs in a gametogenesis period in which PCBs is transferred to her eggs (more lipophilic), or in a spawning period.cleanse14PESTISIDA15WHAT IS A PESTICIDE ? a pesticide is any agent used to kill or control any pest. Pests can be insects, rodents or birds, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. herbicides fungicides Many household products are pesticides: microbiocides rodenticides Obat nyamuk dan serangga (semprot, bakar, gel) racun tikus bahan anti jamur berbagai desinfektan (pembersih lantai)http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Docs/ref_general1.html16Active ingredients are the specific chemicals contained in a pesticide product that are designed to kill a particular pest. By law, the active ingredient must be identified by name on the label together with its percentage by weight.

"Inert" ingredients are commonly mixed with the active ingredients to create a formulated pesticide product.

Formulated pesticide products are the form of the pesticide that is available to the consumer, grower, or pest control applicator, and may take the form of sprays, bait stations, fly strips (pita perangkap lalat), dusts, etc.17 Inert ingredients include solvents, emulsifiers, spreaders, and other substances mixed into pesticide products to increase the effectiveness of the active ingredients, make the product easier to apply, or to allow several active ingredients to mix in one solution.

An inert ingredient is simply any ingredient in the product that is not intended to affect a target pest . Inert ingredients can be as much as 99% of pesticide products.

Many inert ingredients have adverse health effects and may themselves be used as pesticides. The U.S. EPA list of pesticide inert ingredients: 8 of 382 inert ingr. of toxicological concern75 of 382 inert ingr. potentially toxic18

Chemical Structures of Pesticides:19Pesticides in Marine EnvironmentChlorophenoxy acids (e.g. 2,4 D)Substituted tetrahydrophthalinides (e.g. captan)Organochlorine (e.g. p,p-DDT, lindane, dieldrine, dan mirex)Organophosphorus compounds (e.g. malathion)Carbamate (e.g. carbanyl)

20Most Common PesticidesDDT = (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl) -ethane), DDD = (1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane)DDE = (1,1-dichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl) -ethylene)

21Persistent Organic Pollutants - DDTDDT is an insecticide; stable and slow to degrade.Paul Muller won the Nobel Prize in 1948 for developing DDT.Benefits = Controlled spread of malaria; Provided crop protection

22Problems with DDT: DDT is not metabolized very rapidly by animals; instead, it is deposited and stored in the fatty tissues biomagnification

Persistent Organic Pollutants - DDT23

Toxic to fish Increased mortality in birds: calcium decreased in egg shellsPersistent Organic Pollutants - DDT24Accumulation of DDTIn fish, come through predation, and also skin and gill.

Short exposure at a concentration of < 1 g/L is toxic for freshwater and marine fish.

Mature Organisms contaminated DDT can be transferred to embryo and lead to death within a concentration range of 1,1 - 2,4 g/kg.

25DDT as Persistent compounddue to:Low vapour pressureHigh solubility in lipidResistant to degradation and photooxidation26Transformation of DDTDDE exists within aerobic or oxidation condition.DDD exists within anaerob or reduction conditions.DDE and DDD have similar stability and toxicity to DDT .

27

Estrogen mimic in Vertebrates: feminizes males - lower sperm count; alters behaviorHuman Health: decreased mental function male infertility cancerPersistent Organic Pollutants - DDT28 Unintentional Pathways:

Persistent Organic Pollutants - DDT29Problems with DDT (and other pesticides): Evolution of resistance Non-target species and creation of new pests

Persistent Organic Pollutants DDT30Biomagnification of DDT (ppm)Sea-water1 x 10-6Fresh-water1 x 10-5Organic debris0.3 13.0Cladophore0.03Plankton0.04Marsh plants0.33 2.8shrimp0.16Mud snail0.26Clam0.42Insects0.23 0.3(Preston, 1989)Fish (0.17 2.07)Fish-eating birds (0.17 2.07)31Pesticides Cycles

32CompoundFresh water aquatic lifeHuman fish consumptionAldrin3.0 ug/liter (acute)0.079 ng/literChlordane2.4 ug/liter (acute)0.46 ng/literDieldrin2.5 ug/liter (acute)0.076 ng/literDDT1.1 ug/liter (acute)0.024 ng/literDDE1,050 ug/liter (acute)N/AMirex0.001 ug/liter (chronic)N/AParathion0.065 ug/liter (acute)N/A

Pesticide Concentration Standard33Thanks34