Phase 2a Syllabus (PTS-approved)

Dear Phase 2as,

Below is a checklist of key topics covered in Phase 2a compiled by Tom Grayson on behalfof the Sheffield Medical School Peer Teaching Society. This is provided as a rough guide foryour learning. Please do not panic and feel like you must know everything perfectly, thesections have been colour coded to give an indication of emphasis on prioritisation. Greenfor “prioritise first” then yellow then red.

Your lecturers will also often stress key points they think are likely to come up in your examsand these should therefore be focused on.

Please also use the Peer Teaching Website (https://www.peerteaching.co.uk) for usefulresources and revision aids or for contact information.

Good luck and don't forget to take well deserved breaks when you can!

Faith SolankePeer Teaching Society Vice President 2021-2022

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

Module Topics

Introduction toClinicalSciences (ICS)

● Acute vs chronic inflammation● Neutrophil migration● What is exudate● What Is transudate● Role of immune system how it works ect● Role of different cells e.g eosinophils monocytes

macrophages ect● Adaptive vs innate immune system● Virchow's triad● Atherosclerosis● Venous vs arterial thrombus● Hypersensitivity● Apoptosis vs necrosis (and types of necrosis)● Benign vs malignant cancers● Cancer nomenclature● Tumor grade vs stage● Antibodies how they are made how they work the different

types● Anaphylaxis● Thymic tolerance● Peripheral tolerance● Anergy● Transplant rejection● How vaccines work● Vaccine types pros and cons● Dysplasia metaplasia neoplasia hyperplasia atrophy

hypertrophy

Pharmacology ● Affinity● Efficacy● Potency● Partial and full agonist● Competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors● Specificity● Selectivity● How drugs are transported around the body● How pH affects drug action● Bioavailability● GFR● Creatinine clearance● Drug elimination● Hepatic extraction ratio● Somatic and sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous

system● Gate control theory● Adverse drug reactions (ABCDE)● Pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics● Mechanism of action of main drugs

○ Drugs for diabetes○ NSAIDS○ Adrenaline○ Beta agonists

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

○ Alpha agonist○ ACEI○ PPI○ Diuretics – thiazides + loop diuretics +

spironolactone○ Anaesthetics○ Opioids

● Side effects of drugs

Microbiology ● Gram staining● Ziehl -neelsen stain● Catalase test● Coagulase test● Alpha beta gamma haemolysis● optochin test● oxidase test macconkey agar● XLD agar● Gram positive bacteria structure function examples● Gram negative bacteria structure function examples● Bacteria shape● Malaria cycle (life stages and treatment)● Resistant bacteria● Mechanism of antibiotics● Most common pathogen causing a range of diseases● Which antibiotics are used and when

Endocrinology ● Diabetes (type I and II)○ Ketoacidosis○ Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state○ Hypoglycaemia○ hyperglycaemia

● Thyroid Disorders○ Hyperthyroidism○ Hypothyroidism○ Graves disease○ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis○ De Quervain’s thyroiditis○ Thyroid cancer○ Thyroid storm

● Pituitary adenomas○ Cushing’s syndrome and disease○ Acromegaly○ Prolactinoma

● Carcinoid syndrome● Serotonin syndrome● Conn’s Syndrome● Adrenal insufficiency:

○ Addison’s disease○ Secondary adrenal insufficiency

● SIADH● Hyperkalaemia● Hypokalaemia● Diabetes insipidus (cranial and nephrogenic)● Hyperparathyroidism (primary secondary tertiary)

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

● Hypoparathyroidism● Hypercalcaemia● Hypocalcaemia● Hyponatremia● Hypernatremia● Pheochromocytoma

Haematology ● Anaemia○ Microcytic + Normocytic + Macrocytic○ Iron deficiency anaemia○ Haemolytic anaemia○ Aplastic anaemia○ Pernicious anaemia

● Haemolytic anaemia○ Sickle cell○ Glucose 6 phosphate deficiency○ Malaria○ Alpha thalassemia○ Beta thalassemia○ Membranopathy (spherocytosis + elliptocytosis)

● HIV● Glandular fever● Leukaemia

○ Acute myeloid leukaemia○ Acute lymphoid leukaemia○ Chronic myeloid leukaemia○ Chronic lymphoid leukaemia

● Lymphoma○ Hodgkin○ non-Hodgkin

● Multiple Myeloma● Polycythaemia● Thrombocytopenia

○ ITP○ TTP

● Bleeding○ Over anticoagulation○ Platelet disorders○ Von Willebrand○ Haemophilia A○ Haemophilia B○ Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

● Tumour lysis syndrome

Cardiology ● Angina○ Stable○ Unstable○ Prinzmetal's angina

● Myocardial infarction○ STEMI○ NSTEMI

● Heart failure○ Right sided○ Left sided

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

○ Ischaemia○ Myopathic○ Hypertensive○ Cor pulmonale

● Abdominal aortic aneurysm● Aortic dissection● Rheumatic fever● Arrhythmias

○ Ventricular ectopic○ Prolonged QT syndrome

● Shock○ Haemorrhagic○ Anaphylactic○ Septic○ Cardiogenic○ Neurogenic

● Structural heart defects○ Tetralogy of Fallot○ Coarctation of aorta○ Ventricular septal defect○ Atrial septal defect○ Patent ductus arteriosus

● Hypertension● Deep vein thrombosis● Pulmonary embolism● Peripheral vascular disease● Pericarditis● Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade● Endocarditis● Valve diseases

○ Aortic stenosis○ Aortic regurgitation○ Mitral stenosis○ Mitral regurgitation

● Supraventricular tachycardia○ Atrial fibrillation○ Atrial flutter○ AVRT (Wolff-Parkinson white)○ AVNRT

● Bradycardia○ First second (Mobitz 1 and 2) third degree heart

block○ Bundle branch block

● Cardiomyopathy○ Hypertrophic○ Dilated○ Restrictive○ Right ventricular arrhythmogenic

Liver ● Acute and chronic liver Failure● Alcoholic liver disease● Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease● Hepatitis – A/B/C/D/E/ autoimmune● Liver Cirrhosis

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

● Jaundice● Hepatic encephalopathy● Wernicke’s encephalopathy● Pancreatic cancer● Liver cancer● Paracetamol overdose● Gilbert's syndrome● Hernias

○ Inguinal○ Femoral○ Umbilical○ Incisional○ Epigastric○ Hiatal

● Biliary tract disease○ Biliary colic○ Cholecystitis○ Cholelithiasis (gallstones)○ Ascending cholangitis

● Primary biliary cholangitis● Primary sclerosing cholangitis● Acute and chronic pancreatitis● Portal hypertension● Ascites● Peritonitis● Metabolic liver disease

○ Haemochromatosis○ Wilson’s disease○ Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

● Oesophageal and portal varices

Gastrointestinal ● Inflammatory bowel disease○ Crohn’s○ Ulcerative colitis

● Irritable bowel syndrome● Coeliac disease● GORD● Barrett’s oesophagus● Oesophageal varices● Mallory Weiss tear● Achalasia● Ischaemic colitis● Mesenteric ischaemia● Perianal disorders

○ Haemorrhoids (internal and external)○ fistulae○ fissure○ perianal abscess○ Pilonidal sinus / abscess

● Peptic ulcers● Appendicitis● Diverticulitis● Gastritis● Intestinal obstruction

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

○ Small bowel obstruction○ Large bowel obstruction○ Pseudo-obstruction

● Diarrhoea● Helicobacter Pylori (risks, investigations and treatment)● GI cancer

○ Oesophageal cancer○ stomach cancer○ Small/large bowel cancer○ Hereditary (FAP, Lynch syndrome e.t.c)

● Dyspepsia● E.coli● C.Diff● Pseudomembranous colitis

Rheumatology ● Osteoarthritis● Rheumatoid arthritis● Crystal arthritis

○ Gout○ Pseudogout

● Osteoporosis● Primary and secondary bone tumours● Fibromyalgia● Sjogren’s syndrome● Vasculitis

○ Giant cell arteritis○ Wegener’s granulomatosis (granulomatosis with

polyangiitis)○ Polyarteritis nodosa

● Fractures● Paget’s disease● Spondyloarthropathies

○ Ankylosing spondylitis○ Psoriatic arthritis○ Reactive arthritis○ Juvenile idiopathic arteritis○ Enteropathic arthritis

● infective arthritis○ Septic arthritis○ Osteomyelitis

● Systemic lupus erythematosus● Antiphospholipid syndrome● Dermatomyositis/polymyositis● Scleroderma● Polymyalgia rheumatica● Mechanical lower back pain● Osteomalacia● Vertebral disc degeneration● Connective tissue disorders

○ Marfans○ Ehlers Danlos

Genitourinary ● Renal Colic (nephrolithiasis)● Acute kidney injury

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

● Chronic kidney disease● Cancer

○ Prostate cancer○ Testicular cancer○ Kidney cancer○ Bladder cancer

● Benign prostate hyperplasia● Urinary tract infection

○ Urethritis○ Pyelonephritis○ Prostatitis○ Cystitis○ Complicated vs non complicated UTI

● Scrotal disease○ Varicocele○ Testicular torsion○ Epididymal cyst○ Epididymitis○ Hydrocele

● Nephritic syndrome○ IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)○ Post-strep glomerulonephritis○ Goodpasture’s syndrome○ SLE nephropathy

● Nephrotic syndrome○ Minimal change disease○ Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis○ Membranous nephropathy

● Nephritic and nephrotic○ Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis○ Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

● Polycystic kidney disease – dominant and recessive● STIs

○ Chlamydia○ Gonorrhoea○ Syphilis

● Pelvic inflammatory disease

Neurology ● Stroke○ Ischaemic stroke○ Haemorrhagic stroke○ Transient ischemic attack

● Haemorrhagic stroke○ Intracerebral haemorrhage○ subarachnoid haemorrhage○ Extradural (epidural) haemorrhage○ Subdural haemorrhage

● Meningitis (bacterial, viral and fungal)● Guillain-Barre syndrome● Encephalitis● Shingles (Herpes Zoster)● Chronic traumatic encephalopathy● Amaurosis fugax● Parkinson’s disease

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

● Huntington's disease● Dementia

○ Alzheimer’s disease○ Frontotemporal○ Lewy body○ Vascular

● Headaches○ Migraine○ Tension○ Cluster○ Drug overuse

● Epilepsy○ Focal seizures (simple and complex)

● Primary and secondary brain tumours● Spinal cord compression● Cauda equina● Sciatica● Cranial nerve lesions● Trigeminal neuralgia● Multiple sclerosis● Motor neurone disease● Myasthenia gravis● Syncope● Upper and lower motor neuron lesions● Carpal tunnel syndrome● Foot drop● Wernicke encephalopathy● Lambert Eaton Syndrome● Brown squared syndrome● Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome● Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy● Becker’s muscular dystrophy● Depression● Peripheral neuropathy● Glioblastoma multiforme

Respiratory ● COPD○ Chronic bronchitis○ Emphysema

● Tuberculosis● Cystic fibrosis● Pneumonia (Community acquired and Hospital acquired)● Bronchiolitis● Bronchiectasis● Pleural effusion● Pneumocystis pneumonia● Pharyngitis● Otitis media● Sinusitis● Acute epiglottitis● Croup● Empyema● Asthma● Pneumothorax

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.

● Whooping cough● Interstitial lung diseases● Pulmonary fibrosis● Sarcoidosis● Pulmonary hypertension● Lung cancer

○ Small cell○ Non-small cell○ Mesothelioma

● Hypersensitivity pneumonitis● Dyspnoea● Type 1 and 2 respiratory failure● Occupational lung disorders● Goodpasture’s syndrome● Upper respiratory tract infections

Useful Resources (this is not exhaustive, feel free to pick and choosewhichever helps you the most)

● Lectures –“should” go through the main diseases but use other resources tosupplement

● NICE guidelines – very good and up to date management of diseaseshttps://www.nice.org.uk/guidance and https://cks.nice.org.uk/

● Mayo clinic – good for overview on the disease● Patient info – can be useful https://patient.info/● Zero to finals – useful for understanding pathology● BMJ best practise - Goldmine! You can get complete access through searching on

StarPlus for BMJ Best Practice. If you make an account, you can login through theirapp as well.

● Osmosis (YouTube) – You can use the free YouTube versions or pay for the fullaccount

● Armando hasudungan (YouTube) – very info heavy● Medicosis perfectionalis (YouTube) – pathology heavy● Drive notes – use as you see fit● Geeky medics - geeky quiz● Oxford clinical handbook – basically the phase 2a “textbook”

This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review ofthe study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies.