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« AUTOMOTIVE IN SOUNDSCAPE »FUTURE OF PASS BY NOISE REGULATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON CITY LIFE

PRESENTED BY THOMAS ANTOINE (RENAULT) TO :UNECE OCT 26TH & 27TH 2021

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Worgroup purpose

« Our purpose is to better understand and analyze the noise emission regulation applied to the

automotive OEM and suppliers as NVH experts, embracing a broad vision : from noise sources to

the environmental acoustics and urban soundscape »

Workgroup members :

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Regulatory panorama

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Context :

Objectives of the Pass-By Noise Regulation

Our understanding of Pass-by noise regulation purposes :

Environmental protection

Public Health and Safety

Improve Quality of life

In a word : progress – and progress has a meaning if itis shared by everyone

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Regulation panorama :for Vehicles / Tires / Roads

50 KpH and run up mixLevel not dependent on Tire width

Run up(acceleration)

Constantspeed

limitdependent on

Yes 50 kph Nothing

No 80 kph Tire widht

No 40 kph ?

T°Ccorrection

No

Yes

Inconsistencies between all these standards

R117

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Regulation panorama :Noise in the Environment

Modelling and mappingShort- or long-termmeasurements

Population survey

Directive 2002/49/CE

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Workgroup Roadmap and focus

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Action scope Environment controlRegulatory Source control

Global mindmap

Car construction

Modelled Environment

Tire construction

Road construction

car usage

homologation

R51R117

Declaration

ISO11819

Real tire state

Real road state

Human perception& annoyance

dBA

Real car usage

Road category

Sonie, harshness, loudness…

Real environment

City layout Real layout

City traffic organization Real traffic

Traffic regulations Real behavior

Rolling/traction split

Real weatherWeather corrections

2002/49/CE

CN

OSS

OS

Weather cond. & corr.

ISO 10844

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Action scope Environment controlRegulatory Source control

1st step Review real usage with R51 Homologation

Car construction

Modelled Environment

Tire construction

Road construction

car usage

homologation

R51R117

Declaration

ISO11819

Real tire state

Real road state

Human perception& annoyance

dBA

Real car usage

Road category

Sonie, harshness, loudness…

Real environment

City layout Real layout

City traffic organization Real traffic

Traffic regulations Real behavior

Rolling/traction split

Real weatherWeather corrections

2002/49/CE

CN

OSS

OS

Weather cond. & corr.

ISO 10844

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Action scope Environment controlRegulatory Source control

2nd step : review consistency between UN-R51/R117

Car construction

Modelled Environment

Tire construction

Road construction

car usage

homologation

R51R117

Declaration

ISO11819

Real tire state

Real road state

Human perception& annoyance

dBA

Real car usage

Road category

Sonie, harshness, loudness…

Real environment

City layout Real layout

City traffic organization Real traffic

Traffic regulations Real behavior

Rolling/traction split

Real weatherWeather corrections

2002/49/CE

CN

OSS

OS

Weather cond. & corr.

ISO 10844

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Action scope Environment controlRegulatory Source control

3rd step : review metrics

Car construction

Modelled Environment

Tire construction

Road construction

car usage

homologation

R51R117

Declaration

ISO11819

Real tire state

Real road state

Human perception& annoyance

dBA

Real car usage

Road category

Sonie, harshness, loudness…

Real environment

City layout Real layout

City traffic organization Real traffic

Traffic regulations Real behavior

Rolling/traction split

Real weatherWeather corrections

2002/49/CE

CN

OSS

OS

Weather cond. & corr.

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Noise perception in urban environment

Source : Bruiparif 2019

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THE TYPES OF NOISE CONSIDERED AS THE MOST ANNOYING AMONG TRANSPORT NOISE

Annoying noise sourcesIDF

2 wheelers Horns Passenger car Truck & bus

Aircraft Railway Other

32 32 32 32 31 32 32 31 3328 31 28

37

18

29

20 23

10

2921 22 19

109 12

10

15

11

1413

17

11

1216 16

10

19 18

17

9

10

99

9

10

107 10

8

8 9

10

4

3

44

3

3

6 33

4

4 3

2

103

7 6

16

37 8 7

28

1714

9

9 98 8 9

9 8 8 8 7 910 10

3 3 6 5 5 3 4 5 4 5 3 6 5

0%

50%

100%

Autres types de

bruits

Circulations

ferroviaires

Survols d’aéronefs

Bus et cars

Poids lourds et

véhicules utilitaires

Véhicules

particuliers

Avertisseurs

sonores

Véhicules 2 roues

motorisés

Others

Railway

Overflight of aircraft

Buses & coaches

Heavy trucks an commercial vehiclesPassenger cars

Horns

2-wheels motorized

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Noise annoyance update : The after lockdown for COVID Impact

COVID did provide an unprecedented real life masking experiment / below are BRUIPARIF data for

« Ile de France » on percieved annoyance, after lockdown upon economical restart, a survey was

conducted :

49% of the annoyance is linked to road traffic in which passenger cars represents 25% of the annoyance

=> 13% of total annoyance linked to car traffics

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The world we are stepping into

• Smart cities: connectivity,

collaborative systems, traffic

management, big data…

• Health and safety , quality of

life is priority

• Hazardous Pollution

monitoring (noise, radio, air

quality…)

• Cheap sensors

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Distributed instruments, participative maps…

A sound level meter in every pocket ?

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Noise measurement in urban environment

Source : Bruiparif 2019

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Example of smart noise monitoring

Noise « peak events » in a Paris boulevard in 2016 (source : Bruiparif), and their contribution to

LAeq

80% of events are Horns, Sirens, 2 wheelers and trucks

2/3 of noise level is made by events

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C o n t r i b u t i o n o f n o i s e p e a k s t o L A E Q o v e r 1 m o n t h i n 9 0 m e a s u r e m e n t

p o i n t s i n P a r i s .

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The noise radar

We can foresee a large spread of such technologies financed by fines

Meaning also that detailed soundscape data are available, and generalized noise event participation

precise measurement.

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We already know that R51 72 or 74 dBA Vehicles in pass by are not major sources today

Range ofPass by level at constant speed

of passenger cars

Contribution to global LAeq

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Car noise regulation &Environmental noise regulation

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1970 1980 1988 1995 2016 2020 2024

Car 82 80 77 74 72 70 68

Bus 91 85 83 80 80 78 77

Heavy truck 91 88 84 82 82 81 79

8280

7774

7270

68

91

8583

80 8078 77

9188

8482 82 81

79

6366697275788184879093

DB

A

Timeline of Lurban for vehicles

=

=

URBAN GROUND

VEHICLE SOUNDSCAPE

Analysis of regulation limits over time :→ UN-R-51-03UN-R-51-02 →

In 2024 in France :Number of trucks x Lurban trucks > Number of cars x Lurban of cars

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Trying to link R 51 Homologation with CNOSSOS for M1 vehicles

is Homologation representative of real usage ? Of real modeling ?

R51 CNOSSOS

Accelerated(f(PMR))

Constant speed(50 kPH)

Iso Track

All accelerations

All Constant speed

R1/R2/R3

Vehicleoperation

Externalcondition

Temperaturecorrection

Flat Flat or Slope

Tires Standard (no stud)

CNOSSOS real use

Not usedsystematically

All Constant speed

R1/R2/R3

Flat or Slope

Temperaturecorrection

Link ?

50 Kph point

Avg Iso = R1 ??

Flat

Strong influence on tire noise !

Very weak or no connection between vehicle homologation and source descriptionYet good correlation between computed maps and measurements

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Possible consequences

of the global misalignment

Everyone (Car makers and public policies) worked to comply, but citizen complains

And regulations on source becomes tougher for no real effect

Pass by noise

regulation

Strategic noise maps

Public policies, speed,

barriers…

Real soundscape

Complaints

Public authorities

More stringentlimits

Compliance to R051

Cost, safetytradeoffs

R51R51 E.N.D. WORLD

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Deep dive : Technical aspects at car source levels

Main impacts of future PBN

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2024➔ :68 dB(Phase 3)

➔2024 :70 dB(Phase 2)

➔2020 :72 dB(Phase 1)

Technical insight for future Pass-By Noise Regulation (R051) :

Tire/road interaction contribution (for the full PBN test)

≈25% fromTire/Road contact

≈90% fromTire/Road contact

≈50% fromTire/Road contact

≈90% fromTire/Road contact

≈70% fromTire/Road contact

≈90% fromTire/Road contact

(on ISO Tracks in homologation conditions for mean vehicle & mean tire)Source : Renault, 2020

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Tire trade-offs : ACEA/OICA sudy

There is a hard limit to tire/road interaction noise➔ Tradeoff with safety (wet grip, braking…) and emission (C02, Particles)

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Tire main tradeoff for noise is Safety

Slick tire is the asymptote for the noise coming from tire sculpture

Void ratio is essential for safety (wet braking and aquaplaning)

Tread pattern design

for a summer tire

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Car noise on real world roads

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EXAMPLES OF ROAD IMPROVEMENTS FOLLOWED BY BRUITPARIFInstallation of anti-noise road surfaces

Parisian ring road Pte de Vincennes

Change of road

surface

Max. speed

limited to 70km/h +0,66dB(A) per year

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Road noise assessment from vehicles compliant to

future PBN requirements on real roads

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Road surface & wear impact

Source : CEREMA / DEUFRABASE data

Sigma (road type + state) = 4,2 dBISO track = best road then 50% chance that real world = +8dB

13dB

=ISO Track

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Results : projected levels for nominal

vehicle @ Constant Rolling Speed

Levels are dropping of 1,25 dB on ISO track for each regulation step, And about 1 dB for all kind of

roads (at 50 kph steady speed) / Source : WG SIA 2020

60,0

62,0

64,0

66,0

68,0

70,0

72,0

74,0

76,0

78,0

80,0

82,0

84,0

ISO

Tra

ck

BB

TM 0

/4

BB

Dr

0/6

BB

M 0

/6

BB

UM

0/6

BB

Dr

0/1

0

BB

DR

0/1

4

BB

TM 0

/6 T

ype

1

BB

TM 0

/6 T

ype

2

BB

TM 0

/10

Typ

e 2

BB

TM 0

/8 t

ype

1

BB

M 0

/10

BB

SG 0

/10

BB

TM 0

/10

Typ

e 1

BB

UM

0/1

0

ECF

ES 4

/6

ES 6

/8

BB

SG 0

/14

BB

TM 0

/14

BC

ES 6

/10

ES 1

0/1

4

LAm

ax(d

BA

)

Emission of 72,70 and 68 dB compliant vehicles on real roads

Min L=72 Max L=72 Min L=70

Max L=70 Min L=68 Max L=68

Total L=72 Total L=70 Total L=68

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

ISO

Tra

ck

BB

TM 0

/4

BB

Dr

0/6

BB

M 0

/6

BB

UM

0/6

BB

Dr

0/10

BB

DR

0/1

4

BB

TM 0

/6 T

ype

1

BB

TM 0

/6 T

ype

2

BB

TM 0

/10

Typ

e 2

BB

TM 0

/8 t

ype

1

BB

M 0

/10

BB

SG 0

/10

BB

TM 0

/10

Typ

e 1

BB

UM

0/1

0

ECF

ES 4

/6

ES 6

/8

BB

SG 0

/14

BB

TM 0

/14

BC

ES 6

/10

ES 1

0/1

4

Glo

bal

no

ise

red

uct

ion

@50

kP

H(d

BA

)

Drop 70 to 68

Drop 72 to 70

Fren

ch

Ref

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Assesment of impact of compliant vehicles on

real roads @ constant rolling speed

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

ISO

Tra

ck

BB

TM 0

/4

BB

Dr

0/6

BB

M 0

/6

BB

UM

0/6

BB

Dr

0/10

BB

DR

0/1

4

BB

TM 0

/6…

BB

TM 0

/6…

BB

TM 0

/10…

BB

TM 0

/8…

BB

M 0

/10

BB

SG 0

/10

BB

TM 0

/10…

BB

UM

0/1

0

ECF

ES 4

/6

ES 6

/8

BB

SG 0

/14

BB

TM 0

/14

BC

ES 6

/10

ES 1

0/1

4Glo

bal

no

ise

red

uct

ion

@50

kP

H

Drop 70 to 68

Best tire, nominal vehicle (-2,5 ; -5 dB)Gain on ISO track : 1,2 dB/ stepGain on all roads ≈ 1dB / step

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

ISO

Tra

ck

BB

TM 0

/4

BB

Dr

0/6

BB

M 0

/6

BB

UM

0/6

BB

Dr

0/10

BB

DR

0/1

4

BB

TM 0

/6…

BB

TM 0

/6…

BB

TM 0

/10…

BB

TM 0

/8…

BB

M 0

/10

BB

SG 0

/10

BB

TM 0

/10…

BB

UM

0/1

0

ECF

ES 4

/6

ES 6

/8

BB

SG 0

/14

BB

TM 0

/14

BC

ES 6

/10

ES 1

0/1

4

Glo

bal

no

ise

red

uct

ion

@50

kP

H

Drop 70 to 68

Best tire, improved vehicle (-5 ; -8dB)Gain on ISO track : 1,5 dB – 1,2dB / step

Gain on all roads ≈ 1dB / step

Rolling noise dependancy becomes so high that even huge efforts on vehicle buildhave no impact on real roads

70%80%90%

100%

ISO

…

BB

TM…

BB

Dr

0/6

BB

M 0

/6

BB

UM

…

BB

Dr…

BB

DR

…

BB

TM…

BB

TM…

BB

TM…

BB

TM…

BB

M…

BB

SG…

BB

TM…

BB

UM

…

ECF

ES 4

/6

ES 6

/8

BB

SG…

BB

TM…

BC

ES 6

/10

ES 1

0/1

4

dependancy to tire/road interaction noise

Tire % L=72 Tire % L=70 Tire % L=68

70%80%90%

100%

ISO

Tra

ck

BB

TM 0

/4

BB

Dr

0/6

BB

M 0

/6

BB

UM

…

BB

Dr…

BB

DR

…

BB

TM…

BB

TM…

BB

TM…

BB

TM…

BB

M…

BB

SG…

BB

TM…

BB

UM

…

ECF

ES 4

/6

ES 6

/8

BB

SG…

BB

TM…

BC

ES 6

/10

ES 1

0/1

4

dependancy to tire/road interaction noise

Tire % L=72 Tire % L=70 Tire % L=68

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Global efficiency & asymptotic behavior :

Going below 68 dB is useless

72

70

68

72

70

68

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

Gai

n o

n r

efer

ence

ro

ad

Gain on ISO Track

Gains at CRS 50 kph

Nominal vehicle

Improved vehicle

Best Rolling-8dB on

PWT

Best Rolling-5dB on

PWT

Best Rolling-2,5dB on

PWT

Best Rolling-5dB on

PWT

5dB on PWT, 2dB

on tire

4dB on Lurban

2,5 dB on track

2 dB on road

8dB on PWT, 2dB

on tire

4dB on Lurban

2,6 dB on track

2 dB on road

72dB

70dB

68dB EV

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Lurban reduction (dB) on ISO 10844 Track

No

ise

red

uct

ion

on

ref

ern

cero

ad (

dB

)

Asymptotic behavior

1:1

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Conclusions : real road assessments

Rolling noise is so dominant that

1) improving other sources has no effect when tire/road is at its best =>

4 dB improvement of Lurban would lead to 2dB reduction on

reference roads (-37%) way below road variability (13dB)

2) tire and vehicle already reduced and are now cin the asymptote

3) Working on road surface has a much better efficiency (-6dB) (-75%)

(see report of Bruiparif on Periphérique)